Information regarding Quantum computers

1. Quantum Computers
Presented By
Rishabh Jindal
CS-B
97(12EJCCS103)

2. Classical Computers
Classical Computer : A computer that uses voltages flowing
through circuits and gates, which use principle of Digital
electronics to perform operation .
 Very and Simple logic : an array of 0s and 1s represents a number
 Easy to store, manipulate and to handle, Implementation using transistors
 Accurate and speedy computation machine
 Part of life because logical work can also be done
 Advantages
• Makes work easy and faster
• Any complex computation or logical work like laboratory work become easy

3. History Of Classical Computers
 First Generation (1940-1956) – Vacuum Tubes
 Second Generation (1956-1963) – Transistors
 Third Generation (1964-1971) – Integrated Circuits
 Fourth Generation (1971-Present) – Microprocessors
 Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) – Artificial Intelligence

6. Moore’s Law
Gordon Earle Moore is an American businessman and co- founder and Chairman of
Intel Corporation and the author of Moore's Law.
Moore's law is the observation that the number of transistors on integrated
circuits doubles approximately every two years.
Gordon E. Moore described the trend in his 1965 paper. His prediction has proven
to be accurate, in part because the law is now used in the semiconductor
industry to guide long-term planning and to set targets for research and
development.

8. Challenges With Classical Computing
 By 2020 to 2025, transistors will be so small and it will generate so much heat
that standard silicon technology may eventually collapse.
 Already Intel has implemented 32nm silicon technology
 If scale becomes too small, Electrons tunnel through micro- thin barriers
between wires corrupting signals.

9.  Many kinds of numerical problems cannot be solved using conventional
computers.
Example: Factorization of a number
 The computer time required to factor an integer containing N digits is
believed to increase exponentially with N.

10. Representation of Classical Computers
Classical Bits
2-state system (Boolean Algebra)
Possible states: 0 or 1 (Off or On)
0 -> No voltage
1 -> 0.5 voltage

11. Quantum Computing
Quantum Computer is a machine that performs calculations based on the
laws of quantum mechanics which is behavior of particles at subatomic
level.
A Quantum is a smallest possible discrete unit of any physical property
Quantum Computing.
Computation depends on principle of quantum theory

12. Quantum Computing (Cont.)
 As in classical computers transistors are used which may be in ON or OFF state
i.e. either ‘1’ or ‘0’ which are classical bits used for computing, process data,
store data etc. The whole classical computing is based on just ‘0’ or ‘1’.
 In Quantum Computing, Quantum bits are used which have some special
properties. A Quantum bit or ‘Qubit’ is a unit of quantum information which
may be ‘1’ or ‘0’ or ‘Both’ at a same time.
 Many different physical objects can be used as qubits such as atoms, photons,
or electrons.

13. History of Quantum Computing
 1982 - Feynman proposed the idea of creating machines based on the laws of
quantum mechanics instead of the laws of classical physics.
 1985 - David Deutsch developed the quantumTuring machine, showing that
quantum circuits areuniversal.
 1994 - Peter Shor came up with a quantum algorithm to factor very large
numbers in polynomial time
 1997 - Lov Grover develops a quantum searchalgorithm with O(√N) complexity

14. Qubit
This sphere is
often called the
Bloch sphere, and
it provides a useful
means to visualize
the state of a
single qubit.

16. Qubit (Cont.)
 A physical implementation of a qubit could use the two energy levels of an
atom. An excited state representing |1> and a ground state representing |0>.

18. Comparsion
 So 2qubits contain information about four sates while 2bits only contain
information about one satate! Thus a machine with n qubits can perform 2^n
functions in a same time .
 A 4-qubits computer could analyze 16 states in a single operation in
comparison a 4-bits classical computer can only analyze one state!

19. Power of Qubits

22. Key Quantum Effects

23. Superposition
 Definition :-Two things can overlap each other without interfering with each
other. In classical computers, electrons cannot occupy the same space at the
same time, but as waves, they can.
 IT IS THE ABILITY OF AN OBJECT TO BE MORE THAN 1 THING AT THE SAME TIME
 SO THEY CAN BE THIS AND THAT AT THE SAME TIME
 It can exhibit as a particle and also as wave.

25. Quantum tunnelling
Quantum tunnelling or tunneling refers to the quantum mechanical
phenomenon where a particle tunnels through a barrier that it classically
could not surmount.

26. Entanglement
 Entanglement is the ability of quantum systems to exhibit correlations
between states within a superposition.
 If two objects are quantum mechanically entangled, then they can be strongly
related to each other even though they are vast distance apart

28. Quantum Computers Languages (Shor’s
Algorithm)
Peter Shor (1994)
A quantum computer is capable of factoring very large numbers in
polynomial time.
F(a) = x^a mod N is a periodic function
7 mod 15 = 1
7 mod 15 = 7
7 mod 15 = 4
7 mod 15 = 13
7 mod 15 = 1 …….. & so on

29. What can Quantum Computer do?
Application :
 Factorisation (data security)
 Physical modelling (climate , economic , engineering)
 Simulation (chemistry ,material)
 Data bases searching (bioinformatics)
 Parallel Processing

30. Application of Quantum Computer
 Cryptography
 Artificial intelligence
 Teleportation
 Quantum communication
 Searching

31. Advantages of Quantum Computer
 Much more powerful Could process massive amount of data
 Faster Process data in much faster speed
 Smaller
 Improvement to science Capability to convey more accurate answers
 Can improve on practical personal electronics Ability to solve scientific &
commercial problems
 Parallel Processing

32. What is the future of quantum
computing?

33. What is the future of quantum
computing? (Cont.)
 Powerful new resource for computation • Complementary to classical
computers
 Accessible via the cloud
 Emergence of quantum software ecosystem
• Developer tools
• Optimized algorithms
• Applications

34. Problems and disadvantages of Quantum
Computer
 Decoherence (must be isolated)
 Uncertainty Principle (Can’t measure without disturb)
 Ability to crack passwords
 Can Break every level of encryption
 Complex Hardware Schemes
 Cost

35. Progress on Quantum Computer
 In 2001, a 7 qubit machine was built and programmed to run Shor’s algorithm
to successfully factor 15.
 Australian researchers make quantum computing breakthrough
Australian scientists have discovered a way to put quantum computing
technology into silicon computer chips, paving the way for the first commercial
manufacture of the holy grail in superfast computing.

36. The Australian National Fabrication Facility at UNSW, where the
silicon quantum logic device was manufactured

37. Progress on Quantum Computer (Cont.)
 On February 13, 2007, D-Wave demonstrated the Orion system, running three
different applications at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View,
California. This marked the first public demonstration of, supposedly, a
quantum computer and associated service.
The processors at the heart of D-Wave's "Orion quantum computing system"
are designed for use as hardware accelerator processors rather than general-
purpose computer microprocessors. The system is designed to solve a
particular NP-complete problem related to the two dimensional Ising model
in a magnetic field. D-Wave terms the device a 16-qubit superconducting
adiabatic quantum computer processor.

39. D-Wave Progress
 D-Wave One computer system
On May 11, 2011, D-Wave Systems announced the D-Wave One, an integrated
quantum computer system running on a 128-qubit processor. The processor
used in the D-Wave One code-named "Rainier", performs a single
mathematical operation, discrete optimization. Rainier uses quantum
annealing to solve optimization problems. The D-Wave One is claimed to be
the world's first commercially available quantum computer system.[28] The
price will be approximately US$10,000,000.

41. D-Wave Progress (Cont.)
 D-Wave Two computer system
In early 2012, D-Wave Systems revealed a 512-qubit quantum computer, code-
named Vesuvius, which was launched as a production processor in 2013.
In May 2013 it was announced that a collaboration between NASA, Google and
the USRA launched a Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab at the NASA Advanced
Supercomputing Division at Ames Research Center in California, using a 512-qubit
D-Wave Two that would be used for research into machine learning, among other
fields of study.

43. D-Wave Progress (Cont.)
 D-Wave 2X Computer System
On August 20, 2015, D-Wave released general availability of their D-Wave 2X
computer, with 1,152 qubits in a Chimera graph architecture (although, due to
magnetic offsets and manufacturing variability inherent in the superconductor
circuit fabrication fewer than 1152 qubits are functional and available for use.
The D-Wave 2X processor is based on a 2,048-qubit chip with half of the qubits
disabled, but these may be re-activated later on.

46. Thank You