1. Anti-infective

2.  Acyclovir  Cefepime
 Albendazole  Cetriaxone
 Amantadine  Ciprofloxacin
 Amoxicillin-clavulanate  Clindamycin
 Amphotericin B  Doxycycline
 Azithromycin  Efavirenz
 Aztreonam  Enfuvirtide
 Caspofungin  Erythromycin
 Cefazolin  Ethambutol

3.  Foscarnet  Linezolid
 Fosfomycin  Mefloquine
 Ganciclovir  Metronidazole
 Gentamicin  Mupirocin
 Griseofulvin  Nafcillin
 Imipenem-cilastatin  Nitrofurantoin
 Isoniazid  Oseltamivir
 Itraconazole  Paromomycin
 Ivermectin  Penicillin G
 Levofloxacin

4.  Pentamidine  Rifampin
 Piperacillin-tazobactam  Ritonavir-lopinavir
 Praziquantel  Streptomycin
 Primaquine  Terbinafine
 Pyrimethamine  Trifluridine
 Pyrantel  TMP-SMX
 Quinine  Vancomycin
 Quinpristein-dalfopristin  Zidovudine
 Ribavirin

5. Acyclovir
 Antiviral  Dizziness
 Nucleoside analogue  Diarrhea
 N
 Converted to acyclovir  Nephrotoxicity
triphosphate by viral & host
cell kinases  Probenecid ↑ serum levels
 Incorporated into DNA by
viral DNA polymerase causing
DNA chain termination
 HSV2
 Herpes zoster
• Shingles
• Chickenpox – varicella
 ↓ viral shedding, pain, &
healing time

6. Albendazole
 Antihelmintic  GI distress
 Benzimidazole  Constipation or diarrhea
 Hepatitis & hematologic toxicity
w/ high doses
 Binds & inhibits polymerization of
tubulin dimmers to form
cytoplasmic microtubules
 Impairs glucose uptake &
deplete glycogen stores
 Intestinal nematode infections
• Hookworm
• Pinworm
• Whipworm
• Ascariasis
• Capillariasis
 Trichinosis
• Use w/ corticosteroid
 Cysticercosis & echinococcus
 Microsporidiosis

7. Amantadine
 Anti-influenza,  Ataxia
antiparkinson  Dizziness
 Tricyclic amine  Insomnia
 Skin mottling & livedo
reticularis
 Inhibits influenza-A M2
proton channel &  Blurred vision
acidification of virus  Dry mouth
particle
 Prevents viral protein-
protein dissociation &
uncoating of viral
particles
 Influenza A

8. Amoxicillin-clavulanate
 β-lactam ABX  Diarrhea
 Extended spectrum aminopenicillin  Superinfection
& β-lactamase inhibitor  Pseudomembranous colitis
 Allergic rxn
 Amoxicillin • Rash
• Serum sickness
 Binds PBP
• anaphylaxis
• Inhibits cross-linking of cell
wall peptidoglycan
 Clavulanate  Probenecid inhibits renal tubular
 Inhibits class-A β-lactamase excretion
• ↑ serum levels
• Protects amoxicillin from
destruction
 NOT antimicrobial by itself
 Respiratory tract infections
• Otitis, sinusitis, pneumonia
 Skin or skin structure infections
• Bite wounds

9. Amphotericin B
 Antifungal  Chills
 Polyene ABX  Fever
 Diarrhea
 N, V
 Binds ergosterol & ↑  Nephrotoxicity
membrane permeability  Hypokalemia
 Leakage of cell contents
 ↑ toxicity w/ cyclosporine,
 Candidiasis antineoplastics
 Cryptococcal meningitis  Thiazides, &
 Aspergillosis corticosteroids ↑
hypokalemia
 Blastomycosis
 Coccidioidomycosis
 Histoplasmosis
 Mucormycosis

10. Azithromycin
 Macrolide
 Protein synthesis inhibitor
 Binds 50s ribosome
 Prevents peptide elongation &
translocation from acceptor
site to peptidyl site
 Respiratory infections d/t
strep, pneumo, H. influenzae,
Legionella
• Otitis media, sinusitis
 Single-dose Tx for chlamydial
urethritis, chancroid, MAI
infections

11. Aztreonam
 β-lactam ABX  Thrombophlebitis
 Monobactam  Allergic rxn
 Binds PBP including
transpeptidase
 Inhibits cross-linking of
cell wall peptidoglycan
 Drug resistant gram (-)
infections including
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa &
Enterobacteriaceae

12. Caspofungin
 Antifungal  HA
 Echinocandin  Fever
 Phlebitis
 Inhibits synthesis of cell
 Abnormal LFTs
wall component
 β-1,3-D-glucan
 Candida albicans
 Invasive aspergillosis
 IV admin
• Not absorbed well by
gut

13. Cefazolin
 β-lactam ABX  Rash
 2nd generation cephalosporin  Diarrhea
 Pseudomembranous colitis
 Binds PBP including  Superinfection
transpeptidase
 Inhibits cross-linking of cell  Probenecid inhibits excretion
wall peptidoglycan & ↑ serum levels
 Surgical wound infections
 Infections d/t
• Staph, strep, E. coli,
Klebsiella pneumoniae,
Proteus mirabilis
 NOT active against MRSA

14. Cefepime
 β-lactam ABX  Rash
 4th generation  Diarrhea
cephalosporin  Pseudomembranous
colitis
 Superinfection
 Binds multiple PBP
 Inhibits cross-linking of  Probenecid inhibits
cell wall peptidoglycan excretion & ↑ serum levels
 Resistant to many β-
lactamases
 Drug-resistant gram (-)
bacteria
• Citrobacter
• Enterobacter

15. Ceftazidime
 β-lactam ABX  Rash
 3rd generation cephalosporin  Diarrhea
 Pseudomembranous colitis
 Binds PBP including  Superinfection
transpeptidase
 Inhibits cross-linking of cell  Probenecid inhibits excretion
wall peptidoglycan & ↑ serum levels
 Gram (+), gram (-), &
anaerobics – Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
 Pneumonia, meningitis, UTI,
skin structures, bones, jts

16. Cetriaxone
 β-lactam ABX  Rash
 3rd generation cephalosporin  Diarrhea
 Pseudomembranous colitis
 Binds PBP including  Superinfection
transpeptidase
 Inhibits cross-linking of cell  Probenecid inhibits excretion
wall peptidoglycan & ↑ serum levels
 Infection d/t
• Pneumococci, gonococci,
meningococci, H. influenzae,
Moraxella catarrhalis,
Borrelia burgdorferi
 Single IM injection Tx acute
otitis media or gonorrhea

17. Ciprofloxacin
 Antibacterial  Insomnia
 Fluoroquinolone  Diarrhea
 N
 Inhibits bacterial DNA
topoisomerase type II (DNA  Absorption ↓ by cations
gyrase) & type IV • Antacids
 Prevents DNA replication & • Iron
separation of chromosomes • Zinc
• bismuth
 Urinary tract, prostate,
intraabdominal w/ metronidazole,
bone or jt, skin
 Inhalational anthrax
 Gonorrhea
 Infectious diarrhea
 Gram (+), gram (-), Pseudomonas
aeruginosa

18. Clindamycin
 Aminosugar ABX  C. difficile superinfection
 Protein synthesis inhibitor  Diarrhea
 Pseudomembranous colitis
 Binds 50s ribosome
 Prevents translocation of
nascent peptide from
acceptor site to peptidyl
site
 Strep, staph, gram (+)
 Acne vulgaris
 Anaerobes including
Bacteroides

19. Doxycycline
 Tetracycline ABX  AVOID
 Protein synthesis inhibitor • Pregnancy & children > 8 y/
o
• Outdated preparations are
 Binds 30s ribosome nephrotoxic
 Reversibly inhibits binding of
transfer RNA to acceptor site  Permanent teeth
discoloration
 Rickettsia, Chlamydia,  Photosensitivity
Mycoplasma, Borrelia  Diarrhea
 Acne  N, V
 Cholera
 Gonorrhea & syphilis in
PCN allergic pts
 Brucellosis & ehrlichiosis

20. Efavirenz
 Antiretroviral  N
 Non-nucleoside reverse  Rash
transcriptase inhibitor  Drowsiness
 Depression
 Binds reverse
transcriptase & disrupts
catalytic site
 HIV in combo w/
nucleoside reverse
transcriptase inhibitor –
synergistic
 High fat meal ↑ absorption

21. Enfuvirtide
 Antiretroviral  Injection site rxn
 HIV fusion inhibitor • Rotate sites daily
 Binds HIV virus gp41 &
blocks fusion of HIV w/
host cells CD4 Thelper
lymphocytes
 Drug-resistant HIV

22. Erythromycin
 Macrolide ABX  Activates motilin receptors
causing uncoordinated
 Protein synthesis inhibitor
peristalsis
• Anorexia
 Binds 50s ribosome • N, V
 Prevents peptide elongation
& translocation from
acceptor site to peptidyl site
 Pharyngitis, otitis media,
sinusitis, pneumonia d/t
• Strep, pneumococci,
Mycoplasma, Chlamydia,
Legionella, MAI

23. Ethambutol
 Antitubercular  Dose-related
 Synthetic butanol retrobulbar optic
neuritis
derivative
 Impaired red-green
color discrimination
 Bacteriostatic against • Monitor pts color
mycobacteria discrimination
regularly
 Inhibits RNA synthesis
 Gouty arthritis
 M. tuberculosis
 MAI

24. Foscarnet
 Antiviral  HA
 Pyrophosphate  Diarrhea
 V
 Renal failure
 Blocks pyrophosphate-  Hypocalcemia
binding site on viral  Hypokalemia
DNA polymerase  Hypomagnesemia
 Prevents attachment of  Anemia
nucleotide precursors to
DNA
 Arthralgia
 Myalgia
 CMV retinitis in HIV pts
 Acyclovir-resistant HSV
 Pentamidine causes life-
in immunocompromised threatening
hypocalcemia

25. Fosfomycin
 ABX
 Cell wall synthesis
inhibitor
 Inhibits enopyruvyl
transferase & addition of
phosphenolpyruvate to N-
acetylglucosamine to form
N-acetylmuramic acid
 Cystitis d/t E. coli or
Enterococcus faecalis
 Single dose Tx for UTI

26. Ganciclovir
 Antiviral  ↓ visual acuity
 Neutropenia
 Nucleoside analogue
 Thrombocytopenia
 Anemia
 Converted to
ganciclovir
triphosphate
 Inhibits viral DNA
polymerase
 CMV infection in
immunocompromised &
transplants

27. Gentamicin
 Aminoglycoside ABX  Nephrotoxicity
 Protein synthesis inhibitor  Ototoxicity
• Vestibular & cochlear
• ↑ w/ loop diuretics
 Binds 30s ribosome
 Prevents initiation of protein
synthesis
 Misreading of genetic code
 Gram (-) bacilli including
Enterobacteriaceace & P.
aeruginosa
 Strep, enterococcal, & staph
infections
 Monitor serum levels

28. Griseofulvin
 Antifungal  HA
 Fungistatic ABX
 Induces CYP450
• Reduces plasma
 Deposits in keratin levels warfarin &
precursor cells of skin, OCP
hair, & nails
 Disrupts microtubules
& mitotis of
dermatophytes
 Dermatophyte
infections
 NOT Candida

29. Imipenem-cilastatin
 β-lactam ABX  Allergic rxns
 Carbapenem ABX &  Diarrhea
dehydropeptidase inhibitor  V
 Seizures
 Imipenem • ↑ risk w/ ganciclovir or
cyclosporine
 Binds PBP & inhibits cross-
linking cell wall
peptidoglycan  Probenecid inhibits secretion
& ↑ serum levels
 Cilastatin
 Inhibits renal
dehydropeptidase &
degradation of imipenem
 Endocarditis, pneumonia,
UTI, pelvic, abdominal d/t
aerobic & anaerobic

30. Isoniazid
 Antitubercular  Hepatitis
 Nicotinic acid derivative • Toxic metabolite acetyl-
hydrazine
 Peripheral neuropathy
 Reduces catalase- • Vit. B6 deficiency
peroxidase
 Inhibits synthesis of
mycolic acid component
of cell wall
 TB
 Bimodal distribution d/t
fast & slow acetylation
 Inactivates vit. B6

31. Itraconazole
 Antifunal  GI distress
 Synthetic triazole  Rash
 Hepatitis
 Inhibits 14-α-demethylase
 CYP450 enzyme that
converts lanosterol 
ergosterol
 Blastomycosis,
candidiasis,
coccidioidomycosis,
histoplasmosis
 Onychomycosis – nail
beds

32. Ivermectin
 Antiparasitic  Vertigo
 Antihelmintic ABX  Sedation
 Activates glutamate-gated
Cl ion channel
 Pharyngeal m.
hyperpolarization &
paralysis
 Strongyloidiasis
 Cutaneous larva migrans
 Onchocerciasis filiariasis
• W. bancrofti

33. Levofloxacin
 Antibacterial
 Fluoroquinolone
 Inhibits bacterial DNA
topoisomerase type II (DNA
gyrase) & type IV
 Prevents DNA replication &
separation of chromosomes
 Community-acquired
pneumonia
 UTI
 Gynecologic & skin infections
 Gram (+), gram (-), P.
aeruginosa, Mycoplasma,
Mycobacterium

34. Linezolid
 Antibacterial  Inhibits MAO
 Oxazolidinone protein
synthesis inhibitor
 Binds 23s ribosomal
RNA of 50S subunit
 Prevents formation of
70s initiation complex
 VRE, MS/MRSA,
PCN-sensitive
pneumococci

35. Mefloquine
 Antimalarial  Neuropsychiatric syn
 4-quinolone methanol • Hallucination
derivative • Anxiety
• Confusion
• Seizure
 Inhibits erythrocytic • Coma
schizogony
 Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
 Malaria
 Chloroquine-
susceptible/resistant trains
of P. falciparum & P. vivax
 Perform CBC during
chronic prophylactic Tx

36. Metronidazole
 Antiprotozoal  GI pain
 Nitroimidazole  Anorexia
 N
 Reduced by
 Dizziness
pyruvate:ferredoxin to
form nitro-free radicals  Alcohol causes
that attack DNA & disulfiram-like effect
proteins
 Amebiasis, giardiasis,
trichomoniasis
 Balantidium coli, C.
difficile, B. fragilis

37. Mupirocin
 ABX
 Protein synthesis inhibitor
 Competes w/ isoleucine
for binding bacterial
isoleucyl tRNA synthetase
 Prevents addition of
isoleucine during protein
synthesis
 Impetigo by staph or strep
 Eradicate nasal
colonization of MRSA
 Infected traumatic skin
lesions

38. Nafcillin
 β-lactam ABX  Diarrhea
 Antistaphylococcal,  Superinfection
penicillinase-resistant  Pseudomembranous
colitis
penicillin  Allergic rxn
• Rash
 Binds PBP • Serum sickness
 Inhibits cross-linking of • Anaphylaxis
cell wall peptidoglycan
 Probenecid inhibits renal
 Methicillin-sensitive tubular secretion & ↑
penicillinase producing serum levels
staph
• Bone, jt, UTI,
respiratory, skin,
endocarditis, meningitis

39. Nitrofurantoin
 Urinary tract  Anorexia
antibacterial  N, V
 Nitrofuran  Neurotoxicity
 Pneumonitis
 Inhibits bacterial
enzymes  Probenecid inhibits
urinary excretion
 UTI
• E. coli, S.
saprophyticus

40. Oseltamivir
 Antiviral
 Neuraminidase
inhibitor
 Inhibits influenza A &
B neuraminidase
 Prevents release &
spreading of viral
particles
 Influenza A & B

41. Paromomycin
 Antiprotozoal  Nephrotoxic &
 Aminoglycoside ABX ototoxic if given IV
 Inhibits protein
synthesis
 Intestinal amebiasis
 Cryptosporidiosis in
immunocompromised
pts

42. Penicillin G
 β-lactam ABX  Diarrhea
 Narrow-spectrum  Superinfection
penicillin  Pseudomembranous
colitis
 Allergic rxn
 Binds PBP
• Rash
 Inhibits cross-linking • Serum sickness
of cell wall
• Anaphylaxis
peptidoglycan
 Probenecid inhibits
 Strep, pneumococcal, renal tubular secretion
meningococcal
 Syphilis

43. Pentamidine
 Antiprotozoal  Nephrotoxic
 Amidino-pentane  Hematologic toxicity
derivative  Hypoglycemia
 Allergic rxn
• Anaphylaxis
 Disrupts nucleic acid
synthesis in protozoa
 Erythromycin ↑ fatal
arrhythmias
 P. carinii
 Early stage African
trypanosimiasis –
sleeping sickness

44. Piperacillin-tazobactam
 β-lactam ABX  Diarrhea
 Antipseudomonal penicillin  Superinfection
& β-lactamase inhibitor  Pseudomembranous colitis
 Allergic rxn
• Rash
 Piperacillin • Serum sickness
 Binds PBP • Anaphylaxis
• Inhibits cross-linking of
cell wall peptidoglycan
 Probenecid inhibits renal
 Tazobactam tubular secretion
 Inhibits class A β-lactamases
 Gram (-) bacilli, P. aeruginosa

45. Praziquantel
 Antihelmintic  Malaise
 Isoquinoline derivative  Anorexia
 Drowsiness
 ↑ Ca permeability of
 dizziness
schistosome tegument
 Contraction &
exposing antigens to
host immunity
 Schistosomiasis
 Chinese liver fluke
 Lung fluke
 Cestodes – tapeworms

46. Primaquine
 Antimalarial  Hemolytic anemia in
 8-aminoquinoline G6PD deficiency
 methemoglobinemia
 Converted to oxidizing
quinoline-quinone
intermediates
 Eradicate exo-
erythrocytic forms of P.
vivax & P. ovale

47. Pyrimethamine
 Antiprotozoal  N
 Folate reductase inhibitor  Anorexia
 Hypersensitivity rxn
 Inhibits folate reductase
 Folate deficiency in protozoa
 Malaria in combo w/
sulfadoxine
 Toxoplasmosis in combo w/
sulfadoxine
 NOT effective against P.
vivax

48. Pyrantel
 Antihelmintic  Abdominal cramps
 Pyrimidine analogue  Anorexia
 Diarrhea
 Activates cholinergic
 V
nicotinic receptors in
somatic m. of
nematodes
 Produces depolarizing
NM blockade
 Ascariasis
 Hookworm & pinworm

49. Quinine
 Antimalarial  Abdominal cramps
 4-aminoquinoline  Diarrhea
 V
 Binds plasmodial DNA &
prevents replication &  Cinchonism
transcription during • Tinnitus
erythrocytic schizogony • Blurred vision
 Metabolism
 Chloroquine-resistant • Cimetidine inhibits
malaria
• Rifampin induce
 Admin w/ doxycycline or
pyrimethamine-
sulfadoxine

50. Quinupristin-dalfopristin
 Streptogramin ABX  Infusion site rxn
 Protein synthesis inhibitor
 Binds 50s ribosomal
subunit
 Quinupristin
 Inhibits aminoacyl tRNA
synthesis & addition of
AA
 Dalfopristin
 Inhibits peptidyl
transferase
 VRE, MS/MRSA

51. Ribavirin
 Broad-spectrum antiviral  Anemia
 Guanosine analogue  Hypotension
 Cardiac arrest
 Converted to ribavirin
triphosphate
 Depletes guanosine
triphosphate
 Inhibits viral RNA &
protein synthesis
 RSV in infants or children
 Chronic hepatitis C
 Viral hemorrhagic fever –
Lass fever

52. Rifampin
 Antitubercular  Red discoloration of tears,
 Rifampin derivative urine, saliva, sweat
 Abdominal pain
 V
 Inhibits DNA-dependent RNA
polymerase  Diarrhea
 Hepatitis
 TB
 Leprosy
 Induces CYP450
 Prophylaxis meningococcal
 ↓ levels
meningitis & H. flu B • Warfarin
infections • Theophylline
• Itraconazole
• Steroids
• Opioids
• Phenytoin
• Verapamil

53. Ritonavir-lopinavir
 Antiretroviral  Anorexia
 HIV protease inhibitor  V
 Altered taste
 Inhibits HIV protease
 Abnormal thinking
& conversion of gag-pol  Hyperlipidemia
polyprotein to  Hyperlgycemia
functional proteins
 Ritonavir
 ↑ lopinavir levels
 HIV in combo w/
nucleoside reverse
transcriptase inhibitor

54. Streptomycin
 Aminoglycoside  Nephrotoxic
 Protein synthesis inhibitor  Ototoxic
• ↑ w/ loop diuretics
 Binds 30s ribosome
 Prevents initiation of
protein synthesis
 Misreading of genetic
code
 Drug-resistant TB
 Plague
 Tularemia
 IV admin

55. Terbinafine
 Antifungal  Itching
 Allylamine  Rash
 Diarrhea
 Inhibits squalene
 Anorexia
oxygenase & formation of
squalene epoxide during  Metabolism
fungal membrane • Cimetidine inhibits
ergosterol synthesis • Rifampin induce
 Topical
• Tinea corporis, cruris,
pedis, versicolor
 Oral
• Onychomycosis – fungal
nail infection

56. Trifluridine
 Antiviral  Ocular irritation
 Thymidine analogue • Redness
• Itching
 Inhibits HSV DNA
polymerase
 Herpetic keratitis
 Keratoconjunctivitis
 Topical ocular admin

57. Trimethoprim-
sulfamethoxazole
 Antibacterial  N, V
 Folate antagonist
 Rash
 Stevens-Johnson syn
 Allergic rxn
 Sulfamethoxazole  Anemia
 Inhibits folate synthesis • Hemolytic anemia
 Trimethoprim • Megalobalstic anemia
 Inhibits folate reduction
 Leukopenia
 Thrombocytopenia
 UTI, traveler’s diarrhea
 Crystalluria
 Shigella enteritis
 P. carinii & Nocardia
 Added folate deficiency w/
pneumonia phenytoin or MTX

58. Vancomycin
 Glycopeptide ABX  Red man syn
 Cell wall synthesis • Extensive rate of
infusion
inhibitor • Erythematous rash on
face & upper body
 Binds D-alanyl-D-alanine  Ototoxicity
portion of peptidoglycan • Vestibular & cochlear
 Prevents cross-linking of
D-alanine & pentaglycine
chain
 MRSA, penicillin-resistant
enterococci, C. difficile

59. Zidovudine
 Antiretroviral  Anemia
 Nucleoside reverse
transcriptase inhibitor
 Activated nucleotide
triphosphate incorporated into
DNA causing chain
termination
 HIV
 Prevent maternal-fetal HIV
transmission
 1st line Tx for HIV infections
• Zidovudine w/ lamivudine
or emtricitabine &
efavirenz or lapinavir-
ritonavir