Disaster management Project

1. SMT.CHANDIBAI HIMATMAL MANSUKHANI
COLLEGE
ULHASNAGAR- 421003
PROJECT REPORT ON
STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT
Disaster Management & CASE STUDY
SUBMITTED
BY AKASH
RANA
(ROLL NO:
46)
M.COM (SEM.II):.
SUBMITED TO
UNIVERSITY OF
MUMBAI 2015-16
PROJECT
GUIDE
Prof. kishore
karia
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2. Department ofCommerce
C
e
rtifica
te
This is to certify that, Mr. AKASH RANA of M.Com.-I, Sem.-I (Roll NO-46) has successfully
completed the project titled “Disaster management & case study.” under my guidance for the
Academic Year 2015-16. The information submitted is true and original as per my knowledge.
Prof. kishore
karia
(Project Guide)
Prof. Gopi Shamnani
(Coordinator, M. Com Course)
Dr. Manju Lalwani pathak
( I/C Principal)
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3. External Examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEM
ENT
I acknowledge the valuable assistance provided by SMT.CHANDIBAI HIMATMAL
MANSUKHANI COLLEGE, for two years of degree course in M.Com.
I specially thank the principal Dr. Manju Lalwani pathak for Allowing us to use the facilities
such as library, computer laboratory, internet etc.
I sincerely thank the M.Com co-ordinator Prof. Gopi Shamnani for Guiding us in the right
direction go prepare the project.
I thank my guide Prof. kishore karia who has given his/her valuable time, knowledge and
guidance to complete the project successfully in time.
My family and peers were great source of inspiration throughout my project theirsupport is
deeply acknowledged.
Signature
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4. DECLARATI
ON
I, AKASH RANA OF SMT.CHANDIBAI HIMATMAL MANSUKHANI COLLEGE OF M.Com
SEMESTER I,
hereby declare that I have completed the project on ‘Disaster management & case study’ in
the academicyear 2015-16. The information submitted is true and original to the best of my
knowledge.
(AKASH .P.
RANA)
M.Com part-1, ROLL
NO:46 SEMESTER
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5. INDEX
Sr.No Topic Name PAGE NO.
1. Introduction 7-8
2. TYPES OF DISASTER 9
3. Disaster management 10
4. Emergency planning ideas 11
5. Implementing ideas 12
6. Phases and personal activities 13-23
7. Response 24-25
8. Recovery 26
9 Indian Armed Force & Jammu & Kashmir Floods, 2014 27-28
10. Disaster Management inIndia 29
11. Command and control 30
12 Rescue Mission 31-33
13 Relief assistance 34-36
14 National disaster response force (NDFR) 37-38
15 CASE STUDY
UTTARAKHAND DISASTER
39-49
16 Conclusion 50-51
17 Bibliography 52
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7. Introduction
A disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread
human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the
affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
In contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the consequence of inappropriately managed risk.
These risks are the product of a combination of both hazard/s and vulnerability. Hazards that strike in
areas with low vulnerability willnever become disasters, as isthe case in uninhabited regions.
Developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits – more than 95 percent of all deaths
caused by hazards occur in developing countries, and losses due to natural hazards are 20 times greater
(as a percentage of GDP) in developing countries than in industrialized countries
Classifications
Researchers have been studying disasters for more than a century, and for more than forty years disaster
research The studies reflect a common opinion when they argue that all disasters can be seen as being
human-made, their reasoning being that human actions before the strike of the hazard can prevent it
developing into a disaster. All disasters are hence the result of human failure to introduce appropriate
disaster management measures. Hazards are routinely divided into natural or human-made, although
complex disasters, where there is no single root cause, are more common in developing countries. A
specific disaster may spawn a secondary disaster that increases the impact. A classic example is an
earthquake that causes a tsunami, resulting in coastal flooding.
Natural Hazard
A Natural Hazard is a natural process or phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or other health
impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or
environmental damage.
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8. Various phenomena like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, floods, hurricanes, tornadoes,
blizzards, tsunamis, and cyclones are all natural hazards that kill thousands of people and destroy
billions of dollars of habitat and property each year. However, the rapid growth of the world's
population and its increased concentration often in hazardous environments has escalated both the
frequency and severity of disasters. With the tropical climate and unstable land forms, coupled with
deforestation, unplanned growth proliferation, non-engineered constructions which make the disaster-
prone areas more vulnerable, tardy communication, poor or no budgetary allocation for disaster
prevention, developing countries suffer more or less chronically by natural disasters. Asia tops the list of
casualties caused by natural hazards.
Airplane crashes and terrorist attacks are examples of man-made disasters: they cause pollution, kill
people, and damage property. This example is the September 11 attacks in 2001 at the World Trade
Center in NewYork.
Human-Instigated Disasters
Main article: Man-made disasters
Human-Instigated disasters are the consequence of technological hazards. Examples include stampedes,
fires, transport accidents, industrial accidents, oil spills and nuclear explosions/radiation. War and
deliberate attacks may also be put in this category. As with natural hazards, man-made hazards are
events that have not happened, for instance terrorism. Man-made disasters are examples of specific
cases where man-made hazards have become reality in an event.
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9. Types of Disasters
which disturbs
Disasters are simply defined as any over helmingecological disruption
environmental and economical positions.
Disasters are mainly divided as two types:
 Natural Disasters and
 Artificial Disasters.
Artificial Disasters are also called as Man Made Disasters.
Natural Disasters:
Disasters that are caused by Natural causes are called as Natural Disasters.
 Earthquakes,
 Landslides,
 Floods,
 River erosion,
 Cyclones,
 Tsunami,
 Forest Fires etc…
Artificial Disasters:
These are the disasters that are occurred due to man made changes over the surface of the Earth.
 Nuclear Disasters,
 Chemical Disasters,
 Mine Disasters,
 Biological Disasters.
These are an example of man-made disasters
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10. Disaster Management
Disaster management is the process of addressing an event that has the potential to seriously disrupt the
social fabric of the community. Disaster management is similar to disaster mitigation, however it
implies a whole-of-government approach to using community resources to fight the effects of an event
and assumes the community willbe self-sufficient for periods of timeuntil the situation can be
stabilized. Through disaster management, we cannot completely counteract the damage but it is
possible to minimize the risks through early warning, provide developmental plans for recuperation
from the disaster, generate communication and medical resources, and aid in rehabilitation and post-
disaster reconstruction.
The exchange of correct information following the event is important, in order to ensure the resources
necessary to support response and recovery activities. The 72 hours following a major event isthe
most difficult timebecause of a lack of coordination among relief organizations.
Problems that interrupt rather than coordinate the rescue efforts of all groups involved often occur
because of hasty decision-making under complicated circumstances and the large number of
organizations, which are unsure of their roles duringoperations.
The process of Disaster Management involves the followingphases:
Prevention, Mitigation, Preparedness, Response and Recovery.
Disaster management (or emergency management) is the creation of plans through which
communities reduce vulnerability to hazards and cope with disasters.Disaster management does not
avert or eliminate the threats, instead it focuses on creating plans to decrease the impact of disasters.
Failure to create a plan could lead to damage to assets, human mortality, and lost revenue. Currently in
the United States 60% businesses do not have emergency management plans. Events covered by
disaster management include acts of terrorism, industrial sabotage, fire, natural disasters (such as
earthquakes, hurricanes, etc.), public disorder, industrial accidents, and communication failures
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11. Emergency planning ideas
If possible, emergency planning should aim to prevent emergencies from occurring, and failing that,
should develop a good action plan to mitigate the results and effects of any emergencies. As time goes
on, and more data becomes available, usually through the study of emergencies as they occur, a plan
should evolve. The development of emergency plans is a cyclical process, common to many risk
management disciplines, such as Business Continuity and Security Risk Management, as set out below:
 Recognition or identification of risks
 Ranking or evaluation of risks
o Responding to significant risks
o Tolerate
o Treat
o Transfer
o Terminate
 Resourcing controls
 Reaction Planning
 Reporting & monitoring risk performance
 Reviewing the RiskManagement framework
There are a number of guidelines and publications regarding Emergency Planning, published by various
professional organizations such as ASIS, FEMA and the Emergency Planning College. There are very
few Emergency Management specific standards, and emergency management as a discipline tends to fall
under business resilience standards. In order to avoid, or reduce significant losses to a business,
emergency managers should work to identify and anticipate potential risks, hopefully to reduce their
probability of occurring. In the event that an emergency does occur, managers should have a plan
prepared to mitigate the effects of that emergency, as well as to ensure Business Continuity of critical
operations post-incident. It is essential for an organization to include procedures for determining whether
an emergency situation has occurred and at what point an emergency management plan should be
activated
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12. Implementations ideas
An emergency plan must be regularly maintained, in a structured and methodical manner, ensure it is up-
to-date in the event of an emergency. Emergency managers generally follow a common process to
anticipate, assess, prevent, prepare, respond and recover from an incident.
Pre-incident training andtesting
Emergency management plans and procedures should include the identification of appropriately trained
staff members responsible for decision-making when an emergency occurs. Training plans should
include internal people, contractors and civil protection partners, and should state the nature and
frequency of training and testing.
Testing of a plan's effectiveness should be carried out regularly. In instances where several business or
organizations occupy the same space, joint emergency plans, formally agreed to by all parties, should be
put into place.
Communicating and assessing incidents.
Communication is one of the key issues during any emergency, pre-planning of communications is
critical. Miscommunication can easily result in events escalating unnecessarily.
Once an emergency has been identified a comprehensive assessment evaluating the level of impact and
its financial implications should be undertaken. Following assessment, the appropriate plan or response
to be activated will depend on a specific pre-set criteria within the emergency plan. The steps necessary
shouldbe prioritized to ensure critical functions are operational as soon as possible.
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13. Phases and personal activities
Emergency management consists of fivephases: prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and
recovery.
Prevention
Prevention was recently added to the phases of emergency management. It focuses on preventing the
human hazard, primarily from potential natural disasters or terrorist attacks. Preventive measures are
taken on both the domestic and international levels, designed to provide permanent protection from
disasters. Not all disasters, particularly natural disasters, can be prevented, but the risk of loss of lifeand
injury can be mitigated with good evacuation plans, environmental planning and design standards. In
January 2005, 168 Governments adopted a 10-year global plan for natural disaster risk reduction
called the Hyogo Framework.
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14. Mitigation
Personal mitigation is a key to national preparedness. Individuals and families train to avoid
unnecessary risks. This includes an assessment of possible risks to personal/family health and to
personal property, and steps taken to minimize the effects of a disaster, or take procure insurance to
protect them against effects of adisaster.
Preventive or mitigation measures take different forms for different types of disasters. In earthquake
prone areas, these preventive measures might include structural changes such as the installation of an
Earthquake Valve to instantly shut off the natural gas supply, seismic retrofits of property, and the
securing of items inside a building. The latter may include the mounting of furniture, refrigerators, water
heaters and breakables to the walls, and the addition of cabinet latches. In flood prone areas, houses
can be built on poles/stilts. In areas prone to prolonged electricity black-outs installation of a generator.
The construction of storm cellars and fallout shelters are further examples of personal mitigate actions.
On a national level, governments might implement large scale mitigation measures. After the monsoon
floods of 2010, the Punjab government subsequently constructed 22 'disaster-resilient' model villages,
comprising 1885 single-stores homes, together with schools and health centers.
Preparedness
Airport emergency preparedness exercise.
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15. Preparedness focuses on preparing equipment and procedures for use when a disaster occurs. This
equipment and these procedures can be used to reduce vulnerability to disaster, to mitigate the impacts
of a disaster or to respond more efficiently in an emergency. The Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA) has set out a basic four-stage vision of preparedness flowing from mitigation to
preparedness to response to recovery and back to mitigation in a circular planning process. This circular,
overlapping model has been modified by other agencies, taught in emergency class and discussed in
academic papers FEMA also operates a Building Science Branch that develops and produces multi-
hazard mitigation guidance that focuses on creating disaster-resilient communities to reduce loss of life
and property.
Emergency Preparedness can be difficult to measure. CDC focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of its
public health efforts through a variety of measurement and assessment programs.
Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) are required by the United States Environmental
Protection Agency under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act to develop an
emergency response plan, review the plan at least annually, and provide information about chemicals in
the community to local citizens. This emergency preparedness effort focuses on hazards presented by
use and storage of extremely hazardous, hazardous and toxic chemicals.Particular requirements of
LEPCs include
 Identification of facilities and transportation routes of extremely hazardous substances
 Description of emergency response procedures, on and off site
 Designation of a community coordinator and facility emergency coordinator(s) to
implement the plan
 Outline of emergency notification procedures
 Description of how to determine the probable affected area and population byreleases
 Description of local emergency equipment and facilitiesand the persons responsible for them
 Outline of evacuation plans
 A training program for emergency responders (including schedules)
 Methods and schedules for exercising emergency response plans
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16. According to the EPA, "Many LEPCs have expanded their activities beyond the requirements of
EPCRA, encouraging accident prevention and risk reduction, and addressing homeland security in their
communities" and theAgency offers advice on how to evaluate the effectiveness of these committees.
Preparedness measures can take many forms ranging from focusing on individual people, locations or
incidents to broader, government-based "all hazard" planning. There are a number of preparedness
stages between "all hazard' and individual planning, generally involving some combination of both
mitigation and response planning. Business continuity planning encourages businesses to have a Disaster
Recovery Plan. Community- and faith-based organizations mitigation efforts promote field response
teams and inter-agency planning.
Classroom Response Kit
School-based response teams cover everything from live shooters to gas leaks and nearby bank
robberies. Educational institutions plan for cyber-attacks and windstorms. Industry specific guidance
exists for horse farms, boat owners and more.
Family preparedness for disaster is fairly unusual. A 2013 survey found that only 19% of American
families felt that they were "very prepared" for a disaster. Still, there are many resources available for
family disaster planning. The Department of Homeland Security's Ready.gov page includes a Family
Emergency Plan Checklist, has a whole webpage devoted to readiness for kids, complete with cartoon-
style superheroes, and ran a Thunderclap Campaign in 2014 The Center for Disease Control has a
ZombieApocalypse website
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17. Kitchen Fire Extinguisher
Disasters take a variety of forms to include earthquakes, tsunamis or regular structure fires. That a
disaster or emergency is not large scale in terms of population or acreage impacted or duration does not
make it any less of a disaster for the people or area impacted and much can be learned about
preparedness from so-called small disasters. The Red Cross states that it responds to nearly 70,000
disasters a year, the most common of which is a singlefamily fire.
Items on Shelves in Basement
Preparedness starts with an individual's everyday life and involves items and training that would be useful
in an emergency. What is useful in an emergency is often also useful in everyday life as well. From
personal preparedness, preparedness continues on a continuum through family
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18. preparedness, community preparedness and then business, mom-profit and governmental preparedness.
Some organizations blend these various levels. For example, the International Red Cross and Red
Crescent Movement has a webpage on disaster training as well as offering training on basic
preparedness such as Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and First Aid. Other non- profits such as Team
Rubicon bring specific groups of people into disaster preparedness and response operations. FEMA
breaks down preparedness into a pyramid, with citizens on the foundational bottom, on top of which
rests local government, state government and federal government in that order.
Non Perishable Food in cabinet
The basic theme behind preparedness is to be ready for an emergency and there are a number of
different variations of being ready based on an assessment of what sort of threats exist. Nonetheless,
there is basic guidance for preparedness that is common despite an area's specific dangers. FEMA
recommends that everyone have a three day survival kit for their household.Because individual
household sizes and specific needs might vary, FEMA's recommendations are not item specific, but the
list includes:
 Three-day supply of non-perishable food.
 Three-day supply of water – one gallon of water per person, per day.
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19.  Portable, battery-powered radio or television and extra batteries.
 Flashlight and extra batteries.
 First aid kit and manual.
 Sanitation and hygiene items (moist towelettes and toilet paper).
 Matches and waterproof container.
 Whistle.
 Extra clothing.
 Kitchen accessories and cooking utensils, including a can opener.
 Photocopies of credit and identification cards.
 Cash and coins.
 Special needs items, such as prescription medications, eyeglasses, contact lens
 Solutions, and hearing aid batteries.
 Items for infants, such as formula, diapers, bottles, and pacifiers.
 Other items to meet unique family needs.
Along similarlines, but not exactly the same, CDC has its own list for a proper disaster supply kit.
 Water—one gallon per person, per day
 Food—nonperishable, easy-to-prepare items
 Flashlight
 Battery powered or hand crank radio (NOAAWeather Radio, ifpossible)
 Extra batteries
 First aid kit
 Medications (7-day supply), other medical supplies, and medical paperwork (e.g.,
medication list and pertinent medical information)
 Multipurpose tool (e.g., Swiss armyknife)
 Sanitation and personal hygiene items
 Copies of personal documents (e.g., proof of address, deed/lease to home, passports, birth
certificates, and insurance policies)
 Cell phone withchargers
 Family and emergency contactinformation
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20.  Extra cash
 Emergency blanket
 Map(s) of the area
 Extra set of car keys and housekeys
 Manual can opener
Children are a special population when considering Emergency Preparedness and many resources are
directly focused on supporting them. SAMHSA has list of tips for talking to children during infectious
disease outbreaks, to include being a good listener, encouraging children to ask questions and
modeling self-care by setting routines, eating healthy meals, getting enough sleep and taking deep
breaths to handle stress. FEMA has similar advice, noting that "Disasters can leave children feeling
frightened, confused, and insecure" whether a child has experienced it first hand, had it happen to a friend
or simply saw it on television. In the same publication, FEMA further notes, "Preparing for disaster helps
everyone in the family accept the fact that disasters do happen, and provides an opportunity to identify
and collect the resources needed to meet basic needs after disaster. Preparation helps; when people feel
prepared, they cope better and so do children."
To help people assess what threats might be in order to augment their emergency supplies or improve
their disaster response skills, FEMA has published a booklet called the "Threat and Hazard
Identification and Risk Assessment Guide." (THIRA) This guide, which outlines the THIRA process,
emphasizes "whole community involvement," not just governmental agencies, in preparedness efforts. In
this guide, FEMA breaks down hazards into three categories: Natural, technological and human caused
and notes that each hazard should be assessed for both its likelihood and its significance. According to
FEMA, "Communities should consider only those threats and hazards that could plausibly occur" and
"Communities should consider only those threats and hazards that would have a significant effect on
them." To develop threat and hazard context descriptions, communities should take into account the
time, place, and conditions in which threats or hazards might occur.
Not all preparedness efforts and discussions involve the government or established NGOs like the Red
Cross. Emergency preparation discussions are active on the internet, with many blogs
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21. and websites dedicated to discussing various aspects of preparedness. On-line sales of items such as
survival food, medical supplies and heirloom seeds allow people to stock basements with cases of food
and drinks with 25 year shelf lives, sophisticated medical kits and seeds that are guaranteed to sprout
even after years ofstorage.
One group of people who put a lot of effort in disaster preparations is called Doomsday Peppers. This
subset of preparedness-minded people often share a belief that the FEMA or Red Cross emergency
preparation suggestions and training are not extensive enough. Sometimes called survivalists, Doomsday
Peppers are often preparing for The End of the World as We Know It, abbreviated as TEOTWAWKI.
With a motto some have that "The Future Belongs to those who Prepare," this Preparedness subset has
its own set of Murphy's Rules, including "Rule Number 1: Food, you still don't have enough" and "Rule
Number 26: People who thought the Government would save them, found out that it didn't."
Not all emergency preparation efforts revolve around food, guns and shelters, though these items help
address the needs in the bottom two sections of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. The American Peppers
Network has an extensive list of items that might be useful in less apparent ways than a first aid kid or
help add 'fun' to challenging times.These items include:
 Books and magazines
 Arts and crafts
 Children's entertainment
 Crayons and coloring books
 Notebooks and writing supplies
 Nuts, bolts, screws, nails, etc.
 Religious material
 Sporting equipment, card games and board games
Emergency Preparedness goes beyond immediate family members. For many people, pets are an
integral part of their families and emergency preparation advice includes them as well. It is not unknown
for pet owners to die while trying to rescue their pets from a fire or from drowning.CDC's Disaster
Supply Checklist for Pets includes:
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22.  Food and water for at least 3 days for each pet; bowls, and a manual can opener.
 Depending on the pet you may need a litter box, paper towels, plastic trash bags, grooming
items, and/or household bleach.
 Medications and medical records stored in a waterproof container.
 First aid kit with a pet first aidbook.
 Sturdy leash, harness, and carrier to transport pet safely. A carrier should be large enough for
the animal to stand comfortably, turn around, and lie down. Your pet may have to stay in the
carrier for several hours.
 Pet toys and the pet's bed, if you can easily take it, to reduce stress.
 Current photos and descriptions of your pets to help others identify them in case you and your
pets become separated, and to prove that they are yours.
 Information on feeding schedules, medical conditions, behavior problems, and the name and
telephone number of your veterinarian in case you have to board your pets or place
them in foster care.
FEMA cautions that emergencies happen while people are travelling as well and provides guidance
around emergency preparedness for a range travelers to include commuters Commuter Emergency Plan
and holiday travelers. In particular, Ready.gov has a number of emergency preparations specifically
designed for people with cars. These preparations include having a full gas tank, maintaining adequate
windshield wiper fluidand other basic car maintenance tips. Items specific to an emergency include:
 Jumper cables: mightwant to include flares or reflective triangle
 Flashlights, to include extra batteries (batteries have less power in colder weather)
 FirstAid Kit, to include any necessary medications, baby formulaand diapers if caring for small
children
 Non-perishable food such as canned food (be alert to liquids freezing in colder weather), and
protein rich foods like nuts and energy bars
 Manual can opener
 At least 1 gallon of water per person a day for at least 3 days (be alert to hazards of frozen water
and resultant container rupture)
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23.  Basic toolkit: pliers, wrench, screwdriver
 Pet supplies: food and water
 Radio: battery or hand cranked
 For snowy areas: cat litter or sand for better tire traction; shovel; ice scraper; warm clothes,
gloves, hat, sturdy boots, jacket and an extra change of clothes
 Blankets or sleeping bags
 Charged Cell Phone: and car charger
In addition to emergency supplies and training for various situations, FEMA offers advice on how to
mitigate disasters. The Agency gives instructions on how to retrofit a home to minimize hazards from a
Flood, to include installing a Backflow prevention device, anchoring fuel tanks and relocating electrical
panels.
Marked gas shutoff
Given the explosive danger posed by natural gas leaks, Ready.gov states unequivocally that "It is vital
that all household members know how to shut off natural gas" and that property owners must ensure
they have any special tools needed for their particular gas hookups. Ready.gov also notes that "It is wise
to teach all responsible household members where and how to shut off the electricity," cautioning that
individual circuits should be shut off before the main circuit. Ready.gov further states that "It is vital that
all household members learn how to shut off the water at the main house valve" and cautions that the
possibilitythat rusty valves mightrequire replacement.
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24. Response
The response phase of an emergency may commence with Search and Rescue but in all cases the focus
will quickly turn to fulfillingthe basic humanitarian needs of the affected population. This assistance may
be provided by national or international agencies and organizations. Effective coordination of disaster
assistance is often crucial, particularly when many organizations respond and local emergency
management agency (LEMA) capacity has been exceeded by the demand or diminished by the disaster
itself. The National Response Framework is a United States government publication that explains
responsibilities and expectations of government officials at the local, state, federal, and tribal levels. It
provides guidance on Emergency Support Functions which may be integrated in whole or parts to aid in
the response and recovery process.
On a personal level the response can take the shape either of a shelter in place or an evacuation.
Evacuation sign
In a shelter-in-place scenario, a family would be prepared to fend for themselves in their home for many
days without any form of outside support. In an evacuation, a family leaves the area by automobile or
other mode of transportation, taking with them the maximum amount of supplies they can carry,
possibly including a tent for shelter. If mechanical transportation is not available, evacuation on foot
would ideally include carrying at least three days of supplies and rain-tight bedding, a tarpaulinand a
bedroll ofblankets.
Donations are often sought during this period, especially for large disasters that overwhelm local
capacity. Due to efficiencies of scale, money is often the most cost-effective donation if fraud is avoided.
Money is also the most flexible, and if goods are sourced locally then transportation is minimized and the
local economy is boosted. Some donors prefer to send gifts in kind, however these items can end up
creating issues, rather than helping. One innovation by Occupy Sandy volunteers is to use a donation
registry, where families and businesses impacted by the disaster can make specific requests, which
remote donors can purchase directly viaa web site.
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25. Medical considerations will vary greatly based on the type of disaster and secondary effects. Survivors
may sustain a multitudeof injuries to include lacerations, burns, near drowning, or crush syndrome.
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26. Recovery
The recovery phase starts after the immediate threat to human life has subsided. The immediate goal of
the recovery phase is to bring the affected area back to normalcy as quickly as possible. During
reconstruction it isrecommended to consider the location or construction material of the property.
The most extreme home confinement scenarios include war, famine and severe epidemics and may last a
year or more. Then recovery will take place inside the home. Planners for these events usually buy bulk
foods and appropriate storage and preparation equipment, and eat the food as part of normal life. A
simple balanced diet can be constructed from vitamin pills, whole-meal wheat, beans, dried milk, corn,
and cooking oil one should add vegetables, fruits, spices and meats, both prepared and fresh-gardened,
when possible
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27. Indian farmed forces and the Jammu and Kashmir floods, 2014
In the wake of heavy monsoon rain and flash floods in Jammu and Kashmir(J&K), which has killed
over four hundred, and rendered hundreds of thousands homeless, the Indian Armed Forces were
deployed in increasing numbers starting September 2, 2014 to conduct search, rescue, relief,
relocation, humanitarian assistance and rehabilitation missions in J&K. By September 18, over 200,000
people were rescued from the various parts of Jammu and Kashmir by the Armed forces. The J and K
floods, the worst in a century according to Omar Abdullah, the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir,
paralyzed the state government. Omar Abdullah, responding to public criticism, told the media “I had no
government” in the first few days following the floods, as “My secretariat, the police headquarters, the
control room, fire services, hospitals, all the infrastructure was underwater.” Adding “I had no cell
phone and no connectivity. I am now starting to track down ministers and officers.” The J and K Floods
2014 have been blamed on heavy rainfall, about 8 inches on 4 September alone, on climate change,
unplanned and uncontrolled development, encroachment of river banks, lakes, ponds, and
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28. massive loss of wet lands, absence of local government flood forecasting system, and poor
governance.
The Armed Forces humanitarian assistance mission, in response to J and K floods 2014 was named
Mission Sahayata (assistances). Norther Command humanitarian assistance in response to J&K floods
2014 to civil authorities in J&K was named 'Operation MEGH RAHAT'.The Indian Army, Air Force,
and the Navy, committed large resources to the assistance mission including over 30,000 troops (
21,000 in Srinagar, and 9000 in Jammu), 15 engineer task forces, 84 Indian Air Force and Army
Aviation Corps fixed wing transport aircraft and helicopters, naval commandos and rescue specialists,
and Base Hospital, four field hospitals, over 106 medical detachments. "Operation Megh Rahat", ended
on 19 September 2014, but "Operation Sadbhavna", the relief and medical assistance support,
according to government press release, will continue in "close synergy with the civil administration and
the police"
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29. Disaster management in India
The organization, structure, laws, protocol, and arrangements for disaster management at the Federal
and State level are outlined in a manual titled Disaster Management in India, and the Disaster
Management Act, 2005, which provides for "the effective management of disasters" in India. The
Disaster Management Division (DM Division), under the Secretary, Border Management, Ministry of
Home Affairs (MHA), Government of India, is responsible for “response, relief and preparedness for
natural calamities". The Head of Disaster Management Division is G.V.V. Sarma, Joint Secretary. The
head of Border management isMs Sneh Lata Kumar, Secretary, and Border Management.
The National Emergency Operation Centre (NEOC), is responsible for the preparation of the National
Disaster Management Plan for the whole country and to ensure that it is "reviewed and updated
annually". The Chief of the Integrated Defense Staff of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, is an ex officio
member of the NEC. NEOC is mandated to function twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. The
NEOC is responsible for monitoring the disaster or disaster like situation, receive updates from federal
Early Warning (EW) Agencies like the India Meteorological Department (IMD), Central Water
Commission, and Snow & Avalanche Study Establishment. After processing the information NOEC
submits its report and updates to affected States and concerned Central Ministries and organizations.
During the monsoon period, it is required to issue daily situation reports. It is not known, whether the
NEOC was functioning in prior to the J and K floods 2014, and whether it received the EW from IMD,
and reported to the state government.
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30. Command andcontrol
Northern Command, along with the Advance Air HQ, located in Udhampur, is responsible for
the armed forces humanitarian assistance mission, called Operation Megh [ (मेघ) in English
Cloud] Rahat, in the entire J and K. General Officer Commanding in Chief ( GOC-in-C), Northern
Command, is Lieutenant General DS Hooda, of 4th Gorkha Rifles. XV Corps also called the
ChinarCorps, based in Srinagar, is responsible for the assistance mission in the Kashmir valley. General
Officer Commanding (GOC) XV Corps is Lieutenant General Subrata Saha, of the Assam Regiment.
XVI Corps also called White Knight Corps, based in Nagrota, is responsible for assistance mission in
areas south of the Pir Panjal range. GOC XVI Corps is Lieutenant General Konsam Himalay Singh of
the Rajput Regiment. In Delhi, Air Marshal P.P. Reddy, Chief of Integrated DefenseStaff (IDS), who
reports to chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, is responsible for coordinating Mission Sahayata,
theArmed Forces response to the J and K Floods 2014.
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31. Rescue mission
The J and K Floods, described as a ‘tragedy’, by Lt Gen DS Hooda, Northern Army Commander,
“became evident”, on 7 September, 14, the third day of incessant rains, when flood waters breached
the banks of Jhelum, and submerged Srinagar, including the Badami Bagh Cantonment, disrupted “
electricity, water supply and civil communications” and flooded the headquarters of XV Corps, which
was responsible for “coordinating all rescue operations” The flooding of headquarters XV Corps, and
the Srinagar Cantonment, Hooda acknowledged, delayed the army’s rescue operations in Srinagar but
“only for a few hours ”. The rescue operations however, did not affect rescue work in “South Kashmir”,
the worst affected area in the first three days, and the Jammu region. In Srinagar, where the “Army does
not operate” except in the “Badami Bagh Cantonment and the area of the airfield”, the General said the
rescue operations were mainly conducted by “Kashmiris” from Srinagar based Jammu & Kashmir Light
Infantry Centre. Responding to media reports that locals were discriminated against, he said that it is
hardly likely that soldier of Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry would discriminate against the Kashmiris
in carrying out the rescue mission
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32. During the first few days the search and rescue operation were hindered by shortage of boats and bad
weather. Boats were airlifted from all corners of India, including from far away Tamil Nadu. In the
absence of civil boats the army pressed into service its BAUTS, more appropriate for assault river
crossings than rescue assistance during floods. By the 11 September, there were 224 army boats and
148 NDRF’s inflatable boats in the affected area conducting rescue and search operations for those
who were stranded on roof tops as flood water menacingly swirled around them, Air Force helicopters
with IAF Garud Commandos help winch the stranded people to safety. Several hundred were rescued
from rood tops. In some cases the Indian Air Force (IAF) commandos had to break through the roof to
rescue the trappedpeople.
Social media in search and rescue
They were just playing Facebook and twitter somewhere in Delhi. The Electricity and Internet
Services were out in Kashmir during the flood. The Indian Army, for first time, used social media
such as twitter, WhatsApp, a messaging service, and Facebook , in its search and rescue operations,
and to collate and feed Person Finder provided by Google to the army’s public information
office.According to Indian army’s Major General Shokin Chauhan, who is head of public information
office, “a dedicated team of two young officers" are handling the social media “practically around the
clock”. An estimated 12,000 people, according to the Indian army official, have been assisted on the
basis of reports received over the social media.
The Army Commander denied media reports that it had "embedded journalists", and that army has
conducted its rescue according to “a hierarchy of importance and influence“, rather than “on the first-
seen-first-saved basis”. On the incidents of stone throwing by some people, he said, “the incidents were
very few” and “blown out of proportion. Most people rescued were extremely appreciative of the
Army's effort”, and that the rescue mission was assisted by “local volunteers who have contributed
immensely.
Kashmir floods: Come 'hell' or rain, army won't stopuntil lastman is rescued
From helicopter sorties to building bridges to tugging makeshift boats through muddied waters. Our
jawans have done it all over the last one week to save tens of thousands marooned by the floods in
Jammu and Kashmir.
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33. The jawans from the Indian Army, the Air Force and the National Disaster Relief Force braved hostile
conditions to pull out 1.3 lakh survivors so far, while the state administration took a backseat. There are
nearly four lakh more trapped by the waters in different areas, and the task is still by no means over.
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34. Relief assistance
They only helped Indian and Foreign tourists in Kashmir. The numbers are just made up. Water and
biscuits (expired in 2008) were dropped on the bridge via helicopter just for the purpose of shooting for
news channels. From the start of Mission Sahayata till 10 September, the Armed Forces rescued
1,10,000 persons, and airlifted and distributed 2,24,000 liters of water, 31,500 food packets
and ready to eat meals, 375 tons cooked food, 2.6 tons of biscuit, 7 tons baby food, water
purifying tablets, 8,200 blankets, 650 tents, to the affected civilian population.Most of this
food served was outdated as a result of which people threw stones on the rescue helicopters
out of anger. As many as 224 boats of Army and 148 boats of NDRF have been pressed into
service.Air transport
Because of the massive damage to surface communication, the rescue and relief effort was largely
dependent on air transport. Air transport support operations were conducted from air force stations
and bases in Delhi, Bhatinda, Chandigarh, Jammu, Srinagar, and Avantipur. Helicopters support
operation were conducted from Srinagar, Awantipur, Udhampur, Jammu, Pathankot and Sarsawa.
Over 80 aircraft were deployed on the humanitarian assistance mission including 13 Chetak and 5
Advance Light Helicopters of the Army Aviation Corps. On 11 September, the IAF deployed its heavy
duty MI-26, called Bheem, the largest helicopter in IAF
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35. inventory, from IAF 12 Wing, Chandigarh, to Avantipur Air Force base, Srinagar, with 12 tons of relief
material, for Relief and Rescue Mission, in J and K. Wing Commander G S Tung of 12 Wing said that
MI 26 was “ especially designed to meet the heavy lift requirements of the IAF and has a carrying
capacity of 30 tonnes”.
In the first seven days till the 10 September, the army and IAF flew 1081 sorties, 100 to 120 sorties
every day, moving 1411 tons of relief materials. Air transport operations included delivery of six large
water filtration plants with a capacity to filter 1,20,000 bottles per day, engineering stores like suction
and submersible pumps, generator sets with mobile charging stations, communication equipment for
Department of Tele communication and some of private companies like Aircel.It airlifted the Base
Transmitting Station of BSNL from Kargil to Srinagar By 18 September 2014, over 80,000 affected
people were airlifted including over 28,000 from Srinagar and 52,000 from other flood affected area of
J and K, by the IAF, Army, and Civil aircrafts.
Navy
The Indian Navy Marine Commandos rescued 200 personnel at Haigaon on the Srinagar–Sopore
highway, and assisted in rescue efforts near Pantha Chowk, Srinagar. In addition to search and rescue
assistance, naval medical team, and Diving Teams were placed on alert, ready to move, at New Delhi,
Mumbai and Vishakhapatnam.
Medical
The armed forces have deployed 80 medical teams. In addition it has set up four field hospitals, one
each in Avantipur, Pattan, Anantnag and Old Airfield. Over 20,000 patients have received treated at
these facilities.
Repair and restoration of communication infrastructure
The floods and rain ravaged the roads and road communication severing road communication between
Jammu and Srinagar, and Jammu and Poonch, and host of other roads. Restoration of communication
was urgent priority task. Initially fivetask forces of Border Roads Organization
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36. (BRO), which included 5700 personnel, were mobilized. By 10 September, the Jammu–Poonch road
was cleared, and road traffic between Batote and Kishtwar and Kishtwar - Sinthan Pass was restored
By 16 September, the strength of Army Engineers and BRO personnel on road building and bridge
construction had increased to 10,0000. Heavy road construction equipment used included 400
bulldozers, excavators and JCBs, and 300 tippers and dumpers, to restore and repair roads damaged in
over 1000 places.After opening of the national highway between Jammu and Srinagar, the army, on 16
September, restored communication between Rajouri and Budhal by constructing a 180 feet bailey
bridge over Ans River at Kot Ranka on 16 September.
Relief camps
To complement the rescue work, the Army established 19 relief camps, where the rescued persons were
provided food, shelter, and medical assistance. In Srinagar region, camps were at Badami Bagh
Cantonment,Avantipur, Old Airfield, Sumbal, Chattargam and Jijamata Mandir.
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37. National disaster response force (NDRF)
National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) is a force of 12 battalions, organized on paramilitary lines,
and manned by persons on deputation from the para-military forces of India. It is headed by O.P. Singh
(IPS-1983), with the title of Director General (DG). He is from the Uttar Pradesh cadre, of the Indian
Police Service (IPS). He took over as DG of the NDRF on 1 September 2014, a few days before the J
and K floods 2014. OP Singh in addition to being DG NDRF is also Additional DG of the Central
Industrial Security Force (Airport sector), his current responsibilities. The NDRF is a top heavy
organization, which in addition to the DG has an Inspector Generals (IG) and several Deputy IGs. Till 2
September the Disaster Management Division, MHA, had no plans to deploy NDRF in J and K. It was
surprised by the floods. A NDRF Officer told the media" We were all caught off guard because there
was not a single warning issued by the weather office. The flash floods took us by surprise” NDRF
started to arrive in J and K from 6 September on wards. By 9 September there were elements
from 5,6, and
7 NDRF Battalions: 5 NDRF Battalion (1 team of 54 personnel), 6 NDRF Battalion (64 personnel
)and 7 NDRF Battalion( 370). The total strength of NDRF committed to J and K was
488. On 7 September 7 NDRF battalion had 3 teams in Jammu, 6 teams (244 personnel) in
Srinagar. The team in Jammu was engaged in responding to bus stuck under water, and on search and
rescue mission in Gharkhal, and Abhor, in Jammu District. On 9 September, 86 personnel ( 3
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38. teams) from 4 NDRF Battalion( CISF), from Arakkonam, in Tamil Nadu, was airlifted from INS Rajali,
to Srinagar, to conduct search-cum-rescue operations rescue operations in Nehru Park and Manaswal
in Srinagar. The 4 NDRF Be detachment included 24 inflatable boats; with these additions the total of
NDRF boats goes up to 148 boats. The NDRF isexpected to stay in J and K for a period of 10 days.
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39. CASE STUDY ON UTTARAKHAND DISASTER
Introduction
The vulnerable nature of global tourism isone of the major concerns for contingency
Management. Disaster management is an important aspect for any tourism destination
(Especially in the face of a crisis). The specific contingencies such as war, terrorism, crime waves,
epidemic and natural disasters have devastating impacts on any community, region, state or
nation.Any potential destination is exposed to one or more of the above threats, which can
question the safety of residents, tourists and can hamper the market perception of that
destination. Consequently, it is crucial for all destination stakeholders to analyze and develop
contingency plans to respond to varying levels of threats.
Either a specific episode or a series of those may create a change in the perceptions towards a
destination. There are a number of factors which can question the safety and security image of
tourist destinations and result in a destination crisis. Some of them are:
international war / prolonged demonstrations of internal conflict; terrorism which can affect the
tourism sector of the state; crime wave, especially when tourists are targeted (murder, sexual
exploitation, theft etc); natural disasters, such as an earthquake, storm or floods, causing damage
to urban areas or the natural environment and consequently impacting on the
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40. tourism infrastructure and health concerns related to epidemics and diseases; these may be
diseases which impact on humans directly or diseases affecting animals, which create constraints
for tourism.
These events can cause massive aftermaths, individually or in combination, to create a negative
imageon the safety, security or desirability of tourist destinations. Thereby, it poses challenges for
the concerned authorities and local communities to examine the ingredients of disaster
management strategies. The degrees to which emergency service isinitiated to face crisis can
always be critically examined when crisis overrules. Certainly, those factors do not represent the
totality of issues which can impact negatively the destination image.
However,the concern can extend to analyze how a destination and its tourism industry conduct a
marketing campaign to restore its image and recover its market from the damage caused by these
events (Varghese, 2012)
Thisstudy envisages on the repercussions of Uttarakhand as a destination in the plight
of a disaster and provides the various steps that make an effective disaster management plan
and it seeks to provide a means of disaster recovery through a systematic approach which will help
restoring the destinations success, the paper also goes a step ahead in discussing the marketing
strategies and campaigns so as to restore the destinations imagewhich would be tainted due to the
devastation and finally recommends the importance if destination management by implementation
of Destination Management Organizations(DMOs).
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41. A Case Study of Uttarakhand:
At the peak of the monsoon season the northern state of Uttarakhand was face to face
with floods caused due to the cloud burst that hitthree of the four famous Char Dham pilgrim sites,
“2013 North India floods” leaving tens and thousands of inhabitants as well as
pilgrims stranded or swept away due to the floods, and not to mention the damage cause to
life, property and business.The famous Char Dham pilgrimage is now discontinued for three years
for repair and restoration ("Plan ahead", 2013).The National Institute of Disaster Management
(NIDM), in one of its first reports on the Uttarakhand floods, has blamed “climatic conditions
combined with haphazard human intervention” in the hillsfor the disaster (“Down To Earth”,
2013).
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42. Besides the natural disaster various other factors have contributed to the downfall of
this famous religious/ tourist site. Uttarakhand’s huge potential in tourism lead to the state
intapping its potential towards becoming a major tourist and pilgrim destination, also has a hand in
this disaster. The uncontrolled rise of tourism inflow into the sate of Uttarakhand, took a toll on
the ecology of the state. With Uttarakhand’s proximity to the national capital, the weekend
revelers soon found Uttarakhand to be the destination to beat the heat. Plus, the religious tourists
found it much easier to travel to-not-so accessible Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri and other
shrines, all this lead to an unsustainable rise in the number of people traveling to Uttarakhand
(Bisht, 2013).
As stated by Jacob (2013) during a livetelevision interview on CNN-IBN that, “the
number of 'pilgrims' has been steadily increasing, with people from the plains interested in a quick
guided tour of the hillsin a vehicle...the local authorities have ignored the carrying
capacity and cumulative impact of dams and illegal construction on the fragile Himalayas”.
Thissteady rise in tourist inflow resulted in other detrimental issues such as heavy
traffic and roadblocks, with tourists routinely complaining about the bad roads and how it
affected their travel time, the government resorted to widen the roads so as to accommodate the
tourist’s inflow. Considering the fragility of these mountains, Himalayas being the youngest of the
mountain ranges in the world with very poor soil stability the roads would routinely cave in or
get washed away during monsoons (Bisht, 2013).
The risingtourism industry lured the land sharks and they erected multi-storied hotels, flouting all
environmental norms.Thousands of such resorts and hotels have mushroomed in thiseco-
sensitive zone in the last few years. Some of these hotels were built on banks of several small and
big rivers just to give the tourist a bird’s eye view of the pristine river flowing through the valley .
The number of hotels has also seen a similar rise in the recent past. For example, Kedarnath
Valley has hundreds of such hotels that were vulnerable to these natural calamities. So, when flash
floods struck the valley, many of these hotels got swept away and so did the people staying in
them (Bisht, 2013). As addressed by Jacob (2013), that “rampant illegal construction of buildings
by locals had also contributed to the problems and made a bad situation worse. On top of it all,
traffic in the hillshas increased hugely, with the number of vehicles registered in the hillsgoing up
sharply. Remember the
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43. hillsare delicate and unstable, so it takes little to set off landslides. More infrastructure has in fact
worsened the situation since much of it is poorly made and constructed by people who have no
idea of building in the hills”.
All the above factors has had a crucial role to play in the disaster, but as the report provisioned by
the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) showed that not only was the disaster aggravated due
to rise tourism but also blame lands in the faults of the State Disaster Management Authority which
was formed in 2007, but never was a meeting convened nor were there any rules, regulations,
policies or guidelines framed, "the state disaster management plan was under preparation and
actionable programmes were not prepared for various disasters," the report says. Going to show
that the state was unprepared to face a sudden crisis, furthermore as Varma (2013) stated, “citing
examples of the mismanagement by the Uttarakhand government, the CAG said that although the
Geological Survey of India had identified 101 villages as 'vulnerable' in June 2008, the state
government did not take any measures for their rehabilitation till date”.
Besides this there are also allegations against the government based onthe
construction of several dams along the river, which is as good as handing out an invitation to
disasters, as Jacob (2013) reflects on the same, “illegal construction - of buildings and dams...the
government has sanctioned an absurd number of hydro electric power projects that actually
overlap with each other”. All this only goes to show the state and in turn the
nation’s lack of competency, lack of planning and absences of political accountability is
evidently seen through this extensive damage.
To highlight the main factors that aggravated the disaster are as follows: the
unregulated tourist inflow; the absence of an early warning mechanism as the CAG report
mentions “The communication system was inadequate.”( As cited in "Plan ahead", 2013,);
a lack of trained medical staff at hospitals; the climatic conditions the India
Meteorological Department (IMD) had issued advance warnings predicting extreme weather
conditions in Uttarakhand before the flash-floods though no appropriate action was taken
("Warning had been," 2013) and finally the fact that the state had no action plan in case a
disaster struck.
"Plan ahead" (2013), states that “Disasters are not learning processes. The authorities
willhave to do all they can to ensure against such recurrences...the starting point is for the
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44. State Disaster Management Authority to put place a disaster management plan”.
Thus, unforeseen disasters calls for having an effective disaster management planin
place and for the State Disaster ManagementAuthority to prepare actionable programmes to
deal with disasters. One such action plan isas suggested below, willhelp in restoring the
destinations success.
Steps in DisasterManagement:-
One of the many means of avoiding extensive damage caused by disasters is bybeing
well prepared to face them. So as to ready the state of Uttarakhand with ways of combating
unexpected disasters, an effective disaster management plan is to be implemented. The following
are some of the steps that can be taken toward framing a disaster management plan.
The Pre-DisasterStage:
Thisstage focuses on minimizing the damage to life,property and environment isthat before
the disaster strikes and at the prohibition stage, various schemes are drafted for controlling
the losses to livesand property to minimize the effects of disaster. There are
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45. several techniques to embark upon this stage where the disaster has not occurred, wherein there is
a call for being better prepared and to have an effective of warning mechanism prior to the
disaster.
Preparedness
It refers to the readiness, on the governmental, social and personal levels, to
effectively face the disaster that has already visited and it includes practical disaster-layouts.
Here, the local residents along with the state officials need to be sensitized regarding the measures
to be taken when faced by a crisis, such as landslides, floods, earthquakes etc. So in case of such
emergencies they can take necessary action.
The Warning of Disaster
It isvery crucial that immediately after receiving slightest hintof a disaster, the
information about its advent reaches the entire danger-prone area. In the case of Uttarakhand it
was seen that the State Disaster Management Authority did not have a scheme so as to curtail the
disaster nor were the warnings issued by the meteorology department taken seriously.
Response and Relief Measures:
Thisincludes a wide range of activities including the erection of control booths,
action according to the action-plan drafted, the broadcasting of danger notice. Post the disaster
various relief measures were initiated by the authorities in forms of rescue missions by the Indian
Armed Forces, so as to rescue victims and provide rehabilitation and in monetary terms to
reconstruct thedestination
The Post – DisasterStage:
Whilerestoring the state to normalcy, it is also equally necessary to ensure that if, unfortunately,
the disaster revisits, the extent of damage islesser. Restoration includes assistance, rehabilitation
and reconstruction. “In addition to this,many protective steps will be taken to prevent if same
calamity recurs in any case. It is decided to keep a track of the pilgrims – Indian as well as
foreigners. Moreover, this timeefforts willbe made to handle
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46. thingsthoroughly and systematically” returns ("Char Dham yatra", 2013,para.3).
Revival / Resurrection:
In revival, the focus is on the erection of facilities of greater competence than those
built in pre-disaster stage. Erection of new buildings, taking ultra care of durability while erecting
various essential facilities – are some illustrations of revival activities. During this stage care isto
be taken to see to it that building do not encroach nature and that they are built in a sustainable
manner.The government has curtailed the Char Dham yatra for three years for the purpose of
repair and restoration as quoted by B.D. Singh, chief executive officer of the Badrinath - Kedarnath
Temple Committee told IANS (2013), that the chances of reviving the pilgrimage "for the next few
years" was grim, "what we are seeing is very painful and unbelievable," he said. "We don't expect
the Char Dham Yatra to resume in the next three years." . A survivorclaims that there is nothing left
In Kedarnath except for the
temple, which now willtake these three years to restore, as from the building to the roads were
washed away in the flood (IAN, 2013). Thus thisstage willrequire thisample timeto plan
appropriately for the revival of this holydestination.
Development:
The reconstruction of the affected region and bringing back people’s lives to
normalcy is a pretty long process – especially because of the existence of severe financial
constraints.The government is taking initiative to raise fundfrom both the public and private fronts.
To facilitate the above various funds and relief funds are raised throughout the country to mention a
few the donations sent to Doctors For You, Uttaranchal Daivee Aapada Peedith Sahayata Samiti,
Uttarakhand relief fund, individuals contributions and relief funds such as the Chief Ministers relief
fund, Prime Ministers relief fundetc. all have come to aid the state of Uttarakhand.Besides thisthe
chance of the Char Dham Yatra to resume excluding Kedarnath isalso expected by the end of
30th September, 2013 so as to help the locals who survived solely on tourism returns ("Char Dham
yatra," 2013).
An apt means of ensuring that the destination thrives in spite of being in a crisisis
through the adoption of an effective means to restore the destination post the disaster. The
following approach showcases a step by step means in destination restoration. Thiscan be an
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47. example of how Uttarakhand can be restored to its former glory.
A Systematic Approach - Improves Destination Restoration Success
To assist planners in conducting cost-effective monitoring for destination restoration,
techniques can be developed consistingof four components, following which is the brief
explanation regarding the four components: planning, construction and implementation,
assessment of performance and management of the system.
Planning:
The key element in planning the restoration project would require: conceptual
modeling, site assessments, and cost estimation. A conceptual model details the structural aspects
of the system that must be developed to meet the goals. Whereas as site assessment is essential
where the site lacks the characteristics necessary to reach performance goals, the restoration
project willlikely fail.Thus in the case of Kedarnath an assessment of the
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48. destination must be made prior to any constructions made. Also cost estimation is to be made to
the end of the planning stage. Restoration managers must account for land acquisition, engineering
design, and construction, among other factors.
Construction andImplementation:
Projects that require less physical restructuring of the site are more likely to develop successfully
without human intervention. Projects requiring more engineering to massively rework the site
often have a higher degree of uncertainty. These factors are to address while restoring the
disaster hitregions of Uttarakhand.
Assessmentof Performance:
Post-implementation monitoring should focus on a parameter indicative ofthe
original goal. There are numerous low-cost ways to effectively monitor a restoration project.
Withinthe span of the three years there is a need for continuous assessment to see to it that the
destination isbeing restored as per the action plan and no deviations occur.
Management of theSystem:
Restoration management plans should be modified according to the principles of
adaptive management, which isnothing but decision making in times of uncertainty, where
policies and practices are altered according to learning from outcomes. Thereby restoration
policy can be understood well, depending on the application of alterations so as to
accommodate changes if necessary. Thisis further explained through the means of the following
diagram.
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49. “Applying the continual evaluation process of adaptive successful restoration projects” (Beirman,
2003)”
ADAPTIVE
MANAGEME
NT
PLA
N
AC
T
MONITO
R
EVALUA
TE
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50. Conclusion
Five days of heavy rain in the Kashmir valley has had a devastating impact. Almost 400 confirmed
deaths so far across India and Pakistan, 600,000 people stranded and the number of roads, bridges,
schools and buildings damaged too great even to start counting.
For Jammu and Kashmir, this is their worst flood in 100 years, according to the chief minister Omar
Abdullah. However for the rest of India, mega floods of this type are becoming ‘the new normal’.
However, an extreme weather event only becomes a disaster when it hits assets and causes loss of life
and livelihood. Even if climate change was not a factor, scientists tell us that disasters are getting more
destructive as people are more exposed to floods and other such events
Preparing for a disaster does not just mean putting in place early warning systems and protocols for
evacuations. Preparedness is fundamental to the way we plan and do development. Development
should protect against the risk of disasters, rather than increasing the risk. This requires understanding
and acting upon disaster risk in plans and decisions.
Identifying risk and mitigating it is not always straightforward. For example, in Leh district in Jammu and
Kashmir, the planting of trees on the edge of streams –to tackle climate change — actually exacerbated
the impact of the 2010 flash floods, because the trees fell into the streams forming dams which when
they broke proved disastrous. This is a classic case of why addressing climate change and disaster risk
cannot beseparated.
Rather than leaving it as theory, there are opportunities now to build the risk of flooding and other
natural disasters into future development programs in the Himalayas and throughout India. Investing in
development that also reduces disaster risk willhelp break the cycle oftragedy
UTTARAKHAND DISASTER:
The highlight ison the tourism disasters vulnerability of the tourist trade to
unforeseen events which also signifies the principles of disaster management, the content also
elaborates on how to pro-actively deal with the potential for future crisis related to tourism, steps in
disaster management would give a brief overview about the various stages involved
in disaster management. Further discussion in this paper leads to a systematic approach –
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51. which improves destination restoration techniques and also describes about the reasons for the
collapse of tourism destination areas and enumerating on the aspects of an ideal area
development, with relation toUttarakhand.
In terms the losses faced by the tourism industry, due to the disaster are extensive as said by
an official to Madhav (2013) that, “speaking on the possible losses…the season
accounted for 30 per cent (around Rs 3,500 crore) of the tourism sector's annual earnings.
Due to the calamity, they were witnessing 99 per cent cancellations from the affected travelers
and from pre-bookings.”. Thus when the Char Dham yatra has been
cancelled for three year the possible losses can be imagined. So through the implementation of
destination management and the several disaster management techniques, such losses can be
avoided and the credibility of a destination restored.
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52. BIBLOGRAPHY
Books:-
M.comPart 1 S.M. book
OXFORD dictionary
Notes & journal:-
Dr. Bindi Varghese& Neha Itty Jose Paul case study OnUttarakhand
Disaster
Websites:-
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.slideshare.com
www.hindustantimes.com
www.economictimes.com
www.blog.wsj.com
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