Open Source Concepts

OPEN SOURCE
OPERATING SYSTEM
Dr.Ritu Bhargava
Department of Computer Science
Sophia Girl’s College(Autonomous)Ajmer

Ideals of Open Source
• What are the ideals of Open Source?
• Share the goal: a broad group of contributors recognize the same
need and agree on how to meet
• Share the work: projects are broken into smaller tasks, and a
review process screens the best contributions
• Share the result: code should be available to all and
improvements should be shared to all
7/19/2018OPEN SOURCE CONCEPTS
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what is:
• Software?
• Source?
• Open?
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SOFTWARE
• Computer programme or software is set of instructions to
computer to work in a desired manner
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SOURCE
• Instructions to computers are normally written by programmers in
Programming Languages like – C, C++, Java etc.
• These instructions are readable by humans and referred as Source
Code.
• To make machines i.e. computers to understand this source code –
it either permanently translated (compiled) or translated
(interpreted) into machine level codes.
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• As normal software industry practice, only the final working
machine readable version (Compiled Program) of the software is
handed over to users.
• The software works fine because machines don’t need source
code. They only understand the compiled version.
• However, the recipients or the users do not know how it works.
• If any modification is required, the same can be done only by the
producers who retain the source code.
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OPEN
• Here original source code of the software is also given.
• If required, the users can modify the source code and then
compile the software to use it.
• Thus, the source code is Opened up.
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OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE
• Here original source code of the software is also given.
• If required, the users can modify the source code and then
compile the software to use it.
• Thus, the source code is Opened up.
• OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE refers to applications developed in which
the user can access and alter the “source” code itself.
• Open: collaboration is open to all
• Source: source code is freely shared
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OPEN SOURCE INITIATIVE (OSI)
• The Open Source Initiative (OSI) is a non-profit corporation
formed to educate about and advocate for the benefits of open
source and to build bridges among different constituencies in the
open-source community.
• http://www.opensource.org/
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• Open source is a development method for software that harnesses
the power of distributed peer review and transparency of process.
• The promise of open source is better quality, higher reliability,
more flexibility, lower cost, and an end to predatory vendor lock-
in.
• The Software source is posted on the web as it is being developed,
available for any person to use or to work on. There is a direct
access to the developers through the website
• Quick identification of bugs and problems are soon discovered and
handled.
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OPEN SOURCE LICENCE
• Open source license doesn't just mean access to the source code – it has
to meet other criteria as well.
• The important issue is that the source code should available; there
should be permission to modify the source code and further distribute it.
• OSS comes with a licence .The most common is GPL
• The GPL(general public licence) is unrestricted. It states that we can use
the software for any purpose. we can change it if we want to.
• We can redistribute it if we want to.
• The GPL is developed by GNU
• It is often referred to as copyleft, defined by GNU as a general method
for making a program free software.
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OPEN SOURCE DEFINITION
1. Free Redistribution
2. Source Code
3. Derived Works
4. Integrity of The Author's Source Code
5. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups
6. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavour
7. Distribution of License
8. License Must Not Be Specific to a Product
9. License Must Not Restrict Other Software
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Basic Terminologies
License :-The owner of the Software can agree to let another person
copy, adapt or distribute the code,this agreement is called license. Eg.
GPL,BSD,openBSD etc.
EULA is proprietary license and restricted.
Copyright:- only the owner of the software has the right to copy ,adapt or
distribute the software.
Proprietary:-also called CSS(closed source software).These software has
restriction on any combination of the usage, modification, copying or
distributing modified version of the software.
Copyleft:-It is the practice of offering people the right to freely distribute
copies and modified version of a work with the stipulation that the same
rights be preserved in derivative works down the line.
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What is GNU ?
• GNU stands for GNU’S Not Unix,a project started by Richard Stallman in
1984.
• The goal was to develop an open source operating system.
• GNU develop all the programs needed to produce a complete operating
system including a keernel,a shell ,utilities,compilers,text editors,mail
software etc.
• GNU’s first program to be released were a GNU c compiler (gcc) and a
text editor (EMACS)
• GNU combines their software with the Kernel of linux to make a
complete operating system.
• GNU oppose the proprietary software.
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FREE SOFTWARE MOVEMENT
Free software movement was launched in 1983.
In 1998, a splinter group of this movement advocated that the term
“free” software should be replaced by “open source” software.
Problem with “Free” was that it implied “Zero Cost” and not the
intended meaning “Freedom”.
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FREE SOFTWARRE LISCENCE
• GNU GPL
• Lesser GPL
• BSD License
• Mozilla Public License
• IBM Public License
• Sun Community Source License
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FREE SOFTWARE
• The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).
• The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to
make it do what you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code
is a precondition for this.
• The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbour
(freedom 2).
• The freedom to improve the program, and release your
improvements (and modified versions in general) to the public, so
that the whole community benefits (freedom 3). Access to the
source code is a precondition for this.
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FREE SOFTWARE
• Are they different?
• NO
• Open Source Software and Free Software for all practical
purposes are same .
• But “Free” here actually means Freedom not free of cost “Free
User “ rather “Free Software
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• Linux – an operating system.
• Apache – widely used web-server software.
• MySQL – widely relational database software that power most
web-based applications.
• PERL – a scripting language.
• PHP – a widely used scripting language in dynamic websites.
• OpenOffice – Office suit like Microsoft Office.
• Firefox – Internet browsing software like Microsoft’s Internet
Explorer.
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• Thunderbird – E-mail client.
• Audacity – is an open source tool to edit audio.
• Songbird – is a media player.
• GIMP – is an Image Editor.
• GMMP – is a music player.
• Eclipse – An IDE for C / C++ / Java programming.
• Gambas – A visual programming language tool just same as V Basic.
• NASM - Netwide Assembler for assembly programming
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LINUX HISTORY
• In 1984, Richard Stallman from MIT, started to develop a free alternative
to Unix. He also established a special license, the GNU license, to ensure
that software is free and open to anyone. In 1985 he founded th
• The GNU GPL (General Public License) says that every copy of a program
governed by the GPL license, even if modiﬁed, must be subject to the
GPL again. It has a “viral” effect! In the 90s, GPL+Internet, many new
Open Source projects started. e Free Software Foundation.
• The GPL guarantees four basic freedoms for the user: You have the
freedom to run the program, for any purpose. You have the freedom to
study how the program works and modify it to suit your needs. To make
this freedom effective in practice, you must have access to the source
code. 7/19/2018OPEN SOURCE CONCEPTS
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• In 1991, Linus Torvalds, a computer science student, started to
develop a Unix OS for the personal computer. The code of the
experimental version was put under the GPL license.
• In 1997, the Open Source Initiative (OSI) was founded, and it
developed the Open Source Deﬁnition (OSD). The OSD is a
guideline for OSS licenses other than the GPL, and the “viral”
effect is not a requirement.
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LINUX
• A very popular open source operating system that runs on a variety
of hardware platforms .
• Linux is widely deployed as a server OS .
• Linux is a multi-tasking, multiuser operating system. Although
modified by numerous people.
• It is an ideal environment to run web servers as Apache. It is easily
upgradable. It supports multiple processors as standard. Is has a
lot of documentation. It runs also on old machines.
• Amazon, Yahoo!, CNN, Google run on servers based on Linux. The
Human Genome Project was run using Linux clusters. 7/19/2018OPEN SOURCE CONCEPTS
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• A Linux is a complete OS that is stable and reliable.
• Linux is extremely powerful, it comes with a complete
development environment and excellent networking facilities.
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LINUX VARIANTS
• Ubuntu
• Fedora
• OpenSUSE
• Mandriva
• Linux Mint
• Debian
• SlackWare Linux
• Red Hat
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LINUX VERSES WINDOWWS
Linux
• Free of Cost
• Fast Upgrading
• Backward Compatibility
• Multiuser Support
• Difficult for Programmer
Windows
• Purchase License
• Slower Upgrading
• Forward Compatibility
• Multiuser Support
• Easy for Programmer
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LINUX UTILITIES
• GCC – GNU C Compiler.
• G++ - GNU C/C++ Compiler.
• Eclispe – IDE for C/C++/Java programs.
• GDB – GNU Debugger.
• NASM – Netwide Assembler
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