2. What is Gender?
“Gender is more about your personal sense of
who you are. Gender is often thought about as
being a man or a woman. Many societies are now
expanding their use of gender terms.”
Source: What each of
Facebook’s 51 New
Gender Options
Means
3. NEOLIBERAL ASSUMPTIONS
ON GENDER
• Women are empowered to work outside of the household.
• Evidence shows that this is contingent on the kind of work and the conditions of that
work
• Poor men are more violent toward women.
• Data indicates that domestic violence is prevalent across all social classes and is more
common against women who have jobs.
Source: Developing
Partnerships: Gender,
Sexuality, and the
reformed World Bank
4. World Bank on Gender
“Former World Bank President James Wolfensohn starting in the mid-
1990s in the face of the crisis in social reproduction and continued
impoverishment that put the neoliberal Washington Consensus on
structural adjustment in retreat.” came up with the World Bank’s view
on gender, which is “if women ‘work harder’ in the public realm and
men ‘love better’ in the private realm, poverty will be reduced”.
Source: Developing Partnerships:
Gender, Sexuality, and the
reformed World Bank
5. WORLD BANK ON GENDER
The World Bank’s own research shows that female-
headed households have minimal impact on the levels of
poverty and preform much better than male-headed
households in keeping children in school.
Source: Developing
Partnerships: Gender,
Sexuality, and the
reformed World Bank
6. FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES
• the global governance of intimacy through which LGBTQ and straight
relations are policed and disciplined by market forces and actors, including
international financial institutions. Regulate rather than liberate poor men
and women.
Source: Developing
Partnerships: Gender,
Sexuality and the
Reformed World Bank
7. FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES
• According to Kate Bedford, “women are always empowered by work
outside the home.” In contrast Martin Manalansan IV argues numerous
systems of oppression interact to regulate the lives of most people
Source The Center for
Migration Studies
8. WHAT IS SEXUALITY?
“until very recently sexuality has almost always been relegated
to and equated with the realms of heterosexual reproduction
and family life. Additionally, sexuality has been submerged
under or closeted within concepts and rubrics like gender roles,
morals, deviance, and pathology.” Now sexuality also deals
with homosexuality as well as heterosexuality.
Source: Queer intersections:
Sexuality and Gender in
Migration Studies
9. SEXUALITY
ON THE WORLD STAGE
• Some postcolonial states have had arguments around the tensions of
sexuality often with a conflation of ‘tradition’ and the legacy of colonialism.
The end result usually is to defend the retention of anti-homosexual laws
that are in fact legacies of colonialism.
• Other postcolonial states have taken a different stance and you can now
see gay pride parades being held in such places as Manila, Philippines;
Johannesburg, South Africa; and Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Source: Sexuality and
Globalisation
10. In Cuba there has been a proposal in front of the Cuban Parliament for over
15 years to change the countries family code. Recently, Alberto Roque sent
an open letter to five members of the Cuban Parliament warning about the
traditional, conservative, and heteronormative treatment the Cuban Press
has given the topic of family.
Source:
www.globalvoicesonline.org
11. SEXUALITY
ON THE WORLD STAGE
• Non-Western sexual ideologies do not follow a unilinear assimilative
process into western modern sexual ideologies but rather are involved in
syncretic processes that create alternative sexual politics, cultures, and
identities.
Source: Queer
Intersections: Sexuality and
Gender in Migration
Studies
12. AFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION
ON SEXUALITY
• Most common way is the growth of consumerism and
individualism
• The dominating film and video industry of the United States offers new
ways of constructing lives, along with identities based upon sexuality and
gender for people living all over the world.
• EXAMPLE: Young Saudi and Egyptian men studying the Koran also see images of
sexuality on television which they are taught are evil, while young people flock to the
discos in Shanghai, China; Jakarta, Indonesia; and Lima, Peru to dance to music and
video images from the United States.
Source: Sexuality and
Globalisation
13. SEXUAL MIGRATION
• Sexuality and sexual identities, practices, and desires may be pivotal factors
for migration.
• Hector Carillo suggests that sexuality broadly conceived, can be the
indirect or direct motivation for international relocation and movement.
Transnational movements enable queer practices, identities and
subjectivities.
14. SEX TOURISM
• Traveling to attend events that are sexual in nature.
• Example of events:
• World Gay Games
• Sydney’s Mardi Gras
• New Orleans Southern Decadence
• Spring Break for American College Students
• Women and third-world queers are active participants in sex
tourism.
Source: Sexuality and
Globalisation.; Queer
Intersections: Sexuality
and Gender in
Migration Studies
15. “I could see the distance we have to travel
back home before we get to a point of
celebrating our sexuality without fear or
repression. I could also feel the euphoria of
freedom where it exists, and the desirability of
it, for it is inherently good. But most of all I
could feel a validation of what I do back home,
for unfolding before my eyes was an ideal that
could be had and playing at the back of my
mind was the actual oppression I witness
every day I live and work in India.”
-Bondyopadhay, one of the Indian participants wrote this
about his experiences at the opening ceremony of the World Gay
Games.
Source: Sexuality
and Globalisation
16. GLOBALIZATION OF
PROSTITUTION
• Most major world cities have a very diverse sex work force due
to the large scale trafficking in young men and women.
• There is organized smuggling of people from Moldova and Albania to
Western Europe; from Nepal to India; from Mozambique and the Congo
to South Africa; from Jamaica and Nigeria to Bangkok, Thailand.
• However, since the fall of the Soviet Union there has been a dramatic
increase of young people coming from the former Soviet Union with
estimates of half a million young men and women.
Source: Sexuality and
Globalisation
17. GLOBALIZATION OF
PROSTITUTION
• Women involved in transnational sex work and “pen pal” marriages
resulting in a lack of agency become active resisters of powerful structural
arrangements and ideas.
Source: Queer
Intersections:
Sexuality and
Gender in
Migration Studies
18. HIV/AIDS
• Because of Globalization HIV/AIDS has been able to spread
rapidly, at the same time Globalization has also made the
response and development of resources available to groups
working with those people who are affected; primarily those
who are homosexual and sex workers.
Source: Sexuality and
Globalisation
19. IMMIGRATION,
GAY RIGHTS,
AND HIV/AIDS
• Issues around asylum gained ground during the height of the AIDS
pandemic in relation to undocumented immigrants who came down with
the disease. Political organizing around AIDS and gay rights enabled the
establishment of immigration provisions for refugee/asylum cases based
on sexual orientation.
Source: Queer
Intersections: Sexuality
and Gender in
Migration Studies
20. MIGRANTS
• Migrant queers experience discrimination and stigma from both their own
communities as well as from mainstream culture. The experiences
extended the marginalization of migrant queers even within the “gay and
lesbian” communities within the United States.
Source: Queer
Intersections: Sexuality and
Gender in Migration
Studies
21. • Oliva Espin (1999) studied Latina lesbian
migrants who were caught between
their own communities’ homophobic
and misogynist tendencies and the
larger new homeland’s racialized,
classed, and ethnicized attitudes and
practices. Their struggle to negotiate
their own identities is seen as passive
assimilation to or adoption of lesbian
and/or American identities.
Source: Queer
Intersections:
Sexuality and
Gender in Migration
Studies
22. SOURCES
Altman, Dennis. “Sexuality and Globalisation” Agenda: Women for gender Equity. No. 62, African
Feminisms Vol. 2.1 (2004)
Baldwin, Aleta and Debby Herbenick. “What Each of Facebook’s 51 New Gender Options Mean.”
www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/02/15/the-complete-glossary-of-facebook-s-51...... Viewed on
Jan. 6, 2015
Bedford, Kate. “Developing Partnerships: Gender, Sexuality, and the Reformed World Bank.” University
of Minnesota Press. (2009)
“Cuban LGBT Activist Takes on Conservative ‘Family Code’.”
www.globalvoicesonline.org/2015/02/19/Cuban-lgbt-takes-on-conservative-family-code.html Viewed
on Feb. 23, 2015
Manalansan IV, Martin F. “Queer intersections: Sexuality and Gender in Migration Studies.”
International Migration Review, Vol. 40. No. 1. Gender and Migration Revisited (Spring, 2006)
