The document describes the male and female reproductive systems. It defines key terms like testes, scrotum, penis, prostate, seminal vesicles, urethra, and their functions in the male reproductive system. It also describes the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina, labia, clitoris and their roles in the female reproductive system. The menstrual cycle, fertilization, embryonic development, placenta and birth process are summarized as well.

2.  is a system of sex organs within
an organism which work together for the
purpose of sexual reproduction.
 To create or reproduce a new offspring
of each living organism.

6.  Each testis is an oval structure about 5
cm long and 3 cm in diameter
 Covered by: tunica albuginea
 Located in the scrotum
 Interstitial cells (cells of Leydig), which
produce male sex hormones, are
located between the seminiferous
tubules within a lobule.

9.  consists of skin and subcutaneous tissue
 A vertical septum, of subcutaneous
tissue in the center divides it into two
parts, each containing one testis.

10.  the cremaster muscle, consists of skeletal
muscle fibers and controls the position of
the scrotum and testes. When it is cold or
a man is sexually aroused, this muscle
contracts to pull the testes closer to the
body for warmth

11.  Smooth muscle fibers, called the dartos
muscle, in the subcutaneous tissue
contract to give the scrotum its wrinkled
appearance. When these fibers are
relaxed, the scrotum is smooth

13.  a long tube (about 6 meters) located
along the superior and posterior margins
of the testes.
 Sperm that leave the testes are
immature and incapable of fertilizing
ova. They complete their maturation
process and become fertile as they
move through the epididymis. Mature
sperm are stored in the lower portion, or
tail, of the epididymis

14.  contains the proximal ductus deferens,
testicular artery and veins, lymph vessels,
testicular nerve, cremaster muscle and a
connective tissue covering

15.  Sperm cells pass through a series of ducts
to reach the outside of the body. After
they leave the testes, the sperm passes
through the epididymis, ductus deferens,
ejaculatory duct, and urethra

16.  a fibromuscular tube that is
continuous with the epididymis.
 enters the abdominopelvic cavity
through the inguinal canal and passes
along the lateral pelvic wall, behind
bladder & toward the prostate gland.
Just before it reaches the prostate
gland, each ductus deferens enlarges
to form an ampulla.

18.  extends from the urinary bladder to the
external urethral orifice at the tip of the
penis.
 It is a passageway for sperm and fluids
from the reproductive system and urine
from the urinary system.
 divided into three regions: The prostatic
urethra, the membranous urethra & the
penile urethra (also called spongy
urethra or cavernous urethra)

19.  Are the seminal vesicles, prostate gland,
and the bulbourethral glands. These
glands secrete fluids that enter the
urethra.

20.  glands posterior to the urinary bladder.
 Each has a short duct that joins with the
ductus deferens at the ampulla to form
an ejaculatory duct, which then empties
into the urethra.
 The fluid is viscous and contains fructose,
prostaglandins and proteins

21.  a firm, dense structure about the size
of a walnut that is located just inferior
to the urinary bladder
 Numerous short ducts from the
prostate gland empty into the
prostatic urethra. The secretions of the
prostate are thin, milky colored, and
alkaline. They function to enhance the
motility of the sperm

22.  small, about the size of a pea, and
located near the base of the penis. A
short duct from each enters the proximal
end of the penile urethra.
 In response to sexual stimulation, the
bulbourethral glands secrete an alkaline
mucus-like fluid

23.  a slightly alkaline mixture of sperm
cells and secretions from the
accessory glands.
 Secretions from the seminal vesicles
make up about 60 percent of the
volume of the semen, with most of the
remainder coming from the prostate
gland. The sperm and secretions from
the bulbourethral gland contribute
only a small volume.

24.  The volume of semen in a single
ejaculation may vary from 1.5 to 6.0 ml.
There are between 50 to 150 million
sperm per milliliter of semen. Sperm
counts below 10 to 20 million per milliliter
usually present fertility problems

25.  is a cylindrical pendant organ located
anterior to the scrotum and functions to
transfer sperm to the vagina.
 consists of three columns of erectile
tissue that are wrapped in connective
tissue and covered with skin. The two
dorsal columns are the corpora
cavernosa. The single, midline ventral
column surrounds the urethra and is
called the corpus spongiosum.

26.  3 parts: a root, body (shaft), and glans
penis.
 The root of the penis attaches it to the
pubic arch
 the body is the visible, pendant
portion.
 The corpus spongiosum expands at
the distal end to form the glans penis.

30.  Genital warts are circumscribed,
elevated skin lesions near genitalia or
anus
 Papillomas have fibrous tissue outgrowth

31.  Papillomaviruses
 Spread during intimate sexual contact
 Incubation period of 6 months

32.  Asymptomatic or tenderness in area
 End of penis
 Perianal area
 Warts are 3 to 4 inches in diameter

34.  Topical medication
 Cryosurgery
 Electrocautery
 Debribement

35.  Syphilis is a highly infectious, chronic,
sexually transmitted disease
characterized by lesions that may
involve any organ or tissue

37.  Three stages if left untreated
› Primary syphilis – 3 wks incubation,
appearance of distinctive, painless lesions,
called a chancre, appears on penis or anus
or labia of vagina, cervix, lips, tongue,
fingers, accompanied by lymphadenopathy
– highly contagious

38.  Secondary syphilis – rash with uniform
macular, papular, pustular or nodular
lesions on soles or palms
 Lesions erode and become contagious
 Headache, malaise, gastrointestinal
upset, sore throat, fever, alopecia, and
brittle nails

39.  Latent syphilis – begins asymptomatic
 Final or tertiary stage appears 2 to 7
years later and may cause damage to
aorta of heart, central nervous system, or
musculoskeletal system

43.  Testicular swelling
 Acute pain
 Chills
 Fever
 Nausea and vomiting

44.  Analgesics
 Antipyretics
 Scrotal support

45.  Malignant neoplasm of prostate tissue
 Classified as adenocarcinomas
 3rd leading cause of cancer deaths in
men
 Tends to metastasize and spreading to
bones
 Rare before age 50

46.  Cause is not known
 Increased incidence with age

47.  Asymptomatic
 Dysuria
 Difficulty in voiding
 Urinary frequency
 Urinary retention

48.  Surgery
 Orchidectomy and estrogen therapy
 Radiation therapy
 Chemotherapy

52.  In pelvis anterior to rectum and
posterosuperior to bladder
 Hollow, thick-walled organ
› Receives
› Retains
› Nourishes fertilized egg=embryo

53.  Uterus is pear-shaped (before babies)
Usually anteverted, can be retroverted.

55. Thin-walled tube
Inferior to uterus
Anterior to rectum
Posterior to urethra & bladder
“Birth canal”
Highly distensible wall: 3 layers
› Adventitia
› Muscularis
› mucosa

57.  Mons pubis: fatty pad over pubic
symphysis, with hair after puberty
 Labia (lips) majora: long fatty hair-
covered skin folds
 Labia minora: thin, hairless, folds
enclosing vestibule

58.  Vestibule: houses external openings of
urethra and vagina
 Urethra is anterior (drains urine from
bladder)
 Baby comes out through vagina
 Clitoris: anterior, homolog of penis
(sensitive erectile tissue)
 Perineum: diamond shaped region

60.  Modified sweat glands
 Both sexes but function (normally) only in
lactating female
 Produce milk to nourish baby
 Respond to hormonal stimulation
 Lymph drains into parasternal and
axillalry lymph nodes
 Nipple surrounded by pigmented ring of
skin, the areola
 Muscles underneath: pectoralis major
and minor, parts of serratus anterior and
external oblique

61.  Mammary glands consist of 15-25
lobes
 Each a distinct compound alveolar
gland opening at the nipple
 Separated by adipose and suspensory
ligaments

62.  Smaller lobules composed of tiny
alveoli or acini
› Like bunches of grapes
› Walls: simple cuboidal epithelium of milk-
secreting cells
› Don’t develop until half-way through
pregnancy (ducts grow during puberty)
 Milk passes from alveoli through
progressively larger ducts
› Largest: lactiferous ducts, collect milk into
sinuses

64.  After ejaculation into the vagina,
sperm swim to meet an egg
› Sperm live 5-7 days (need cervical
mucus)
› Eggs live about 12-24 hours, so
conception only occurs during this short
window
› Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube

66.  Cleavage (cell division)
 Blastocyst stage by day 4: now in
uterus

69.  Both contribute:
•Trophoblast from embryo
•Endometrial tissue from mother
› Not called placenta until 4th month

70.  Gestational period: averages 266
days
(this is time post conception; 280 days
post LMP)
 Parturition: the act of giving birth:
3 stages of labor
1.Dilation: 6-12h (or more in first child);
begins with regular uterine
contractions and ends with full
dilation of cervix (10cm)
2.Expulsion: full dilation to delivery –
minutes up to 2 hours
3.Placental delivery: 15 minutes

72.  Sugars, fats and oxygen diffuse from
mother’s blood to fetus
 Urea and CO2 diffuse from fetus to
mother
 Maternal antibodies actively
transported across placenta
› Some resistance to disease (passive
immunity)
 Most bacteria are blocked

73.  Many viruses can pass including rubella,
chickenpox, mono, sometimes HIV
 Many drugs and toxins pass including
alcohol, heroin, mercury
 Placental secretion of hormones
 Progesterone and HCG (human
chorionic gonadotropin, the hormone
tested for pregnancy): maintain the
uterus
 Estrogens and CRH (corticotropin
releasing hormone): promote labor

74.  Embryologically, males and females start out
“sexually indifferent”
› Gonads, ducts and externally identical structures
› At 5 weeks gestation changes start to take place
 Puberty: reproductive organs grow to adult size
and reproduction becomes possible
› Between 10 and 15
› Influence of rising levels of gonadal hormones
 Testosterone in males
 Estrogen in females
 Female menopause (between 46 and 54):
› Loss of ovulation and fertility

76.  Pain associated with menstruation
 Frequently gynecologic disorders
 Two categories
› Primary – no identifiable pathological
disorders
› Secondary – underlying disease condition

77.  Analgesics and non steroid anti-
inflammatory drugs
 Heat
 Uterine leiomyomas may require surgery

78.  Sharp, cramping pains
 Starts prior to menses
 Subside within 18 to 24 hours

79.  Derived from ovarian follicles and corpus
luteum
 Nonneoplastic cysts (tumors) are small
 Neoplasms may be benign, malignant,
cystic, or solid
 Tissues colors change

80.  Pelvic pain
 Lower back pain
 dyspareunia

81.  Acute, or subacute, or a recurrent or
chronic infection of the fallopian tubes,
ovaries, and adjacent tissues

82.  Sudden pelvic pain
 Purulent and foul-smelling vaginal
discharge
 Fever
 Sexual dysfunction

83.  Antibiotics
 Surgery may be necessary to prevent
septicemia

85.  Generalized diagnosis of palpable lumps
or cysts in breasts
 Papillomatosis
 Fibrosis
 Hyperplasia
 Chronic cystic mastitis
 More frequently in women 30 to 50

86.  Pain
 Tenderness
 Nipple discharge

87.  Cancer is more common in women who
also have mammary dysplasia

88.  Encompasses a variety of malignant
neoplams
 Most common site of cancer in women
 Replaced by lung cancer as number 1

90.  Greatest risk in women over 40 who have
not had children or until after age 35

91.  Lump edema
 Thickening redness
 Dimpling nodularity
 Swelling
 Distortion
 Retraction or scaliness

92.  Monthly self-examination
 Mammography
 ultrasonography

94.  Total mastectomy
 Lumpectomy
 Radiation to shrink tumors
 Breast reconstruction
 Hormone receptors