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1. Style for writing Bibliographical
References
All Styles
Dr N Singh

2. What is Referencing
• Is the process of acknowledging the sources you
have used in writing your essay, assignment or
piece of work .
• It allows the readers to access your source document as
quickly & easily as possible in order to verify, if necessary, the
validity of your arguments and the evidence they are based.
• You cite these sources in the text of your
assignment and reference them at the end of
assignment.

3. What is Reference List and
Bibliography
• Reference list /References includes only the
sources cited in the text .
• Bibliography : includes the references and also
includes all other reading materials e.g. for Back
ground reading used in the preparation of the
work.

4. Copyrighted sources
• At present copy write allows only small extract
of items to be copied legally provided they are
given proper references
Example.
• Personal and private study
• Criticism & review
• Illustrations
• Quotations
• Non commercial research

5. Why to provide Reference
• Writing reference is an important academic
skill as it shows the reader your work -
• The sources you have used to research your topic
• Give Support and weight to your argument and
conclusions
• Avoid accusations of plagiarism
• Allow readers of your work to find & check sources you
have used.

6. Styles for Writing Bibliographical references
• American Psychological Association (APA)
Style
• Harvard Style
• Chicago Manual of Style
• Turabian Style
• IEEE Style

7. Reference Management Tools
Online web based tools
• End Note – (Thomson Routers)
• Ref-works
• Zotero

8. APA Style
• APA Style for writing Bibliographical
References………………

9. Books with one author
• Author’s last name, First and Second Initial.
(Year). Title Italic. Publication Location:
Publishing company.
Example:
Gupta, R.M. (1993). The Plant Breeding
practices. Princeton: Princeton University
Press.

10. Books with an editor
• Editor’s last name, First and second Initial.
(Ed.). (Year). Title italic. Publication location:
Publishing company.
Examples:
Gupta, S.C. (Ed.). (1993). Commercial Agriculture
in India : Principle & Practices. New Delhi : Daya
Publishing

11. Journal article- One author
• Author’s last name, First and Second Initial.
(Year). Article title. Journal title, volume number
(issue number), page numbers.
• Example:-
Singh, M.L. (1996). High yielding varieties of
fingers millet in India. Journal of African
Studies, 55(2),51-80

12. Journal article- three authors
• Author’s last name, First and Second Initial., Author’s last
name, First and Second Initial.,& Author’s last name, First and
Second Initial. (year). Article title. Journal title, Volume
number (issue number), page numbers.
Examples:-
Gupta,S.C.,Singh,V.K. & Mishra,O.P.(1992).
Medicinal Plants in Himalaya. Journal of
Agricultural science. 5(3), 343-355.
More than three et al

13. News paper Article
• Author’s last name, First and Second Initial. (Year,
Month, Date). Article title. Newspaper title, volume
and /or issue numbers.
Example:-
Taylor, P. (1993, December 27). IARI foundation
day celebration. Times of India, pp. A1.

14. Online Article
• Use this format if article is an exact replica of the print article.
(pdf)
Author’s last name, First and Second Initial. (Year). Article
title [Electronic version]. Journal title, volume (issue
number), page number.
Examples:
Gupta, S. C., & Pathak, P.K. (2000). Evaluation of finger
millets in hill region [Electronic Version]. journal of plant
breeding, 20(3), 728-733.

15. Contd.. Online Article
• Use this format differ from print or page numbers are missing. (non-pdf)
Author’s last name, First and Second Initial. (Year). Article title
[Electronic version]. Journal title, volume, page numbers.
Date of retrieval, URL.
Examples:-
Gupta, S. C., & Pathak, P.K (2000). Evaluation of finger
millets in hill region [electronic Version] journal of plant
breeding, 20(3), 728. Retrieved March 3, 2008 from http://
seachg.ebscohost.com

16. Lectures
• Lector’s last name, First and second Initial. (Year, Month). Lectures
title. In symposium (coordinator’s position) (If applicable),
Symposium conducted at the meeting of sponsoring
organization name, Location.
Example:
Pathak, M. P.(1993,December). Use of insecticide
in India. In Symposium conducted at the meeting
of the Food Security-FAO, Toronto, Canada.

17. Web Site
• To cite an entire web site, it is only necessary
to cite the URL in the text. It is not necessary to
cite a web site in the reference list.
Example:-
Fifty years of Agricultural research In
India (http:// icar.org.in)

18. E-mail
• Electronic mail is considered a form of
personal communication, therefore it is not
necessary to cite e-mail in the reference list.
Cite e-mail in the text only.
Example:-
T. Danford (Personal communication, March 28,
2005).

19. Harvard Style
• Harvard Styles for writing Bibliographical
References ………

20. Harvard Style
• Books with an Author
• Author’s surname, initials, full stop (FS). Years in
bracket (FS) Title of book (underlined or italics) (FS) .
Publisher (comma) Place (FS).
Smith, P. (1999). Climate change in the world.
Sage books, India.

21. Books with editor
• Editors surname, initials, full stop (FS) . Ed in
bracket. Years in bracket (FS) Title of book (underlined
or italics) (FS). Publisher (comma) Place of
publication (full stop)
• Swaminathan, M.S. (ed.) (2005). Crop
management . Scientific publishers, New
Delhi.

22. Chapter in - edited Book
• Chapter’s Authors surname, initials, (FS) . Years in bracket (FS)
Title of Chapter (FS) . Followed by in : (underlined) (colon)
• Editors surname , initials (full stop) (ed.) in bracket
• Title of the book (underlined or italics)
• Publisher (comma) Place of publication (full stop)
• Panda, S.K. (2008). Fundamentals of
Entomology. In: Singh, R (ed.) Handbook of
Agriculture. Oxford IBH, New Delhi.

23. Journal Articles
• Author’s surname, initials, (FS) . Years in bracket
(FS)Title of article (FS) . Title of Journal ( underlined or
italics. Volume No. month /season (comma) page No of
article (FS)
• John , D.(1999). Dry land agricultural practices.
Journal of Agricultural review. No.12, January,
pp5-10.
• Winter /fall/ summer/ or
• March/June/Sept/Dec (No Issue number)
1 2 3 4

24. News paper article
• Author’s surname, initials, (FS). Years in bracket
(FS) Title of article (FS). Title of Newspaper
Journal ( underlined or italics) (FS). Date of
publication , (comma) page No of article (FS)
• Gupta, S.K. (2004). Climate change issues in
India . Times of India. 28 March, p7

25. Email citation
• Senders Surname , initials (FT). Senders e-
mail address (bracket) (comma)
• Day (,) month(comma) year.(FS)
• Subject of message (underlined or italics) (FS)
• Email to recipient's email address). (brackets ) ( FS )
• Jones, D. (davidjones@hotmail.com), 2
September 2004. The Horticultural
conference. (petesmith@hotmail.com).