Introduction to Cloud Computing, its types, implementation of Security Groups and installation guide for Single Node

1. IMPLEMENTING SECURITY GROUPS IN
OPENSTACK
submitted to
Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida
Project Report
submitted by
Rishabh Agarwal Arzoo Singh
Raj Shekhar Jyoti Yadav
under the supervision of
Mr. Hitesh Sharma
Mr. Rahul Singh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering

2. DECLARATION
WE, STUDENTS OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY, COMPUTER
SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, NIET GREATER NOIDA, HEREBY
DECLARE THAT THE WORK PRESENTED IN THIS THESIS IS OUTCOME
OF OUR OWN WORK, IS BONAFIDE, CORRECT TO THE BEST OF OUR
KNOWLEDGE. THIS WORK HAS BEEN CARRIED OUT TAKING CARE OF
ENGINEERING ETHICS AND KEEPING INDIAN IP LAWS INTO
CONSIDERATION.
RISHABH AGARWAL ARZOO SINGH
1313310118 1313310036
RAJ SHEKHAR JYOTI YADAV
1313310114 1313310070
DATE: 16-06-2016
i

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
WE WOULD LIKE TO TAKE THIS OPPORTUNITY TO EXPRESS OUR
DEEP SENSE OF GRATITUDE AND PROFOUND FEELING OF
ADMIRATION TO OUR PROJECT SUPERVISOR/MENTOR MR HITESH
SHARMA AND MR RAHUL SINGH, FOR PROVIDING US INVALUABLE
GUIDANCE FOR THE TECHNICAL SEMINAR.
WE ACKNOWLEDGE HERE OUT DEPT TO ALL THOSE WHO HELPED
SIGNIFICANTLY IN ONE OR MORE STEPS.
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4. ABSTRACT
The use of Cloud Computing has increased rapidly in many organizations. Cloud
computing provides many benefits in terms of low cost and accessibility of data.
Ensuring the security of cloud computing is a major factor in the cloud computing
environment, as users often store sensitive information with cloud storage
providers but these providers may be untrusted.
Dealing with “single cloud” providers is predicted to become less popular with
customers due to risks of service availability failure and the possibility of
malicious insiders in the single cloud. A movement towards “multi-clouds”, or in
other words, “interclouds” or “cloud-of-clouds” has emerged recently.
Cloud can be implemented in 2 installation modes namely – Single Node
Installation and Multi Node Installation. A single node installation installs all
components like nova, keystone, cinder, etc. in one single node(used basically for
testing). Multi node installation installs different components along various nodes.
In Single Node installation, since all components are installed on a single node
failure of any one node may lead to the failure of entire system. Multi node
installation ensures reliable service since it deploys multiple components on
multiple nodes. Multi Node installation can also implemented by having multiple
copies of components on various nodes thus ensuring more reliability.
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5. CONTENT
Chapter Title Page No.
Declaration i
Acknowledgement ii
Abstract iii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Types of Cloud 2
1.3 Classification on the basis of Services 4
1.4 Advantages 5
2 Security 6
2.1 Security issues associated with cloud 6
2.2 Single node and Multi node 7
2.3 Security single node and multi node 9
3 Installation Guide 12
3.1 Installation 12
3.1.1 Add User 12
3.1.2 Download 12
3.1.3 Run DevStack 13
3.1.4 Using OpenStack 14
3.2 Container Setup 14
3.2.1 Configuration 14
3.2.2 Create Container 15
3.2.3 Start Container 15
3.2.4 Run DevStack 16
3.2.5 Cleanup 16
3.3 Configure Compute Nodes 17
4 Conclusion 20
5 References 21

6. LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Name Figure No Page No
Layered Model of Cloud 1 2
Architecture of Cloud Data Storage 2 4
Services of the Cloud 3 5
Multi Node Architecture 4 8

7. Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
The term „Cloud Computing‟ is made up of two terms, Cloud and Computing.
Cloud could be thought to be synonymous with the Internet where various
resources are interlinked with the use of network. One can use the resource they
want with the help of simple client-server architecture. The term „computing‟
refers to processing. Cloud computing is computing on various resources over the
network. In cloud computing Infrastructure, Platform and Application/Software
are delivered as service over the network. The cloud concept has changed the IT
market wherein organizations need not invest on resources; they rather rent the
required resource on on-demand basis or take services from the cloud which has
reduced the infrastructure costs in manifold. Cloud is basically used in three
models namely, Saas (Software as a Service), PaaS (Platform as a service), IaaS
(Infrastructure as a service).
SaaS model of cloud computing lies with end users, where they store their critical,
important and real time information. PaaS model of cloud computing is used
mostly by Application developers, who use the platform from cloud as a service to
develop, test, debug and deploy their applications. It is basically a middleware for
developers. IaaS model is used by network analysts. Here services like storage,
networking, and database management are also offered. In general pay per use
payment model is followed here. The end user is generally interested only in SaaS.
The data is consumed as well as produced by the cloud. This data is used by cloud
computing systems and client computing systems as well.
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8. Fig 1: Layered Model of Cloud
Cloud computing has no specific definition as such. However, one acceptable
definition was given which more or less defined cloud computing. It states cloud
to be “A large-scale distributed computing paradigm that is driven by economies
of scale, in which a pool of abstracted, virtualized, dynamically-scalable,
managed computing power, storage, platforms, and services are delivered on
demand to external customers over the Internet.”
1.2 Types of Cloud
Cloud computing is typically classified in the following ways:
 Public cloud: In Public cloud the computing infrastructure is hosted by
the cloud vendor at the vendor‟s premises. The customer has no visibility
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9. and control over where the computing infrastructure is hosted. The
computing infrastructure is shared between any organizations.
 Private cloud: The computing infrastructure is dedicated to a particular
organization and not shared with other organizations. Private clouds are
more expensive and more secure when compared to public clouds.
Private clouds are of two types: On-premise private clouds and
externally hosted. Private clouds. Externally hosted private clouds are
also exclusively used by one organization, but are hosted by a third party
specializing in cloud infrastructure. Externally hosted private clouds are
cheaper than On-premise private clouds.
 Hybrid cloud: Organizations may host critical applications on private
clouds and applications with relatively less security concerns on the
public cloud. The usage of both private and public clouds together is
called hybrid cloud. A related term is Cloud Bursting. In Cloud bursting
organization use their own computing infrastructure for normal usage,
but access the cloud for high/peak load requirements. This ensures that a
sudden increase in computing requirement is handled gracefully.
 Community cloud: It involves sharing of computing infrastructure in
between organization of the same community. For example all
Government organizations within the state of California may share
computing infrastructure on the cloud to manage data related to citizens
residing in California
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10. Fig 2: Architecture of Cloud Data Storage
1.3 Classification on the basis of services
The three key cloud delivery models are –
 Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) enables a software deployment model in
which one or more applications and the computing resources that run them
are provided for use on demand as a turnkey service. It can reduce the total
cost of hardware and software development, maintenance, and operations.
 Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) enables a software deployment model in
which the computing platform is provided as an on-demand service which
applications can be developed upon and deployed. It can reduce the cost and
complexity of buying, housing, and the managing of hardware and software
components of the platform.Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) enables a
software deployment model in which the basic computing infrastructure of
servers, software, and network equipment is provided as an on-demand
4

11. service upon which a platform to develop and execute applications can be
founded. It can be used to avoid buying, housing, and managing the basic
hardware and software infrastructure components.
Fig 3: Services of the Cloud
1.4 Advantages of Cloud Computing
 Flexibility
 Disaster recovery
 Automatic software updates
 Capital-expenditure Free
 Increased collaboration
 Work from anywhere
 Document control
 Security
 Competitiveness
 Environmentally Friendly
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12. Chapter 2
SECURITY
2.1 Security issues associated with the cloud
Cloud computing and storage solutions provide users and enterprises with various
capabilities to store and process their data in third-party data centers.
Organizations use the Cloud in a variety of different service models (SaaS, PaaS
and IaaS) and deployment models (Private, Public, Hybrid
and Community). There are a number of security concerns associated with cloud
computing. These issues fall into two broad categories: security issues faced by
cloud providers (organizations providing software-, platform-, or Infrastructure-as
a-service via the cloud) and security issues faced by their customers (companies or
organizations who host applications or store data on the cloud).The responsibility
is shared, however. The provider must ensure that their infrastructure is secure and
that their clients‟ data and applications are protected while the user must take
measures to fortify their application and use strong passwords and authentication
measures.
When an organization elects to store data or host applications on the public cloud,
it loses its ability to have physical access to the servers hosting its information. As
a result, potentially sensitive data is at risk from insider attacks. According to a
recent Cloud Security Alliance Report, insider attacks are the third biggest threat
in cloud computing. Therefore, Cloud Service providers must ensure that thorough
background checks are conducted for employees who have physical access to the
servers in the data center. Additionally, data centers must be frequently monitored
for suspicious activity.
In order to conserve resources, cut costs, and maintain efficiency, Cloud Service
Providers often store more than one customer's data on the same server. As a
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13. result, there is a chance that one user's private data can be viewed by other users
(possibly even competitors). To handle such sensitive situations, cloud service
providers should ensure proper data isolation and logical storage segregation. The
extensive use of virtualization in implementing cloud infrastructure brings unique
security concerns for customers or tenants of a public cloud service. Virtualization
alters the relationship between the OS and underlying hardware - be it computing,
storage or even networking. This introduces an additional layer – virtualization
that itself must be properly configured, managed and secured. Specific concerns
include the potential to compromise the virtualization software, or "hypervisor".
While these concerns are largely theoretical, they do exist.
For example, a breach in the administrator workstation with the management
software of the virtualization software can cause the whole datacenter to go down
or be reconfigured to an attacker's liking.
2.2 Single node and Multi node in OpenStack
A single node installation installs all components like Nova, Keystone, Cinder,
etc. in one single node (used basically for testing). Multi node installation installs
different components along various nodes.
For example Keystone and Cinder in one node, Neutron in another and 2 Novas in
2 different servers. You can differentiate these two types of installation seeing if
there is more than one node with different components in your environment.
Generally speaking a single node setup of OpenStack
(i.e.[DevStack])(http://docs.openstack.org/developer/devstack/) is used for testing
purposes. It is not designed for production and thus most would strongly
discourage such implementation. From a personal perspective, I've used it to test
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14. certain OpenStack components that aren't fully available yet (i.e Sahara). For those
purposes it is a fantastic environment.
A multi-node setup on the other hand is what most production environments run
on. Given the various components of OpenStack having all components on one
node can significantly affect performance as you are limited to whatever resources
that one node may have. Multi-Node not only provides a solution for this, but it is
also highly scalable in the sense that if you require more compute power all you
have to do is add more compute nodes (same with swift for storage, etc.).
Additionally, having various nodes for various components can offer a failover in
the case of one of your nodes suffers downtime.
As for how to check the single node and multi node installation a quick and simple
way to check if the current OpenStack deployment is single or multi node is run
the following command in your controller node.
nova host-list
Fig 4: Multi Node Architecture
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15. 2.3 Security in Single node and Multi node
2.3.1 How to create Security Group?
1- Click on Access & Security
2-Click on Create Security Group
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16. 3- Enter the name of Security Group and click Create Security Group
After creating, security group, you need to allow/deny network/protocol as per
your requirement. This is the default rule in OpenStack for all
tenant/group/project/user
2.3.2 How to add rules in Security Group?
1- Click on Add Rule
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17. 2- Manage Rules by clicking on Manage Security Group Rules
3- Here we are allowing All TCP ports. We can do the same for all protocols
(TCP,UDP, ICMP etc.)
Here, I have allowed All TCP, All UDP and All ICMP.
After creating, click on Security &Access and you will be able to see your security
group which you have created.
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18. Chapter 3
INSTALLATION GUIDE
3.1 Installation
3.1.1 Add your user
We need to add a user to install DevStack. (if you created a user during install you can skip this
step and just give the user sudo privileges below)
adduser stack
Since this user will be making many changes to your system, it will need to have sudo privileges:
apt-get install sudo -y || yum install -y sudo
echo "stack ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL" >> /etc/sudoers
From here on you should use the user you created. Logout and login as that user.
3.1.2 Download DevStack
We‟ll grab the latest version of DevStack via https:
sudo apt-get install git -y || sudo yum install -y git
git clone https://git.openstack.org/openstack-dev/devstack
cd devstack
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19. 3.1.3 Run DevStack
Now to configure stack.sh. DevStack includes a sample in devstack/samples/local.conf.
Createlocal.conf as shown below to do the following:
 Set FLOATING_RANGE to a range not used on the local network, i.e. 192.168.1.224/27. This
configures IP addresses ending in 225-254 to be used as floating IPs.
 Set FIXED_RANGE and FIXED_NETWORK_SIZE to configure the internal address space
used by the instances.
 Set FLAT_INTERFACE to the Ethernet interface that connects the host to your local network.
This is the interface that should be configured with the static IP address mentioned above.
 Set the administrative password. This password is used for the admin and demo accounts set up
as OpenStack users.
 Set the MySQL administrative password. The default here is a random hex string which is
inconvenient if you need to look at the database directly for anything.
 Set the RabbitMQ password.
 Set the service password. This is used by the OpenStack services (Nova, Glance, etc) to
authenticate with Keystone.
local.conf should look something like this:
[[local|localrc]]
FLOATING_RANGE=192.168.1.224/27
FIXED_RANGE=10.11.12.0/24
FIXED_NETWORK_SIZE=256
FLAT_INTERFACE=eth0
ADMIN_PASSWORD=supersecret
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20. DATABASE_PASSWORD=iheartdatabases
RABBIT_PASSWORD=flopsymopsy
SERVICE_PASSWORD=iheartksl
3.1.4 Using OpenStack
At this point you should be able to access the dashboard from other computers on the local network. In
this example that would be http://192.168.1.201/ for the dashboard (aka Horizon). Launch VMs and if
you give them floating IPs and security group access those VMs will be accessible from other machines
on your network.
Some examples of using the OpenStack command-line clients nova and glance are in the shakedown
scripts in devstack/exercises. exercise.sh will run all of those scripts and report on the results.
3.2 Container Setup
3.2.1 Configuration
For a successful run of stack.sh and to permit use of KVM to run the VMs you launch inside
your container, we need to use the following additional configuration options. Place the
following in a file called devstack-lxc.conf
# Permit access to /dev/loop*
lxc.cgroup.devices.allow = b 7:* rwm
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21. # Setup access to /dev/net/tun and /dev/kvm
lxc.mount.entry = /dev/net/tun dev/net/tun none bind,create=file 0 0
lxc.mount.entry = /dev/kvm dev/kvm none bind,create=file 0 0
# Networking
lxc.network.type = veth
lxc.network.flags = up
lxc.network.link = lxcbr0
3.2.2 Create Container
The configuration and rootfs for LXC containers are created using the lxc-create command. We
will name our container devstack and use the ubuntu template which will use debootstrap to
build a Ubuntu rootfs. It will default to the same release and architecture as the host system. We
also install the additional packages bsdmainutils and git as we‟ll need them to run devstack:
sudo lxc-create -n devstack -t ubuntu -f devstack-lxc.conf -- --packages=bsdmainutils,git
The first time it builds the rootfs will take a few minutes to download, unpack, and configure all
the necessary packages for a minimal installation of Ubuntu. LXC will cache this and subsequent
containers will only take seconds to create.
3.2.3 Start Container
To start the container, run: sudo lxc-start -n devstack
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22. A moment later you should be presented with the login prompt for your container. You can login using
the username ubuntu and password ubuntu.
You can also ssh into your container. On your host, run sudo lxc-info -n devstack to get the IP address
(e.g. ssh ubuntu@$(sudo lxc-info -n devstack | awk '/IP/ { print $2 }')).
3.2.4 Run Devstack
You should now be logged into your container and almost ready to run devstack. The commands in this
section should all be run inside your container.
1. Download DevStack
git clone https://git.openstack.org/openstack-dev/devstack
2. Configure
Refer to Minimal Configuration if you wish to configure the behaviour of devstack.
3. Start the install
4. cd devstack
./stack.sh
3.2.5 Cleanup
To stop the container:
lxc-stop -n devstack
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23. To delete the container:
lxc-destroy -n devstack
3.3 Configure Compute Nodes
The compute nodes only run the OpenStack worker services. For additional machines, create
alocal.conf with:
[[local|localrc]]
HOST_IP=192.168.42.12 # change this per compute node
FLAT_INTERFACE=eth0
FIXED_RANGE=10.4.128.0/20
FIXED_NETWORK_SIZE=4096
FLOATING_RANGE=192.168.42.128/25
MULTI_HOST=1
LOGFILE=/opt/stack/logs/stack.sh.log
ADMIN_PASSWORD=labstack
DATABASE_PASSWORD=supersecret
RABBIT_PASSWORD=supersecret
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24. SERVICE_PASSWORD=supersecret
DATABASE_TYPE=mysql
SERVICE_HOST=192.168.42.11
MYSQL_HOST=$SERVICE_HOST
RABBIT_HOST=$SERVICE_HOST
GLANCE_HOSTPORT=$SERVICE_HOST:9292
ENABLED_SERVICES=n-cpu,n-net,n-api-meta,c-vol
NOVA_VNC_ENABLED=True
NOVNCPROXY_URL="http://$SERVICE_HOST:6080/vnc_auto.html"
VNCSERVER_LISTEN=$HOST_IP
VNCSERVER_PROXYCLIENT_ADDRESS=$VNCSERVER_LISTEN
Fire up OpenStack:
./stack.sh
A stream of activity ensues. When complete you will see a summary of stack.sh„s work,
including the relevant URLs, accounts and passwords to poke at your shiny new OpenStack. The
most recent log file is available in stack.sh.log.
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25. 3.3.1 Cleaning Up After DevStack
Shutting down OpenStack is now as simple as running the included unstack.sh script:
./unstack.sh
A more aggressive cleanup can be performed using clean.sh. It removes certain troublesome
packages and attempts to leave the system in a state where changing the database or queue
manager can be reliably performed.
./clean.sh
Sometimes running instances are not cleaned up. DevStack attempts to do this when it runs but
there are times it needs to still be done by hand:
sudo rm -rf /etc/libvirt/qemu/inst*
sudo virsh list | grep inst | awk '{print $1}' | xargs -n1 virsh destroy
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26. CONCLUSION
In Single Node installation, since all components are installed on a single node
failure of any one node may lead to the failure of entire system. Multi node
installation ensures reliable service since it deploys multiple components on
multiple nodes. Multi Node installation can also implemented by having multiple
copies of components on various nodes thus ensuring more reliability.
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27. REFERENCES
 https://ask.openstack.org/en/question/59516/what-is-the-difference-
between-single-node-and-multi-node-installation-in-openstack/
 http://blog.flux7.com/blogs/openstack/tutorial-how-to-install-multi-
nodes-in-openstack
 http://blog.flux7.com/blogs/openstack/tutorial-install-single-node-
openstack
 www.wikipedia.com
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