Dr bob odyssey 2017

From Maps and Charts to a
VIRTUAL WORLD:
A Personal Odyssey with VISION to
ADVANCE AUSTRALIA

Robert (Bob) Williams
BA Compu)ng Studies (Cartography major) - Canberra CAE, MSc (Cartography) – U Wisconsin, PhD – UNSW @ ADFA
Topographic surveyor (trade training), Cartographer and geospa)al scien)st
Dr Bob’s ODYSSEY to
2017 presented at
SSSI Victoria Summit
1 September 2017

THE FIRST FLEET – 1788
Ø  Vision for a New Town - Sydney
The first trigonometrical survey in Victoria commenced in 1839 extending from
Melbourne to the South Australian border. The geode)c survey was commenced in
1858 and was supervised by Mr Ellery, the Government Astronomer.
1858
In 1787, Augustus Alt was appointed Surveyor of Lands for Britain's proposed penal colony on the
newly-claimed Australian con)nent. On arrival at Port Jackson, Alt supervised the Fleet convicts in
clearing the ground for the establishment of the first colonial buildings in Sydney Cove. Soon a[er his
arrival in New South Wales Augustus laid out the selements of Albion (later Sydney), Parramaa and
Tongabby (later Toongabbie), as well as surveying early land-grants and compiling the records of these.
“A plan of the first farms on the
Hawkesbury River” by Augustus Alt, 1794
(from The Mapping of Terra Australis by
Robert Clancy)
“The plan of the town was drawn, and the ground on which it is hereafter to stand
surveyed and marked out. To proceed on a narrow, confined scale in a country of the
extensive limits we possess, would be unpardonable. Extent of empire demands
grandeur of design. That this has been our view will readily be believed when I tell
the reader that the principal street in our projected city will be, when completed
agreeable to the plan laid down, 200 feet in breadth, and all the rest of a
corresponding proportion. How far this will be accompanied with adequate despatch
is another question, as the incredulous among us are sometimes hardy enough to
declare that ten times our strength would not be able to finish it in as many years.”
Watkin Tench
Marine Officer
Upon arrival, Governor Philip and Surveyor-General Alt must have formulated such a visionary plan
for the future development of the new township of Sydney, as Watkin Tench relates in 1789:
Government Astronomer

Seemingly every day we are being informed of INNOVATION but, I believe that real INNOVATION only
occurs as a consequence of VISION and achievement of VISION aKer a development process .
This can be something of a ‘journey’ – AN ODYSSEY!
It is quite probable that this glass was commissioned
prior to Federation
VISION
THE TURN OF THE 20th CENTURY –
Ø  Fortuna Villa - Bendigo
MY ODYSSEY EXPERIENCE !
What I have personally been involved in, or – IniRaRves of my
organisaRons, or – Topics that I have an interest in
Indocti discant et ament meminisse periti
Videre Parare Est
The farther backward you can look, the farther forward you can see
Winston Churchill

Segment of the 1:63,360 map of Western Port,
Victoria, drawn by Survey Section c.1910 and
regarded as a prototype for the standard military
series
The birth of the Commonwealth of Australia, on the first
day of January 1901, was an occasion not only for
celebration but also for facing the new responsibilities of
nationhood. Among the powers acquired by the Federal
Government was that of providing for defence and the
need for mapping … …
THE BIRTH OF A NATION – 1901
Ø  Recognizing a Need
1910

A UNIQUE CAPABILITY– 1915
Ø  Formation of the Survey Corps

On 3 July 1915, just ten weeks a[er the Anglo-French landings at Gallipoli in which the Australian and New Zealand Army
Corps played a leading role, a no)ce in the Commonwealth Gazee promulgated the decision to form the Survey Sec)on
into a separate unit of the permanent military forces to be known as the ‘SURVEY CORPS’ … …

1917 - Mapping in the Sinai
1917 - Terrain intelligence
Messines, Belgium
1918 - Mapping from aerial
photography

BETWEEN WARS – 1933
Ø  Recognizing a Need – A Military Grid
Segment of the 1:63,360 map of Albury (1931
edition, printed in 1933), which was the first
military map produced in Australia in which
significant use had been made of AERIAL
PHOTOGRAPHY. (National Library of Australia)
1933
During 1933 Australia adopted the transverse Mercator
projection and the British modified grid system. The
grid was introduced on the Albury map in 1933,
primarily to meet the modern demands of the gunner,
following a conference of survey and artillery officers
held in Melbourne that year … …

In late 1941 Fortuna was chosen as the site for the AHQ Cartographic Company. The unit’s movement to Fortuna was
completed by 11th June 1942. AHQ Cartographic was renamed Land Headquarters Cartographic Company during 1942, then
renamed Army Headquarters Cartographic Company in 1946.

In October 1955, in recogni)on of ‘survey’s’ na)onal role, the AHQ Survey Regiment was established. In 1973, a further
name change occurred with establishment of the Army Survey Regiment.

G OFFICE, AHQ CARTO COMPANY
Once George Lansell’s dressing room.
A STRATEGIC REQUIREMENT– 1942
Ø  A critical national capability
Topographic and cartographic units expanded in size in support of World War 2 opera)ons. With Japan’s entry into the war,
security of key elements became impera)ve. The Deputy Chief of the General staﬀ issued a direc)ve that the Cartographic
Company should ‘secure north of the Great Dividing Range, a loca)on for the prin)ng and storing of maps for the Australian
Military Forces’, a move presumably aimed at minimizing the possible impact of an enemy aack on Melbourne. In January
the unit’s commander visited Bendigo and selected a run down mansion named Fortuna.
Modelled on Hughenden Manor, High Wycombe, UK

A POST-WAR REQUIREMENT– 1946
Ø  Mapping at Home and Abroad

In 1947 Colonel Lawrence FitzGerald aended two important conferences in London: the
Commonwealth Survey Oﬃcers Conference in August, and a Military Mapping and Aeronau=cal
Char=ng Conference held immediately a[erwards. It was probably the military mapping
conference in England that brought home to FitzGerald the extent to which Australia was being
drawn into the widening web of alliances and agreements that characterised the immediate
post war period. At a previous Anglo-American conference on military map and air chart policy,
held in October 1946, these two powers agreed to each accept par)cular responsibility for map
produc)on for half the world. Now Britain was asking its dominions to accept a further
subdivision of its share. Australia was invited to accept the Netherlands East Indies as an area of
primary interest. Under the same scheme the US was also given responsibility for New Guinea,
as an arrangement that was not meant to restrict an any way the conduct of opera)ons
Australia (as the governing power) might choose to run there. Brigadier L. FitzGerald, OBE
[ANZAC Day 1978]
… … The expectation that the Australian Survey Corps still had an important contribution to make by
completing the map coverage of Australia, requiring in the first place a proper network of
triangulation, continued to be an important article of faith that guided certain actions within the
corps. It was, for instance, for this reason that, as FitzGerald explained to the Congress of the
Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science held in Adelaide in 1946,
considerable interest was being taken in recent developments in the application of radar to surveying.
Strategic direction requiring policy and technological challenges
Videre Parare Est – To See is to be Prepared

DEFENCE COOPERATION PROGRAMS
Ø  Surveying & Mapping Programs
Ø  Spawning technological change
Airborne profile recording
1963
Aerodist distance measurement
1967
Doppler satellite
measurement
1974
‘Skai Piksa’ high altitude photography 1973
Laser terrain profiling
1974
Semi-direct compilation (computer assistance)
1973
GPS surveying
1989
v  Surveying and mapping in
Papua New Guinea 1962-1994
v  Military opera)ons in Vietnam
1965-71
The Directorate of Survey – Army ini)ated
Obliga)ons and Arrangements with Foreign
Countries over a number of years un)l dis-
establishment of RASvy in 1996
• Papua New Guinea (Na)onal Mapping
Bureau) - 1975
• Indonesia (Department of Defence and
Security) - 1980
• Malaysia (Division of Na)onal Mapping) -
1994
• Singapore (Mapping Unit) - 1979
• Vanuatu (Directorate of Land Surveys) -
1994
• Solomon Islands (Ministry of Lands and
Housing) - 1994
• Fiji (Surveyor General) - 1992
• KiribaR (Department of Lands and Surveys) -
(Dra[ only)
• Western Samoa (Department of Lands and
Surveys) - (Dra[ only)
• Tonga (Ministry of Foreign Aﬀairs) - (Dra[
only)
DCP - INDONESIA
MANDUA
GADING 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
CENDERAWASIH 76 - 81
PATTIMURA 79 - 81
NUSA TIMUR 82, 83
NUSA BARAT 84
DCP – SW PACIFIC
Various opera)ons on:
v  Solomon Islands
v  Fiji – Tonga - Naura
v  Vanuatu
v  Western Samoa
v  Tuvalu - Ki)ba)
v  Cook Islands

IBM MINI COMPUTER – IBM 1130
CARL ZEISS JENA STEREO-COMPARATOR
AnalyRcal photogrammetry
Computer generated grids
1960s – A Decade of Radical Change
Ø  To meet operational challenges
1969
WILD B8 stereo-
ploers
MulRplex stereo-ploer
Projects anaglyphs.
Topographic survey trade training courses
plane tabling, chaining, sloed template assembly, levelling,
theodolite & tellurometer traverses & triangula)on,
astronomical surveying, Mul)plex , Wild B8s
1966 - UK Military Map Grid (Clarke 1858) – Australian Map Grid (ANS 66)

1967 – Survey Operation Arnhem Land
Ø  Aerodist & Air Profile Recording
Sapper Bob Williams
Topographic surveyor

1970s – A Decade of Vision
Ø  ‘Visionaries’ – new capabilities!
RASVY Leadership
Army Survey Regiment – PNG mapping 1973
[ﬁrst use of computers for operaRonal mapping]
Desmond O’Connor
[Academic and scienRst]
Waldemar Wassermann
[Engineer and academic]
Frank Bryant
[Photogrammetry & computer mapping]
Bruce Cook
[Computer scienRst]
David Rhind
[UK leader]
Grahame Smith
[Academic]
Lecturer:
Dr Grahame Smith
Textbook
AI Center
Perception Group
+ notes
and
articles
1980s
Australian Artiﬁcial
Intelligence Institute
Grahame Smith left Australia to work at Stanford
Grahame Smith returned to Australia
to work at AAII
Mike Penny
[WREMAPS & LADS]
1977-79
Ken Lyons
[Surveying & AKLIS]

“I would be happy indeed if I could leave this conference feeling that some enthusiasm had been aroused for
broadening the concept of cartography away from the relatively simple concept of drawing maps. … When we
consider the magnitude of the [environmental] problem, the aspirations of Stockholm, the technological possibilities
open to us, and our responsibilities to the poor of the world, I hope that historians will not look back and say that we
missed what might be our greatest (perhaps last) opportunity”.
1976 - In a Decade of Vision – Desmond O’Connor
Ø  Meeting the Environmental Crisis’
O’Connor ‘championed’ the concept of Terrain Analysis using computers while Director, at the US Army Engineer Topographic
Laboratories Research Institute. Before taking up his position at Murdoch University in 1973 Desmond O’Connor was Chief,
Environmental Sciences Division, US Army Research Office.
“It is particularly important that Australia develop a capability in this field because large
gaps exist in our knowledge of our own environmental and natural resources. …
… For the future, I believe that cartographers should be thinking of a broadly
defined concept for the operational use of modern sensors, the full range of
data processing equipment and methodology, and large scale communication
devices receiving input from space, airborne and terrestrial platforms for the
purpose of carrying out surveys of the earth’s surface, monitoring the
environment, and classifying and compacting the information in environmental
data banks so that real-time or near real-time information may be provided
when and where it is required”.
cartographers
Professor Desmond O’Connor, Founda)on Professor of Environmental Studies, Murdoch University gave the Keynote
Address to the Second Australian Cartographic Conference, Adelaide )tled ‘MeeRng the Environmental Crisis’.
O’Connor concluded:

DIGITIZATION OF
STEREO PHOTOGRAPHY
DIGITISATION OF
EXISTING DOCUMENTS
DIGITISATION OF
EXISTING DOCUMENTS
DISK
STORAGE
EDITING OF
DIGITIZED DATA
GRAPHICAL VERIFICATION
OF DIGITAL DATA
DATA BASE
Magnetic Tapes
MAP GENERATION
DATA MANIPULATION
FINAL
GRAPHIC OUTPUT
1976 - In a Decade of Vision – Frank Bryant, MBE
Ø  Computer Mapping Presentation
AUTOMAP 1
The contract for the project was awarded to a Canadian company, Systemhouse Limited

1970s – A Decade of Vision – Computer Mapping
Ø  Future Applications of the Digital Database
3665-III STRICKLAND was the
first map published using the
AUTOMAP I system.
Compilation was by digital
photogrammetric methods.
In addiRon to the producRon of Topographic Maps
RASVY published brochures showing
Future Applica4ons of the Database
“AUTOMAP I initiated automated cartography in Australia and heralded the future for mapping. It
engendered such excitement in defence, mapping and academic circles within Australia and overseas that
many international and Australian visitors came to the Regiment to study the new system in action”.
During the period 1977 to 1979 there were many visits to the Army Survey Regiment at Bendigo, including visits by

Hon. D.J. Killen, Minister for Defence; Lt Gen D.B. Dunstan, Chief of the General Staﬀ; Maj Gen R.A. Grey, Chief of OperaRons – Army;
Lt Gen Bulrit, Director of EducaRon Research, Thailand; Col E.K. Johnson, Military ajache US Embassy
Hon. H.R. Hamer, Premier of Victoria and 5 MPs
Prof. Kamecny, Uni of Hanover; Dr. G. Bervoets, Uni of Melbourne; Dr. R. Boyle, Uni of Saskatoon;
Dr. Berling, Managing Director of Zeiss Jena;

1977 - In a Decade of Vision – ‘Wally’ Wassermann
Ø  A Visionary Education Program 2013 photo
Waldemar (Wally) Wassermann was appointed as Senior Lecturer in Cartography at the Canberra College of
Advanced Educa)on in February 1972 following na)onal and interna)onal adver)sement which aracted him from
the Geode)c Research Ins)tute, Frankfurt, where he had been engaged in the applica)on of satellite imagery to
computer mapping. He had worked previously in Australia as the Chief Surveyor of the Snowy Mountains Authority.
He was responsible for sesng up a cartographer major which stressed techniques of computer mapping and
photogrammetry. He also established a program leading to a three year bachelor’s degree in surveying.
Core scienRfic discipline
Cartography
ProjecRons & transformaRons … Datums &
Coordinate systems … Terrain modelling …
Data structures
… RepresentaRon & communicaRon
… SpaRal & temporal reasoning … Remote
sensory mapping
FoundaRon scienRfic discipline
MathemaRcs
Algebra … Calculus … Trigonometry … Geometry
… Topology … Spherical trigonometry …
Topology … Graph theory … Numerical analysis
Enabling scienRfic discipline
Computer science
InformaRon science … Computer science …
Computer programming
(ALGOL + Several other languages)
… Computer architecture
… Systems analysis … OperaRons research
… Machine (arRficial) intelligence
Cartography 2 - Map
projecRons for Geodesists,
Cartographers and
Geographers
Remote Sensory Mapping -
Digital Picture Processing
Machine Intelligence – The
Thinking Computer: Mind
Inside Majer

1977-79 - In a Decade of Vision – BA Comp Stud (Carto)
Ø  Projects and Activities
A Unique Course - Remote Sensory Mapping – Assignment 1
Lecturer: Dr Grahame Smith
Assignment 1 required the use of LANDSAT data and required the following tasks:
² Reduce a scene (150 scan lines in length and 480 pixels wide) of central Canberra sensed
on 18 November 1975 to a new scene 50 lines in length and 160 pixels wide. There are
many methods of accomplishing this reduc)on, you should carry out at least two. Included
with map outputs should be a discussion of the merits and demerits of your methods.
² Using thresh-holding techniques extract Lake Burley Griﬃn from your reduced scene. You
should produce a map of the lake, together with an account of the methods you used to
get it.
² Locate the bridges and other non-water features of the lake. Produce these as an overlay
for your lake map.
The photographic images (below) did not become available un)l later in the course. The images
were processed by Dr John O’Callaghan at CSIRO. Thus, photographic images were not in existence
at the Rme of the actual assignment. Naivety can be beneﬁcial in conduc=ng innova=ve work.
LANDSAT scene of Canberra
Sensed 18 November 1975
Comment
Bridges X
Shore *
Fountain in front of
Old Parliament
House*
Google Earth 2014
17
Bridges
Shoreline of
Lake Burley Griffin

A Unique Course - Attachment to CSIRO during end-of-year break
Prototype – Trafficability at Shoalwater Bay
CSIRO TERRAIN PATTERN MAP
Digitised by SSGT Bob Williams
1978
SHOALWATER BAY AREA - QUEENSLAND
RASVY TRAFFICABILITY MAP
Because I was in the Army I was required to work through the academic
breaks. During the period December 1978 – February 1979 (then) SSGT
Bob Williams, a member of the Royal Australian Survey Corps (RASVY),
worked in collabora)on with the Directorate of Engineers – Army, the
Joint Exercise Planning Staff (JEPS), and Dr Joe Walker and his staff at
CSIRO’s Division of Land Use Research to digi)ze terrain paern maps
compiled by CSIRO and using so[ware wrien by CSIRO’s Bruce Cook to
form the basis of Trafficability Overprints for the Shoalwater Bay Training
Map. A series of overlays that showed GO-NO areas under a range of
environmental condi)ons and a series of overlays that showed FIRE RISK
areas were compiled for use by JEPS (Joint Exercise Planning Staff) but
these were never published.
In March 1972 the NSW Government invited CSIRO to par=cipate in a
joint study of land use on the South Coast of the State. CSIRO was asked
to undertake a pilot survey of resources in the area to provide a ‘ra=onal
basis for planning decisions on a wide variety of land uses’.

The report =tled Land Use on the South Coast of New South Wales
(1978) includes a Chapter by Bruce Cook on Computer Methods.
LAND USE ON THE SOUTH COAST OF NEW SOUTH WALES
TRAFFICABILITY AT SHOALWATER BAY
J.Walker and A.P.Spate, Woodland Ecology Unit, Division of Land Use Research, CSIRO,
July 1976
Visionary – Bruce Cook

The Keynote Address was given by Vincent V. Salomonson of NASA/Goddard Space
Flight Center. He was Project Scien)st for Landsat 4 and 5 (1977-1989).
Dr. Salomonson has received numerous recogni)ons for his work and leadership.
These include the Goddard Excep)onal Performance Award (1975) for his work as
Chairman of the NASA Sub-discipline Panel for Water Resources, the NASA
Excep)onal Scien)fic Achievement Medal (1976) for outstanding contribu)ons in the
prac)cal applica)ons of remote sensing data in the water resources field.
LANDSAT 79 - FIRST AUSTRALASIAN LANDSAT
CONFERENCE
Macquarie University, Sydney
May 22-25, 1979
Dr Grahame Smith and another of my lecturers, Geoff Halsey, presented a paper “Rec=fied
Images in Geographic Informa=on Systems” at the First Australasian LANDSAT Conference.
Dr John O’Callaghan# from CSIRO Division of Computer Research (and who provided support for
the unit Remote Sensory Mapping) made a presenta)on )tled Colour Image Processing of
LANDSAT Imagery.
# Professor John O'Callaghan has had a dis)nguished career in the area of informa)on technology and has made
significant contribu)ons to research and development on informa)on technology systems. He is recognised as an
interna)onal expert in the area of high-performance compu)ng, data management and communica)on.
2014 photo
A Unique Course featuring interesting symposiums, conferences & visits
Attended Conference: LANDSAT 79
Participants in ‘my’ Unique Course visited NASA’s Canberra (Deakin) Office in 1979 and were given
presentations on NASA remote sensing activities

In 1979, Eric Teicholz, Deputy Director of the Laboratory of Computer Graphics, Harvard University
visited CSIRO (Commonwealth Scien)fic and Industrial Research Organisa)on) and ANU (Australian Na)onal University) in
Canberra. Wally arranged for my course members to aend a presenta)on by Teicholz on Harvard research and its ODYSSEY
Project. Teicholz also described an innova)ve hologram )tled “American Graph Flee)ng” .
Odyssey GIS is the first vector GIS developed by the Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spa=al Analysis in
the mid-1970's. The need to use computer databases to store and manipulate large geographic files emerged in
December 1975 as employees at the Harvard laboratory struggled to restructure Urban Atlas files for the Census
Bureau. As a result of these struggles, the Harvard team, which was comprised of Nick Chrisman and Denis White,
created the conceptual model for ODYSSEY; a suite of programs connected by a common user interface and data
manipula=on so`ware.
In 1978, GEOFFREY DUTTON (Harvard University) made what may be the first thema=c spa=o–
temporal hologram, apparently the only example of holographic four-dimensional
cartographic display. A cylinder sixteen inches in diameter, it shows the changes in popula=on
over =me as it turns.
Teicholz demonstrated the hologram )tled “American Graph Flee)ng” at the Australian
Academy of Science.
A Unique Course which featured interesting symposiums, conferences & visits
Attended Seminar: Harvard ‘Odyssey’ at CSIRO

A WORKSHOP ON GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS was held at the Australian Na)onal University during 5-7 December 1979 under the
joint sponsorship of Human Geography, ANU Research School of Paciﬁc Studies and Applied Geography at the Canberra College of Advanced
Educa)on. Dr Rhind, Reader in Geography, University of Durham, organized and led the program as part of a four month visit to Canberra.
Academic seminars had previously been held in universi)es and at CSIRO but not openly publicized.
The response [to the workshop] was overwhelming and available space in the Coombs
Building was packed to capacity. Dr Rhind proved to be most versa)le and resourceful with
an appropriate commentary on a wide range of topics such as the purposes of geographical
data handling; the encoding, valida)on and edi)ng of data; recent interna)onal
developments of hardware and so[ware; and a review of available packages of so[ware.
Various speakers delivered papers on user needs, developments overseas, the Army
AUTOMAP system, data management for government, FASTRACK and RESPONSE II, SIDSIM
so[ware for integra)ng spa)al data by images, the applica)ons of micro-computers,
geographical aspects of the 1981 Popula)on Census and the CSIRO South Coast Land Use
Project.
Personal comment. During his =me in Canberra I had several mee=ngs with Dr Rhind and provided him with sta=s=cal
data on the World Data Bank II for his research.
Dr Rhind went on to become CEO of UK Ordnance Survey and, later, Vice-Chancellor of City University London.
Cartography
(Journal of the Australian Ins)tute of Cartographers)
Volume 11, No 3, March 1980
1979 was an amazing year because the first workshop, open to a general audience , on Geographical
Information Systems was held in Canberra.

1979 - In a Decade of Vision – BA Comp Stud (Carto)
Ø  Final Project - Special Studies in Computing
During my Special Studies in Compu)ng unit at CCAE I developed a map
projec)on and transforma)on so[ware package and used World Data Bank II.
The World Data Bank II, developed by the US CIA, is a collec)on of world map
data, consis)ng of vector descrip)ons of land outlines, rivers, and poli)cal
boundaries. It was created by the U.S. government in the 1970s.
The data was provided by an officer, Mr Jack Doyle, from the Joint
Intelligence Organisa)on (JIO) on nine magne)c tapes and my first
task was to convert the data into a 48 bit word format for
processing on a Burroughs B6700 computer using the ALGOL
compu)ng language.
My package featured a number of innova)ve features: the use of
rigorous half-angle spherical trigonometry to calculate great circles
(Wally believed that aircraK would one-day fly along great circle
paths); development of a user communica)on simula)ng ‘natural
language’ and ‘smart’, automated scale and posi)oning of maps.
Results of my CCAE studies were published and presented in 1980.
In addi)on I produced a number of radial equidistant plots centered
on ci)es in Australia and Asia for JIO and rewrote the so[ware for
JIO in TEKTRONIX Extended Basic running on a TEKTRONIX computer
early in 1980.
ProjecRons, transformaRons, spherical trigonometry
Natural language processing
InteracRve communicaRon
Query languages
Recursive & heurisRc algorithms
Incl A* path-finding algorithm
Burroughs B6700
InformaRon systems
Beyond Electronic Maps
Towards a CARTOGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

1980s – A Decade of Innovation
Ø  Towards information systems!
With experience
and knowledge
American futurist Ben Bova [1989]
Visionary presenters
& presentations
Academic theses,
awards, etc
Studies & reviews
& scientiﬁc reports
Journal
publications
Conference & seminar
Presentations
Concept papers
& initiatives
1980 1985 1990
Automated cartography:
the next development
Evolution in cartography:
data intelligence
Analysis of the road
transportation network
Geographic
information:
aspects of
phenomenology
and cognition
Analysis of Geographic Information:
A cognitive approach
Enquiry systems for the interrogation of
infrastructure in areas of large geographic extent
Who or what is DES?
[Disaster Enquiry System]
An overview of a cartographic
mapping package
ASTIS: An Information
Structuring Approach
Enquiry systems for the
interrogation of infrastructure
Automated cartography with
navigational applications
Who or what is DES?
YAMPI
MISTI
ANU GIS ADFA GISWIMS
AUTOMAP 2

1980 - In a Decade of Innovation– DES (Defence Enquiry System)
Ø  Fulfilling a Promise
Typical object recogni)on enquiries might take the form:
• What is the feature 5KM north-west of the junc)on of
road A and road B?
• Give details of this building (pointed to on a screen).
• What is this feature (pointed to on a screen)?
Examples of these types of queries may take the form:
• Show a base map bounded by 20OS, 25OS, 130OE and 132OE and
highlight the bores.
• Locate and list details of the nearest airfield to the town of Kyogle,
NSW
• Plot all roads between Dubbo NSW and Bourke NSW to a distance of
100KM from the centre line
A DEFENCE ENQUIRY SYSTEM (DES)
LT R.J.Williams
1980
Photo taken in December 1979 of (then) SSGT Bob
Williams. Military symbols produced using Tektronix
PLOT 10 so`ware.
Abstract “an emergency situation, whether it be military
in nature or a natural disaster, often tests the speed of
response of sub-units of an organisation. Planning,
staffing, coordinating, directing and controlling decisions
are required in a limited time frame”.
Object recogniRon. Today’s orthophotomap may be replaced by a
digital image, perhaps similar to LANDSAT images, and various features
highlighted or classified. It might also be feasible that digital terrestrial
cameras of the future could be used to iden)fy features (possibly with
the help of symbol tables and defini)ons).
… a discussion paper on where I thought that the Royal
Australian Survey Corps should be heading …

1980 - In a Decade of Innovation– MAPPACK
The package demonstrates educational and navigational applications and was produced for the semester unit Special Studies
in Computing in the course for the award of Bachelor of Arts in Computing Studies
An overview of a
cartographic
mapping package
R.J.Williams
Bachelor of Arts
in Computing Studies
(CCAE)
AMAIC
CARTOGRAPHY
Volume 11 No.3 March 1980
Vision – CARTOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
MAPPACK Communications – Appendix 1
RUN MAPPACK; MAXPROCTIME = 30;
MAXIOTIME = 20
#Collect any printout from Print 6
#Running #? *Mappack*
Cartographic Mapping Package
Types of maps available include ….
Atlas
Strip map
Pre-history mapping
Distance to coastline
Which would you prefer?
ATLAS
Enter region
- If World type WORLD
- - Strip map of type A TO B
DARWIN
Enter projection number
0 … Orthographic 1 … Stereographic
2 … Gnomonic 3 … Postel
(Azimuthal Equidistant)
4 … Perspective 5 … Mercator
6 … Lambert (Cylindrical Equal Area)
7 … Bonne 8 … Sanson-Flamsteed
9 … Mollweide
3
You may nominate your scale options:
You may nominate your … Own scale
Computer printout size … A4 size
Maximum available size Which would you like?
A4
Map scale is 20,000,000
Is oblique aspect required?
YES
Place centred on?
DARWIN
Postel Equidistant Projection
Enter radial distance in 1000KM (max 20)
5
Map scale is now 1:75,000,000
Are distance range rings required?
YES
The following options are available
Enter YES if required …
Geographic data …
YES
Geographic graticule …
YES
Nomenclature …
NO
Legend …
YES
***MAPPACK running**

1980 - In a Decade of Innovation– MAPPACK
An overview of a cartographic mapping package developed at the Canberra College of Advanced Education
Projections, transformations, spherical trigonometry
Natural language interactive communication
Query languages
Recursive & heuristic algorithms
Automated
Cartography
with
Navigational
Applications
R.J.Williams MAIC

I rewrote my mapping
so[ware in FORTRAN77
for use on a PDP11/70
computer. I called my
so[ware MISTI
(Management
Informa)on for
Topographic Intelligence)
and, as I was IC RAAF
Char)ng Troop, focused
on trying to automate EN
ROUTE Chart base map
produc)on.

My vision was that it
would be possible to
automaRcally generate
en route charts along
with relaRonal database
access to informaRon
contained in RAAF EN
ROUTE SUPPLEMENTS
and that the route should
be along a great circle.
1982 - In a Decade of Innovation – RAAF en-Route Chart
… MISTI (Management Information for Topographic Intelligence) …

1983 - In a Decade of Innovation – Oblique aspect mapping
I rewrote my mapping
so[ware in FORTRAN77
for use by the Joint
Intelligence Organisa)on
(JIO) for use on a HP2100
series computer.

I called my so[ware
WIMS (World InteracRve
Mapping SoKware).

Vision – World (or
Williams) Interac)ve
Mapping System that
could automa)cally
extract informa)on from
a world data base
determined by place
names and search criteria.
Applica)ons would
include producing
background maps in
normal, radial and oblique
rectangle formats
anywhere in the world.
… for JIO (Joint Intelligence Organisation)… the year after the Falklands War …

1982-84 - In a Decade of Vision –
Ø  Digital Topographic Database and Activities
1982 - Digital Topographic Database – A structured and formatted collection of sets of random accessed files
organised into evaluated Military, Geographic and Intelligence Data (MGID) available to meet the needs and
requirements of the user – command and control systems, route classification, cross-country going, engineer intelligence
data, resources data, meteorological data.
- US Exchange Oﬃcer Major David Bowen, USA and Lt Robert Williams, RASVY
Technical Development Cell, Army Survey Regiment
Major David Bowen and (then) Captain John Charland jointly wrote a paper
)tled Interac4ve Computer Cartography at West Point for the Fourth
Australian Cartographic Conference, Hobart 1980. Major Bowen presented the
paper.
Major John Charland, ICA Conference &
AUSTRA CARTO 3, Perth, 1984
v Permit the Transportation Officer to point to a bridge
and have the system return the width, allowable load and
structural components of the bridge.
v Permit the Medical Officer to point to all hospitals in an
area and have the number of beds currently available.
v Permit the Commander to point to a geographical area
and have the system return enemy unit designations,
locations, strength and equipment status, and have the
system designed to permit data base update so that the
information returned is current and accurate.
Major Bowen was a US Army Exchange Oﬃcer from US
Defense Mapping Agency to Australia and posted to
the Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna, Bendigo. His
previous pos)ng was as an Assistant Professor in the
Department of Geography and Computer Science,
United States Military Academy.
His replacement, in 1983, was Major John Charland
who, also, was an Assistant Professor in the
Department of Geography and Computer Science,
United States Military Academy.
Major Bowen had an MA degree in Geography and
Major Charland had an MSc in Civil Engineering.
1984
… Army Survey Regiment / Technical Development Cell & US Exchange Officers

1983 - Ash Wednesday. Over 100 fires started on February 16 1983, a day known as Ash Wednesday. The day is now one of
Australia’s most well-known bushfire events. Fires swept across Victoria and South Australia, killing 75 people and causing
widespread damage. Bushfires as severe as the Ash Wednesday fires appear to occur six to ten )mes a century.
I was a staff officer in Campbell Park Offices, Canberra at that )me. One of my tasks was to authorize the distribu)on of
maps to, not only Defence, but to the civilian community and to provide advice on maps, etc.On the Monday a[ernoon I
had a request to provide maps in the Mount Buffalo area in Victoria. As our stocks in that area were low (Victoria is not a
priority area from a Defence perspec)ve), I tasked the Army Survey Regiment at Bendigo to respond urgently. The prin)ng
presses ran through the night and several thousand maps were delivered not long a[er dawn the next morning to the CFA.
On the Wednesday morning at work I received a phone call which went something like this:
1983 - In a Decade of Innovation – Ash Wednesday
Ø  DES re-written - [EM system]
Who or what is
DES?
Robert Williams MAIC
Royal Australian Survey Corps
CARTOGRAPHY
Volume 13 No.3 March 1984
Where's Cockatoo? I replied: I'm sorry. Can you tell me your name and give me some more informa)on?
I'm with a volunteer fire figh4ng unit and have been told to go help fight fires there. How do I get there?
I looked at my white board and told him a contact he should ring to which he replied
Already tried that. Can't get through. You're number 6 on my list.
I told him to give me a few minutes. I went to our library and then I gave
him direc)ons on how to get to Cockatoo in the Dandenong Ranges.
He thanked me and then asked
And where are the water points and dams?
I simply could not answer that ques)on. That evening the New's services
reported the deaths of 6 fire-fighters at Cockatoo. The person I spoke to was
not in the group caught by the fires - fortunately.
However, that story emphasizes the importance of road network and
infrastructure informaRon. That experience caused me to think about how
infrastructure informaRon can be represented in relaRonal database systems.

1985 - In a Decade of Innovation – AUTO-CARTO 7
Ø  Interrogation of Infrastructure
Up un)l now the major effort by organiza)ons which encode
data covering large geographic areas has been in the data
base crea)on phase with rela)vely lile effort on the use, or
interroga)on, of that data, par)cularly with respect to
establishing enquiry systems of infrastructure. It seems that
the next stage in development of systems will be in specialist
enquiry systems, or expert systems – an expert system being
defined as “a set or arrangement of things so related or
connected as to form a unity or whole and being skilful and
having training and knowledge in some special field”. One
important applica)on of an expert system is the
interroga)on of infrastructure which is required for relief
opera)ons for natural disasters, search and rescue
opera)ons, and also for route planning and char)ng.
Natural language interacRve communicaRon Complex data structures Local and global processing Knowledge databases
Enquiry Systems
for the
Interrogation of
Infrastructure
R.J.Williams
University of Wisconsin
Madison
Auto-Carto 7
Washington, DC
March 11-14, 1985
AN AUDACIOUS PRESENTATION
“I have no doubts that Bob Williams had
great ideas ahead of the crowd… Who else
would have demonstrated a hierarchical
network path algorithm LIVE at AC7 (live
on an Apple II of course…)
From CHRISMAN@washington.edu
Date Wed, Jan 4, 1995 4:17 AM

DefiniRon of extent and
use of infrastructure
DeterminaRon of geographic
extent of applicaRons
Planning funcRons
invesRgated using case studies
Different styles of
communicaRon
PredicRon and tacRcal planning
examined using complex heurisRc
applicaRons
This research examined the feasibility of developing
enquiry systems for the interroga)on of
infrastructure through areas of large geographic
extent. The study focused two dis)nct components
of enquiry systems; one dealing with the
examina)on of infrastructure applica)ons and the
other dealing with user communica)on modes. The
feasibility of designing enquiry systems was
examined via the use of four case studies; each one
dealing with a different type of applica)on at
varying degrees of detail. If the case studies were
examined out of context, they might be viewed as
being unrelated. But these apparently different
topics were related in this research through the use
of the scope of infrastructure concepts.
ENQUIRY SYSTEMS FOR THE
INTERROGATION
OF INFRASTRUCTURE IN AREAS OF
LARGE GEOGRAPHIC EXTENT
Robert John Williams
1985 - In a Decade of Innovation – MSc (Cartography)
Ø  Interrogation of Infrastructure in Areas of Large Geographic Extent

Automated Cartography:
The next development
R.J.Williams
MAIC MASPRS
1986
326 aended the Australian Ins)tute of Cartographers conference in
Melbourne. Interna)onal speakers included Professor Joel Morrison .
Four buses of par)cipants travelled to Army Survey Regiment at Bendigo for a
tour of the establishment including AUTOMAP 2 (the most advanced system of
its type in the world.
1986 - In a Decade of Innovation– AIC Conf Melbourne
Ø  Presentations & Site Visit
DEF/MISC/5157E
December 1982
STEREOPLOTTER with GRAPHIC SUPERIMPOSITION
The contract for the project was awarded to a US company, Intergraph Corp

Manned and Unmanned Vehicles
603.  ApplicaRons.
Perhaps the most significant military breakthrough related to
computer technology of the future will be the rendering of
integrated circuitry invulnerable to enemy sabotage. This,
combined with high speed, secure data communicaRons to the
field, will permit the transfer of vital informa)on about the terrain
and its effects in real )me to the ground commander currently
opera)ng on that terrain. Intervisibility and mobility
computaRons and realis)c computer-generated views will be
components of this informa)on.
603. 
A more profound area of applica)on is expected in the field of
airborne navigaRon systems. It will include both military and
civilian aircraK, parRcularly low-flying manned and unmanned
weapon systems. In all these cases, DTMs will afford real )me
informa)on about the terrain below and the effects of distant
terrain on the aircra[ whether it is using terrain matching for
navigaRon or making use of natural cover to avoid enemy
detec)on.
Royal Australian Survey Corps
Digital Terrain Modelling: An Overview
15 April 1985
Christmas Island
Eleva)on model produced in 1985
Mount Macedon, VIC
Eleva)on model produced in 1985
1985 - In a Decade of Vision - TECH DEV CELL ASR
Ø  Digital Terrain Modelling

The Strategic and Defence Studies Centre organized a two-day workshop on Geographic Informa)on Systems held on 20-21
August 1987 in the Combs Building at the Australian Na)onal University. The purpose of the workshop was to discuss:
v  The current state of the art and the poten)al of GIS in Australia;
v  The requirements of the Australian Defence Force (ADF) for GIS;
v  The ways in which the ADF might make op)mum use of GIS.
The proceedings of the workshop were published in 1989 and included a foreword by the Minister for
Defence, the Honorable Kim C. Beazley.
Desmond Ball and Ross Babbage (eds),
Geographic Informa4on Systems: Defence Applica4ons,
Brassey's Australia, 1989.

1987 - In a Decade of Innovation – ANU GIS Workshop
Ø  Geographic Information Systems & Australian Defence Requirements
The workshop included a number of important presenta)ons on future trends and direc)ons in developing na)onal GIS
capabili)es. Two papers (as examples) were:
v  A presenta)on and paper by Ken Burrows )tled “Hydrography and the Management of Geographic
Informa)on for Defence”. Topics included the nature of hydrographic informa)on with discussion of LADS
(Laser Airborne Depth Sounder), ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Informa)on System), physical and
oceanographic data and mari)me intelligence.
v  A presenta)on and paper by Perre, Lyons and Moss )tled “Overview of LIS Ac)vi)es in Queensland”. Topics
included Queensland’s satellite communica)ons project Q-NET and the REGIS (Regional Geographic
Informa)on System) Program; combine these topics addressed dissemina)on of geospa)al informa)on in a
distributed environment.
“A comprehensive geographic informa4on system is vital to the development of a na4onal defence
capability and consequently this book is a welcome contribuRon to this area of Australia’s defence eﬀort.
I hope it will provide sRmulus for further research and discussion”.

Seminar sponsored by the
Directorate of Intelligence Headquarters ADF
and the
Department of Geography and Oceanography University College UNSW
I was posted to the Australian Defence Force Academy (ADFA) in 1988 and, a[er the success of the ANU
workshop, I discussed the idea with Major Dennis Puniard, HQADF, and the Head of the Department of
Geography and Oceanography of having a seminar at ADFA with a general invita)on to Defence personnel.
Geographic Informa)on in the Defence of Australia Seminar – 28-30
June 1988.
The aim of the seminar was to widen the awareness of the existence
and applica)on of geographic informa)on systems throughout the
Defence organisa)on, and in the Australian community at large.
Addi)onal aims of the seminar was to:
v Provide HQADF with the necessary input to allow policy and
guidance to be developed including a strategy for
implemen)ng an ADF geographic informa)on system.
v To update users and providers of geographic informa)on on
research and development being carried out.
v To demonstrate state of the art technology in geographic
informa)on systems.

1988 - In a Decade of Innovation – ADFA/UNSW Seminar
Ø  Geographic Information in the Defence of Australia

1988 - In a Decade of Innovation – AIC Conference
Ø  Analysis of the Road Transportation Network
Within the scope of digital cartography, the
problem of route assessment has been
examined predominately from the viewpoint
of vehicle naviga)on. Sophis)cated systems
have been developed to track a vehicle’s route
and display this on a visual display unit.
Receiving less analysis has been that of route
planning.
This paper concentrates on the route planning
capability by examining the structure of road
and related informa)on and techniques to
process that informa)on.
Hierarchical networks Heuris)c algorithms
Planning funcRons invesRgated using case studies
Vision – DECISION MAKING in Real-Time
Analysis of the road
transportaRon network
R.J.Williams
MAIC
MASPRS

1988

Concept and Role
Schemas
World View
Categories
CogniRve Views of
Geographic
InformaRon
Concepts of Feature,
EnRty and Object
Geographic
Information:
Aspects of
Phenomenology
and Cognition
R.J.Williams
UNSW @ Australian
Defence Force
Academy
AUTO-CARTO 9 BalRmore, MD
April 2-7, 1989
1989 - In a Decade of Innovation – AUTO-CARTO 9
Ø  Geographic Information: Aspects of Phenomenology & Cognition
Vision – TOWARDS INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS

1989 - In a Decade of Innovation – PhD - UNSW
Ø  Analysis of Geographic Information: A Cognitive Approach
ANALYSIS OF GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION:
A COGNITIVE APPROACH
Robert John Williams
1989
The University of
New South Wales -
Australian Defence Force
Academy GEOGRAPHIC
KNOWLEDGE BASES
GEOGRAPHIC
KNOWLEDGE RULES
EXPERTISE
DATABASES
Apple Macintosh II
The approach taken in this thesis has been to inves)gate the representa)on and
analysis of geographic informa)on from phenomenological and cogni)ve
viewpoints. This approach implies that structural rela)onships have been
inves)gated based on their occurrence in the 'real world' and the way in which
features are managed and processed in the 'real world'. This approach diﬀers from
most other research which essen)ally inves)gates geographic data based on
cartographic representa)ons of features, thereby commencing with an abstrac)on
and symbolic representa)on of data.
This phenomenological and cogni)ve approach has
emphasized high-level formaliza)on and the importance
of knowledge of general proper)es, signiﬁcant proper)es,
inter-rela)ons and regulari)es of 'real world' geographic data.
In expounding this methodology, the theory has been
presented in a more abstract logical form than most other
contemporary research in geographic data structures and
automated cartography.

1990s – A Decade of Uncertainty
Ø  Difficulty in adopting geographic
information systems!
Digital Chart of the World
Global GeospaRal InformaRon and Services
MulR-NaRon iniRaRves
Reviews – Out-sourcing - Project delays

1990 – In a Decade of Uncertainty – POLICY
Ø  GIS Strategy Report
In 1990 the Victorian Government invited the Canadian company, Tomlinson
Associates Ltd, led by Dr Roger Tomlinson, to undertake a study with the aim of
developing a GIS Strategy and an implementa)on plan.

The report notes that “the value of geographic informa)on systems lies in their
ability to convert geographical data to useful and )mely informa)on to do their jobs”.
The report iden)ﬁes four key points in the strategy recommended for Victoria:

1.  The focus of geographic information system activity must change from DATA to
the INFORMATION NEEDS of government;
2.  Policy direction to implement the strategy must come from the user agencies and
their understanding of the needs of government;
3.  Thorough geographic information system planning and management must be
put in place throughout government if the potential benefits are to be achieved;
and
4.  The fundamental long term task is to create a COMMON LOGICAL DATA
MODEL FOR VICTORIA.
The report recommends:
1.  A core group of CEOs under the lead of the Ministry of Finance should provide policy direction and funding –
VICTORIA GEOGRAPHIC DATA COMMITTEE (VGDC); and
2.  The core group to be supported by a full time coordination unit which is a minimum of four professionals, plus ten
specialists seconded to them from various departments as necessary in a structure of working groups to deal with
standards, training and inter-agency liaison – the OFFICE OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
COORDINATION (OGIC).

1990 – In a Decade of Uncertainty – COOPERATIVE R&D
Ø  DCW – Digital Chart of the World
A project to develop a Digital Chart of the World (DCW) was ﬁrst proposed by the US Defense Mapping Agency (DMA)
in early 1988. The DCW project was a joint R&D (Research and Development) venture involving the US, Australia,
Canada and the UK, and developed interna)onally accepted standards for the exchange of digitally based mapping,
char)ng and geode)c informa)on. The Australian partner in the DCW project was the Royal Australian Survey Corps
(RASVY). The project was funded through the Nunn Amendment to the 1987 US Military Appropria)ons Bill, which
provided for the funding of approved coopera)ve R&D projects with certain NATO and non-NATO countries.
AUSTRALIAN TREATY SERIES 1990 No.23
AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF AUSTRALIA AND THE
GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONCERNING
COOPERATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DIGITAL CHART OF THE WORLD
Studies
Statement Of Work – Feb 1989
Ini)al Tile Design Study - Dec 1989
Ini)al ElevaRon Data Study – Feb 1990
Ini)al AeronauRcal Info Study – Feb 1990
Vector Product Format – March 1991
Prototypes
Digital CiRes Database
Digital NauRcal Chart
Digital Terrain Database
Digital Gazejeer
This project resulted in a Topologically-structured [vector] database of the World [produced
from the 1 : 1,000,000 ONC (OperaRonal NavigaRon Charts).
Features were coded using DMA’s FCS (Feature Coding Scheme). …
DATABASE STRUCTURE COMPATIBLE FOR USE IN COMMERCIAL GIS
VPFVIEW
Vector [Smart] Maps

1993 – In a Decade of Uncertainty – MULTI-NATIONAL COOPERATION
Ø  Digital Geographic Information Working Group
In 1996 produc)on commenced on a general purpose product known as VMap Level 1. The purpose of the VMap Level 1 program is to
ensure military / defence readiness for worldwide opera)ons with a digital geographic informa)on product in a standard format. The
objec)ve of the Level 1 VMap program is to establish a worldwide medium resolu)on (1:250,000 scale equivalent) Geographic
Informa)on System product and to complete worldwide coverage at medium resolu)on. VMap Level 1 is managed by the VMap Co
producRon Working Group (VaCWG) - Policy Group. VMap Level 1 will be distributed on 234 CD-ROM. It is being co produced by US, UK,
Canada, Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Norway, Spain and Greece. Portugal and Turkey have expressed interest
in co produc)on.
Australia (via Director Royal Australian Survey Corps (RASVY)) was invited to aend DGIWG (Digital Geographic
InformaRon Working Group) as an Observer Na)on. DGIWG is the mul)-na)onal body responsible to the defence
organiza)ons of member na)ons for coordinated advice and policy recommendaRons on geospa)al standardiza)on
issues. It will meet coali)on interoperability challenges by crea)ng the standards and procedures required to enable
the provision, exchange and use of standardized geospa)al informa)on.
DGIWG is the custodian of DIGEST (Digital Geographic InformaRon Exchange Standard). DIGEST includes a structure
known as VRF (Vector RelaRonal Format) and a Feature and Ajribute Coding Catalog (FACC).
2001In addi)on to work regarding standards, DGIWG develops data products including:
•  Terrain Analysis Dataset suitable for cross-country movement applica)ons, line of sight and range and
bearing calcula)ons.
•  Transport and LogisRcs Datasets to support logis)cs planning and movement of personnel and materiel and
includes road networks, air facili)es, mari)me ports and navigable waterways.
•  Air InformaRon Dataset to provide informa)on on airﬁelds, airspace structure and other informa)on on
ICAO charts and En Route Charts, etc.
•  Digital NauRcal Chart containing mari)me signiﬁcant features essen)al for safe marine naviga)on.
•  Toponymic Dataset being a list of geographic place names and associated support, or aribute,
informa)on.
STANDARDS & INTEROPRABILITY – MULTI-NATIONAL CO-PRODUCTION
FACC
10 categories
50 sub-categories
270 features
460 ajributes
4000 ajribute values

1994 – In a Decade of Uncertainty – THE ‘BROADER’ COMMUNITY
Ø  Visualisation at U Melbourne and Intergraph in Melbourne
Modelling Focused on the ApplicaRon of GIS 1994

Professor Ian Bishop (now an
honorary Professorial Fellow in
the Department of Infrastructure
Engineering, School of
Engineering at The University of
Melbourne) in 1991 as Director of
the Centre for GIS and Modelling
focused on the applica)on to
Geographic Informa)on Systems
(GIS) to landscape planning,
par)cularly visual analysis, and
GIS based visual simula)on.
Hume Freeway
INTERGRAPH Despatch Management

Defense Mapping Agency – Headquarters (DMA HQ) hosted a mee)ng for Dr R.Williams at their Headquarters building
on Monday 21 November 1994, at which the agency introduced its Global GeospaRal InformaRon and Services
IniRaRve.
User Services
• electronic queries
• catalogues
• spa)al data exper)se
• training
InformaRon Use
with cer)fied applica)ons and tools
Datasets and Products
in standard exchange formats
on standard media
or via standard transmission protocols

founda)on datasets
mission specific datasets

Topography
Hydrography
Bathymetry
Oceanography
Aeronau)cal informa)on
Port infrastructure
Road infrastructure
U)li)es (electricity, fuel)
Popula)on
Geodesy
Natural resource informa)on
Weather/climate
Global Geospa)al
Informa)on
Systems and
Plaxorms
User accessible
Data Warehouse
In this current 'age of automa)on', the US Defense Mapping
Agency (DMA) is taking posi)ve steps toward suppor)ng
current and future mapping, char)ng, geode)c, and imagery
requirements for products, informa)on and services. DMA is
commied to con)nually improve responsiveness to its
users and to increasing its capability to sa)sfy a variety of
an)cipated digital informa)on requirements. These efforts
are embodied in the Global GeospaRal InformaRon and
Services (GGIS) ini)a)ve.
The concept of Global GeospaRal InformaRon and Services
(GGIS) is the most revolu)onary change in the provision and
use of geographic informa)on for many decades. Up un)l
now, digital products have, in most cases, been digital
representa)ons of tradi)onal products, such as maps. GGIS
offers a managed evolu)onary path to electronic distribu)on
of informa)on and services, as well as effec)vely addressing
interoperability issues. The vision, and the road map to
achieve it, will facilitate joint interoperability for the
Command, Control, Communica)ons and Intelligence (C4I)
community.
Bobbi Lencowski published and presented this concept at an ACSM conference in the USA in
1995. She worked with Canadian David McKellar in developing G2IS. She was DMA’s lead
scienRst on the DCW Project. Dr Bob Williams was Australia’s lead specialist.
MAJOR TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE
1994 – In a Decade of Uncertainty – ORIGIN OF GGI&S
Ø  Global Geospatial Information & Services Initiative

The Task Force concluded that the Department of Defense (DoD) should
TRANSITION FROM EMPHASIS ON STANDARD SCALE MAP AND CHART
PRODUCTION TO PROVIDING A READILY ACCESSIBLE SOURCE OF DIGITAL
INFORMATION WHICH WILL SATISFY MILITARY GEOSPATIAL, MAPPING,
CHARTING AND WEAPON SYSTEMS REQUIREMENTS.
The Task Force determined that a vision is needed to provide digital
distributed databases of geospa)al temporal informa)on as the
founda)on for military informa)on systems.
To implement this vision, DoD should:
²  Evolve a distributed heterogeneous Internet-like architecture
that uses the geopaRal databases as its foundaRon
²  Change the defense mapping mission to: Maintain the
geospaRal databases and protect access and integrity
²  Ins)tute a requirements process that priori)zes users'
geographic needs
²  Rapidly acquire access to virtual worldwide databases using all
available commercial sources and prac)ces
²  Equip and educate the end user to locally add value and meet
his needs (smart worksta)ons, printers, etc.)
The Chairman of the US Defense Science Board was Dr Craig Fields. Fields was previously
Director Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). His vision ‘for the future’ is
shown in the abstract (at right) to a symposium at Harvard University in 1977
VISIONARY CONCEPTS – STRATEGIC DIRECTION

1977 - Dr Fields discussed a number of ideas for
producing a computerized map system that would
be an improvement over an “electronic paper”
system that would simply replace the ﬁling cabinet
with more rapid retrieval of maps, looking the
same as ever. These include an interface design for
such a computerized system called mapping-by-
yourself; a variety of techniques for regaining the
advantages of real-world experience, including
dynamic maps, grounds-eye-view maps, self-guided
movie maps, and system-guided movie maps;
approaches to matching human cogni)ve
distor)ons and human ancillary knowledge and
lessons learned from “common wisdom” in a variety
of disciplines concerned with the graphic display of
spa)al informa)on; and the need for producing
integrated verbal and graphic maps.
1995 – In a Decade of Uncertainty – DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD
Ø  [US] Defense Mapping for Future Operations

VISIONARY CONCEPTS – STRATEGIC DIRECTION
1995 – In a Decade of Uncertainty – DMA & DGIWG
Ø  High level endorsement of Littoral Datasets
Within the 2000s decade the knowledge of our environment should be such that:
AS poli=cians will have the informa=on they need to nego=ate for na=onal advantage
ADO decision makers will have the informa=on they need to formulate policy more effec=vely
ADF commanders will have the informa=on they need to achieve dominant baflespace awareness
ADF forces will have the informa=on that they need to target more effec=vely and re-target more rapidly our precision
weapons
ADF aircrews will have more up-to-date informa=on to allow them to fly safely in a GPS-centric world
ADF seamen will have more =mely and accurate informa=on as they venture into unfamiliar waters
AS civil agencies can respond more quickly and decisively when disaster occurs

The 25th Steering Commiee Mee)ng (November 1995) of the Digital Geographic Informa)on Working Group (DGIWG)
was hosted by Germany's Amt Für Militärisches Gewesen and held at the Forum Hotel in the Alexanderplatz area of Berlin.
The mee)ng was aended by members from Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway,
Spain, United Kingdom, United States and Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe; and observers from Australia,
Greece, New Zealand and Portugal.

Topic - TacRcal Lijoral Data. The Tac)cal Lioral Dataset (or Lijoral Warfare Dataset ) is a value-rich specialist product
iden)fied to support missions such as amphibious assault, special opera)ons, mine countermeasures, shallow water ASW
and logis)cs-over-the-shore. Requirements have been provided by USN and USMC and endorsed by ACS C4I USMC
(MAJGEN Van Riper) and validated by D DMA (MAJGEN Nuber). This product will be designed to cover the area 200NM
either side of the coastline and will include METOC, hydrographic and topographic data in the lioral areas.

1997 – In a Decade of Uncertainty – US GII MASTER PLAN
Ø  Geospatial Information Infrastructure
The GeospaRal InformaRon Infrastructure (GII) Master Plan with the Vision as “Our na=onal security can be enhanced by
an “informa=on edge” made possible through this new infrastructure for geospa=al informa=on. THE INFRASTRUCTURE IS
THE COLLECTION OF PEOPLE, DOCTRINE, POLICIES, ARCHITECTURES, STANDARDS, AND TECHNOLOGIES NECESSARY TO
CREATE, MAINTAIN, AND UTILIZE A SHARED GEOSPATIAL FRAMEWORK”.
Framework Information
Framework Services
Interfaces
Imagery
-Government
-Foreign
-Commercial
-TAC REC
-UAV
Non-imagery
-Infrastructure
-Aeronautical
-Topography
-Hydrography
-Bathymetry
-Oceanography
-Geodetic
-Gravity/magnetic
-Multimedia pubs
Data Acquisition
DII COE
Interoperability
Civil, Commercial
Interoperability
Common Operational Picture
Mission Specific Views
Information Applications
Other Data
Sources
Value
Add
Readiness
assessment
Mission needs
-National security
-Planning
-Surveillance
-Operations
-National defence
-Special operations
-Obligations
Technical
Support
-Tech Info
-Dependencies
-Priorities
-Processes
-Sources
-Techniques
-Models
Needs
Assessment
Requirements Management
Information
Management and
Dissemination
Information Production
Geospatial Information
-Standard Products
-Foundation Data
-Mission Specific Data
-Qualified Data
-Services
Area
Reqt.
Crisis
Support
Mission Profiles
Commercial sources
Outsourcing
Co-production
GSA
ATSE
RAN HYDRO - other
RAAF AIS
Modiﬁed for Australian context
48

INTRODUCTION
1. In March 1995, the Concepts and Capabili)es Commiee (CCC) endorsed the Capability Analysis Plan (CAP) which provides a basis for the
planning and conduct of major capabili)es analyses. The CAP provides for a study of Environmental and Geographic Informa)on to be
undertaken in 1996/97.
2. The study is to concentrate on the ADF's ability to collect, maintain, disseminate, access, transfer and exchange environmental and geographic
informa)on to support Defence of Australia (DOA) tasks and relevant non-DOA tasks.

AIM
3. Acknowledging where necessary the wider implica)ons for the environmental and geographic informa)on system outside the DOA tasks, the
aim of the Environmental and Geographic Informa)on Capability Study (EGICS) is:
a. to assess the extent to which current and Government-approved future Environmental and Geographic InformaRon Capability can support
the ADF in undertaking the endorsed Defence roles and other statutory obligaRons;
b. to determine the major capability limitaRons, inefficiencies and redundancies in the ADF Environmental and Geographic InformaRon
Capability; and
c. to develop and assess a range of broad opRons, including broad costs, which redress idenRfied limitaRons, inefficiencies and redundancies.

SCOPE
4. When considering the Defence Environmental and Geographic Informa)on Capability, the knowledge of the environment and infrastructure
and its impact on military opera)ons is viewed as fundamental. The environment includes the natural phenomena of the land, sea and air, while
the infrastructure includes man-made features and administra)ve delinea)ons.
5. Environmental and geographic informaRon is used at all levels of operaRon and is parRcularly important in the following areas:
intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance; targeRng and weapons employment; command, control and communicaRon; navigaRon and
guidance; health and survival; and mobility and manoeuvre.
… … … …

EGICS was suspended in May 1997 due to the interven4on of the Defence Reform Program

1995-97 – In a Decade of Uncertainty – DEF. CAPABILITY STUDY
Ø  Environmental and Geographic Information Capability Study [EGICS]

1996-97 – Defence Efficiency Review / Defence Reform Program
On 15 October 1996, the Minister for Defence established the Defence Efficiency Review (DER) with the goal of setting
“Future Directions for the Management of Australia’s Defence”.
Initiative 15 of the DER was the “Rationalisation of Military Geographic Information Organisations”. This initiative
concluded that “the creation of:
² a central MGI body,
² the consolidation of the MGI Production Establishments under it, and
² the outsourcing of selected MGI functions will lead to more efficient use of MGI resources.
1997 The formation of the Geographic Support Agency was controversial and not supported by key principles.
Instead, a “joint” directorate, the Directorate of Strategic Military Geographic Information (DSMGI), was established firstly
in Strategic Command Division and then under the Chief Knowledge Officer.
However, more importantly, it will enable coordinated future planning of MGI capability development and expert MGI
advice to other new capability acquisitions”.
As a part of the follow on to the DER, the DRP included a number of workshops; one was the Military Geographic
Information Defence Reform Plan Workshop.
I was invited to give the opening address to the workshop. The objective of the workshop was “to develop and agree
on the concept, broad form and function of a DEFENCE GEOGRAPHIC SUPPORT AGENCY”.
2000 The Defence Imagery and Geospatial Organisation (DIGO) was established under a Cabinet Directive on 8 November
2000 by amalgamating the Australian Imagery Organisation and Directorate of Strategic Military Geographic Information
(DSMGI), and the Defence Topographic Agency (previously ATSE).
1998 Imagery intelligence had existed since 1964, but until 1998 it was an integrated part of DIO. As the importance of
imagery increased, it was decided to create a new agency – the Australian Imagery Office (AIO).

The recommended formaRon of a [Joint] GEOGRAPHIC SUPPORT AGENCY was not agreed!

1997 – In a Decade of Uncertainty – DER / DRP
Ø  Defence Efficiency Review & Defence Reform Program

THE GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE (GII) Vision. The GII is proposed as a new enabling infrastructure to
meet the needs of the community for geospa)al informa)on. The infrastructure is the collec)on of people, doctrine,
policies, architectures, standards, technologies , and educa)on and training necessary to create, maintain, and u)lise a
shared geospa)al framework.
At the turn of the 21st century Policy and Capability project documentaRon were in place for a
‘new era’ in surveying and mapping
GEOGRAPHIC & ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE
ENTERING THE 21st CENTURY –
Ø  Strategic Guidance in Place for a GII
The GII will provide geospa)al informa)on, products and
services within an increasingly austere, yet dynamic and
demanding na)onal security environment. The vision is
based on concepts which will increase the eﬃciency and
eﬀec)veness of the components of the infrastructure.
The GII:
v  establishes a framework for acquiring, producing,
managing, and dissemina)ng geospa)al informa)on;
v  provides the suppor)ng services needed to ensure
informa)on content meets user needs, is easily
accessible, and can readily be applied to support
mission informa)on requirements;
v  ensures the supporRng infrastructure components
(including doctrine, policy, training, educaRon and
force structure) are in place to op)mise the use of
the geospa)al informa)on, products and services
provided.

MY VISION
ENTERING THE 21st CENTURY –
Ø  Future Defence Geospatial Environment
Ø  Geospatial Intelligence
Without maps and charts, civilisaRon could not have progressed!
Without geospaRal informaRon and imagery, decision support systems cannot funcRon!
Future Defence Geospa4al Environment –
Ø  A Capability Development Strategy
Ø  A Presenta4on by Dr Bob Williams - 2000
Geographic Intelligence# –
Ø  Dare to Change
Ø  A Presenta4on by Dr Bob Williams - 2002
10 slides follow
Followed by 9 slides on
# Title ﬁrst used on 5 April 2001
Concept raised on 23 June 1994

2000 – FUTURE GEOSPATIAL ENVIRONMENT
Ø  From the current legacy to a Virtual World
2000
2010
2005
2020
SEA 1430 Phase 1
PARARE Phase 1
Project Johnson
JP2064
PARARE Phase 2B
• A Virtual World
Intelligent systems
Authority
Intelligence
Resource & asset
management
Command
Support
Surveillance
Command
• Knowledge-based systems
as an integral part of the C2 capability
PARARE Phase 2A
Project Toposs
• Legacy
Repositories of digital data in various forms and formats
Warehouses of maps and charts
Paper-based libraries, catalogues and directories
Limited acquisition and surveying capability
• Major capability deficiency
Defence Planning and Operations
ADO
MGI ASDI
www
ADO
Users
• Geospatial information infrastructure
Source
acquisition
Imagery
preparation
Data
extraction
Product
construction
Distribution
Database
management
• Single service/agency GIS systems
EGICS
1973
1976
1975
1984
Early digitisation
Digital mapping prototype
Automap 1
Automap 2
1968
1967
Early analytical photogrammetry
Surveying by airborne trilateration techniques

Ø  An operational architecture to achieve a Geospatial
Information Infrastructure
Other Data Sources
Imagery
Non-imagery
Data Acquisition
Readiness assessment
Common Operational Picture
Mission Specific Views
Interoperability
Information Applications
Framework Information
Framework Services
Interfaces
Information Management and
Dissemination
Commercial sources
Out-sourcing
Co-production
Geo Support Capability
DTA
RAN HYDRO - other
RAAF AIS
Information Production
Needs assessment
Area Requirements
Crisis Support
Mission Profiles
Requirements Management
Technical assessment
Value
Add
Planning and
operational needs
-National security
-Planning
-Surveillance
-Operations
-National defence
-Special operations
-Obligations

Ø  The 2005 goal – a Geospatial Information Infrastructure
Scientific Adviser Team
• Geomatics (science and technology)
• National initiatives
• Multi-national initiatives
• Interface with academia and industry
Strategic
Operational
Tactical
DIE and C4ISR
Web-based
technology
Defence
MGI
Agencies
Acquisition
Compilation
Production
Data management
Civilian
GI Agencies
ASDI
Australian National
Spatial Data
Infrastructure
Defence Planning and Operational
needs assessment
access
Authorised
Electronic
Library/Atlas
Archives
User community
Clearinghouse
Coalition
Agencies
Training
establishments
Deployable
MGI
Sections

Ø  Improvement of user services
DIGEST
Digital Geographic Information
Exchange Standard
United States Imagery
and
Geospatial Information Service
USIGS
Defense Modeling
and
Simulation Office
Scientific Advice
Strategic Operational Tactical
DIE and C4ISR Web-based technology
Defence
MGI
Agencies
Civilian
GI Agencies
Defence Planning and Operational needs assessment
Authorised
Electronic
Library/AtlasArchives
Clearinghouse
Coalition Agencies
Training
Deployable
MGI
Sections
User community
Help Desk advice
•  MC&G S&T topics
•  Library services
•  Environmental analysis
•  Operational analysis
•  Modelling and simulation
•  et cetera
?
Interoperability via Conformance
Intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance
Command, control and communications
Navigation and guidance
Targeting and weapons employment
Mobility and manoeuvre
Health and survival
Electronic library
•  Illustrated atlases
•  Infrastructure directories
CD-ROM
Needs assessment
through
e-Business
strategies

Ø  Needs assessment
Parare
The Next Generation
Defining requirements based on needs
and readiness assessment of the scope of
Military Activities, activities that are
related to:
•  Intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance
•  Command, control and communications
•  Targeting and weapons employment
•  Navigation and guidance
•  Mobility and manoeuvre
•  Health and survival
Environmental Analysis
 Avenues of approach
 Critical link analysis
 Cross-country movement
 Fording analysis
 Intervisibility analysis
 Terrain modelling
 Weapon ballistics
Base Operations
 Facilities management
 Environmental applications
 Range management
 Training management
 Water and food resources
 Medical facilities
 Airfield defence
Intelligence
 Situation Monitoring
 Geographic information
 Target analysis
 Weapon production tracking
 Image management
 Counter terrorism
Command Support
 Situation monitoring
 Situation display & briefing
 Simulation
Mission Planning
 Integrated theatre planning
 Invasion planning
 Evacuation planning
 Targeting
 Trajectory modelling
 Missile support
Operational Planning
 Battlefield management
 Battlefield systems
 Division planning
 Landing and beach operations
 Logistics
 Mine warfare
 Simulation
 Special force operations
Navigation
 Air navigation
 Air traffic control
 Land navigation
 Ocean surface navigation
 Ocean subsurface navigation
On the modern day baeleﬁeld, everything is spa4ally and temporally related and, if you don’t understand the
rela4onships, you will never win the war!
Are your resolution and accuracy requirements at the:
Strategic level
Operational level
Tactical level
Focal area level
Target level
Is your purpose for:
Situation awareness and visualisation
Operational planning and rehearsal
Precision force
Modelling and simulation
Operational analysis
Are your activities or applications
concerned with:

Ø  Electronic Help Desk
?•  MC&G S&T topics
•  et cetera
RAN Hydrographic Service DIGEST Product
VMap Level 1
- Background Display Dataset (BDD) -
Boundaries
Population
Transportation
Industry
Utilities
Hydrography
Physiography
Elevation
Vegetation
Data quality
Defence
MGI
Agencies
Authorised
Electronic
Clearinghouse Coalition Agencies
Deployable
MGI
Sections
User community
Civilian
GI Agencies
Scientific Advice
Training
Services
ProductsScience and technology topics
Parare
The Next Generation

Ø  Electronic Help Desk
?•  MC&G S&T topics
•  et cetera
Defence
MGI
Agencies
Authorised
Electronic
Clearinghouse Coalition Agencies
Deployable
MGI
Sections
User community
Civilian
GI Agencies
Scientific Advice
Training
Parare
The Next Generation

Scientific Advice
Defence
MGI
Agencies
Civilian
GI Agencies
Authorised
Electronic
Clearinghouse
Coalition Agencies
Training
Deployable
MGI
Sections
User community
Databases of infrastructure
and environmental information
Warehouse / clearinghouse
as maps, charts,
publications,
reports, etc
as standard digital products,
geospatial services, etc
distributed via electronic media
and networks
as customised operational databases,
contingency support packages, etc
distributed via electronic media and networks
terrain analysis packages
transport and logistics databases
littoral operations databases
electronic aeronautical publications
electronic maritime publications
Decision support systems
Feedback in the form of
reports, analyses, and
value-added products
User community
e.g.
Palm pads
- GPS, GIS
& mobile comms
Ø  Development of new products and services

Production Support Capability
Co-production
Commercial sources
Out-sourcing
DTA
RAN HYDRO
RAAF AIS
AODC
DOM
AIO
Analyse current and new capabilities
•  Parare
•  SEA1430
•  JP2064
Review bilateral and multilateral commitments
Review National Support commitments
Investigate commercial support capabilities
Scientific Advice
Defence
MGI
Agencies
Civilian
GI Agencies
Authorised
Electronic
Clearinghouse
Coalition Agencies
Training
Deployable
MGI
Sections
User community
Ø  Improvement in availability of foundation geospatial information

Ø  Improvement of management of databases and archives
Defence
MGI
Agencies
Archives
0
Strategic Level
1
Operational Level
2
Tactical Level
3
Focal area/urban
4
Facility / target
R
E
S
O
L
U
T
I
O
N
Spatial data model
Lineage
Currency
Datum/s
Reference system
Positional accuracy
Relative accuracy
Accreditation
THE DOMAIN OF MILITARY GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Measures
of
Trust
TERRAIN ENVIRONMENT
1 Physiography
2 Hydrology
3 Hydrography / bathymetry
4 Vegetation/cultivation
1 Atmosphere / weather
2 Climate
3 Astronomy
3 Oceanography
4 Isogonic information
1 Administration/institution
2 Population/habitation
3 Road infrastructure
4 Rail infrastructure
5 Air infrastructure
6 Sea infrastructure
7 Telecommunications
8 Power/fuel
9 Water resources
10 Industry/commerce
11 Health/medical
12 Tourism/recreation
INFRASTRUCTURE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
The Geographic Information - data cube
Develop more advanced formal models for represen4ng the geographic environment in 4me and space
Develop techniques for maintaining, revising and managing geospa4al informa4on

2002 – GEOGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE
Ø  Operational Information within Command & Control
Cartographically
modelled

HIGHER
AUTHORITY

COMMAND
Intelligence
Intelligence
Analysis
Surveillance
Sensor
Management
Intelligence Data
Collection
Resources
Weapons
Systems
Own
Forces
Logistics
Systems
Command
Support
Situation
Awareness
Military
Response
Options
Demography
Infrastructure
Physiography
Environment
Imagery
IGI Service

Imagery and GeospaRal
InformaRon Infrastructure

Global InformaRon Grid
Resource management
• Precision weapon systems
• Fleet and asset management
• Logistics
Command Support
• Situation awareness
• Simulation, planning & rehearsal
• Air space management, spectrum management, etc
Surveillance
• Manned airborne, UAV, satellite
• Comprehensive sensor list
• Expeditionary forces
Intelligence
• Warnings and indicators
• Multi-INT
• All operating levels
Virtual
environment
Ø  Geography
Ø  History
Ø  Environment
Ø  Economy
Ø  Politics
Ø  Facilities
Ø  Resources
Ø  Communications

Ø  A paradigm shift in Mapping
Multiple Depots
Maps/Charts
Documents
Standard Products
Multiple
Agencies
Service Users
Defence
MGI
Agencies
at Strategic, Operational and Tactical levels
Electronic
Briefs and Plans
User community
Clearinghouse
Coalition
Agencies
Scientific and Technical
Advice
Deployable
MGI
Sections
Civilian
GI Agencies
eBusiness
strategy for supply and demand
of geospatial information
EvoluRon from producing and supplying maps and charts
to managing and disseminaRng geospaRal informaRon

Future
3 and 4 dimensional
visualisations
Large and multiple
screen
visualisations
Electronic briefs
integrated with
telecommunication
Electronic briefs and plans
integrated with deployable
assets and bridge and cockpit
displays
Including integrated
navigation systems
EvoluRon from paper products [and digital facsimiles of paper-based products]
to visual communicaRons

Ø  A paradigm shift in Cartography
Reasoning and advice
for situation awareness
and military response options
Geospatial and imagery databases,
products and services
structured for use in C3ISR systems,
smart navigation systems, and
facilities / asset management systems
Geospatial reasoning for
terrain modelling,
environmental analysis,
site selection, sensor management,
asset and fleet management, and
mission planning and rehearsal
View
View
GivesView
Processing for
•  Terrain Visualisation
•  Network Analysis
Analysis for
•  Mission Planning
•  Avenues of Approach
Datasets for
• Terrain Analysis
• Transport
& Logistics
e.g. ACTIVITY
•  Evacuation planning
PURPOSE
•  Operational planning
and rehearsal
ANALYST
viewpoint
DIGO
viewpoint
PROJECT
and
CSS
viewpoint
Gives
Gives
Contingency support plans
Operational orders
Military Response Options
Risk assessment
Agency function of
acquisition, compilation and
production of geospatial information
and imagery products to populate a
geospatial information infrastructure
GII&S Infrastructure
Capability development
for operational planning,
modelling and simulation,
rehearsal and operation
educate
influence
information
knowledge
EvoluRon from manual planning methods
to analyRcal geospaRal & temporal reasoning
EVACUATION
PLANNING

Pre-planned flight path
HAZARDS - REMARKS
Wind Curfew 10:00. Can be surprisingly
turbulent inside abort point.
Stay in center. Crowd control problems.
eGeoBrief
EvoluRon from staRc map graphics to electronic illustrated briefs; dynamic
modelling and simulaRon; automated navigaRon; etc…; etc…

Demography
Infrastructure
Physiography
Environment
Imagery
Demography
Infrastructure
Physiography
Environment
Imagery
Demography
Infrastructure
Physiography
Environment
Imagery
Demography
Infrastructure
Physiography
Environment
Imagery
Demography
Infrastructure
Physiography
Environment
Imagery
0 Strategic Level
1 Operational Level
2 Tactical Level
3 Focal area/urban
4 Facility / target
Measures of Trust
Spatial data model Reference system
Lineage Positional accuracy
Currency Relative accuracy
Datum/s Accreditation
Measures of
Trust
IGI Service
Imagery and Geospatial
Information Infrastructure
Intelligence
community
Operational
units
Deployable
assets
Profiles
Web portal
EvoluRon from product databases to an
Imagery and GeospaRal InformaRon Infrastructure

– A GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE
Technologies:
• Photogrammetry
• Remote sensing
• Cartography
INFORMATION PRODUCTION
Imagery analysts
Geospatial analysts
GI APPLICATIONS
Areas of application:
• Intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance
• Targeting and weapons employment
• Command and control
• Navigation and guidance
• Health and survival
• Mobility and manoeuvre
The Defence Capability Plan:
• enhanced imagery collection
• enhanced geospatial information systems
• improved dissemination systems
POLICY, DOCTRINE & MANAGEMENT DATAACQUISITION
Information Management
and Dissemination
Technologies:
• Geodetic surveying
• Satellite and airborne surveying
• Remote sensing
• Photogrammetry
• Cartography
Needs assessment
Readiness assessment

Ø  A paradigm shift in Surveying
Evolution in geodetic surveying
GPS (Global Positioning System)
DGPS (Differential GPS)
GNSS(Global Navigation
Satellite System)
Long Range Kinematic techniques
and applications in real-time
The SRTM used a technique
called radar interferometry.
In radar interferometry, two radar images are
taken from slightly different locations.
The differences between these images
allow for the calculation of surface
elevation. The result gives digital
elevation models of the earth’s surface.
Airborne Digital Sensor
LH Systems’ (Leica Helava)
ADS40 is the first commercial
airborne digital sensor and its
broad ground coverage and multispectral
image collection are set to combine
photogrammetric accuracy and remote sensing
insight. Triple image matching can be used for
triangulation and DTM generation.
Innovation from industry
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
Fugro’s FLI-MAP system integrates a number of
recent innovations including a scanning laser, a
solid state Inertial Navigation System,
kinematic GPS technology, digital
video imagery and custom-built
software resulting in an outstanding
tool for 3D Corridor Mapping 3D
geometry of terrain features with a
horizontal and vertical accuracy of 5-10cm.
EvoluRon in surveying
which embraces satellite, airborne and remote sensor technologies
Airborne Hydrographic Surveying
Bathymetry and oceanography
Autonomous Unmanned Underwater Vehicles
Hyperspectral satellite imagery
The Laser Airborne Depth Sounder
(LADS) provides accurate, high
density digital depth and positional
data of coastal waters up to 50 metres
in depth. Flying at 145 knots, 500
metres above the sea, unhindered by
reefs or shallows, LADS surveys the
sea floor at a rate in excess of 50
square kilometres an hour.

Image Visualisation
Visualisation technology
can now project images
for screens as large
as IMAX
Remote Sensing
Landsat
SPOT Multispectral imagery
Stereoscopic capability
RADARSAT
ERS
IRS
JERS
RESURS
Vegetation classification
Oceanography
Elevation modelling
Environmental analysis
Photogrammetry
Analytical tools:
• Terrain and river
network analysis
3D modelling options
Photogrammetry
Electronic publishing
Kiosk-style applications
Defence applications
Feature and object
geometry and topology
Spatial data
organisation and
management
Cartography - GIS
Soft-copy photogrammetry:
•  triangulation
•  orientation
•  feature collection
•  digital terrain models
•  orthophotos
•  mosaics
•  fly-throughs
EvoluRon in mapping which embraces
photogrammetry, remote sensing, and cartography technologies

2000s – A Decade of Disarray
Ø  A change in world order!
Ø  A change in culture!
The 1990s was a ‘decade of uncertainty’. Significant mul)-na)onal ini)a)ves along with ini)a)ves as shown previously
occurred and, at the same )me, there were reviews and project / capability development delays resul)ng in limited
advancement. In summary, the transiRon from emphasis on standard scale map and chart produc)on (and ‘simple’ GIS
applica)ons) to providing digital informa)on through a Geospa)al Informa)on Infrastructure has failed to occur.
# 2000-2001 Additional Estimates Hearing 21 February 2001
Major Capital Equipment Project Delays or Cost Overruns
AIR 5186 Australian Defence Air Traffic System
Slippage 59 months Contract 29 November 1995
At a chance mee)ng with an Air Force Group Captain at a QANTAS Club I chaed about some aeronauRcal informaRon
issues. I followed up with a mee)ng at RAAF Aeronau)cal Informa)on Services (AIS), Victoria Barracks, Melbourne. One
topic was the importance of ver)cal obstruc)ons (high rise buildings and West Gate Bridge) and a lack of staff to manage a
database known as a VerRcal ObstrucRons Database [VOD]
The RAAF Group Captain in an email in March noted "I am rapidly learning about stuff called 'adapta=on data' (AD); an
expression I had not come across un)l I moved into my new job at RAAF Headquarters in Canberra. AD is the underlying
data that sits behind air traffic control (ATC), air defence and (I think) automated flight management systems. Numerous
RAAF projects require AD and assume that it will be available through AIS or some other ill-defined magic mechanism.
The most immediate problem concerns the Australian Defence Air Traffic System (ADATS) project. ADATS has a long and
vexed history that is exacerbated by the collapse of ATC manning levels that began last year and con)nues apace. The ADF
has no op)on but to seek a much closer rela)onship with civilian ATC authori)es and the civilian system (TAAATS).
2001

2001- In a Decade of Disarray – Aeronautical Info
Ø  Identifying a capability deficiency
2001 – Friday 24 August. I gave briefings to a number of groups in Canberra on my overseas trip and highlighted deficiencies in the
air traffic management systems. I introduced my presentation titled AERONAUTICAL INTELLIGENCE with a hypothetical event: an
unidentified aircraft was approaching Australia across the Indian Ocean. What action needs to be taken? And when? My
event was similar to the USS Vincennes – Iranian Air IR655 incident on July 3, 1988. In my presentation I reported that the
databases were not designed to permit analytical processes; such as, does the ‘dot on the screen’ lie on a recognized air
route? And does the ‘dot’ appear where a scheduled flight should be?
2001 – Thursday 7 June. I visited the US Na)onal Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) at
Bethesda MD. My i)nerary was to include discussion on aeronau)cal informa)on products
including DFLIP (Digital Flight Informa)on Publica)on). This mee)ng did not take place due
to the presenter being away sick.
Friday 8 June. I awoke early, checked out of the Holiday Inn
at Tyson’s Corner and took the first flight from Washington
DC to Boston passing right over New York and the towers
and then drove to a facility outside of Boston. I was shown a
prototype of the RAAF Australian Defence Air Traffic System
(ADATS) and the new US FAA STARS system. Later that day I
flew from Boston Logan Airport on the direct flight to LAX
then connected to Sydney and Adelaide – overall a very long
day. I was disappointed in both the RAAF and FAA
demonstra)ons; both were somewhat simplis)c
computeriza)on of the manual systems.

2001 – AERONAUTICAL INTELLIGENCE
Ø  An original idea
Aeronautical
Intelligence
Dare to change
The key to information superiority
An original idea of
Dr Bob Williams
August 2001
Presentation made to Defence Imagery & Geospatial Information Organisation (DIGO) staff & RAAF

Ø  A vision and a strategy
2005 2010 2015 2020
National Infrastructure
Air & space management
Situation awareness
Defence Airspace Management
Air Traffic Control
Spectrum management
Intelligence
Geospatial Environment
Digital Flight Information
Imagery Intelligence
Terrain model
Air & space management:
A vision and a strategy
Presentation made to Defence Imagery & Geospatial Information Organisation (DIGO) staff & RAAF Headquarters staff on Friday 24 August 2001

Ø  An information service paradigm
D
I
G
E
S
T
FACC/VPF
DTED
Targeting
Air Traffic Control
Operational
planning
Logistics intelligenceprototype
Navigation
Digital Flight Information
Imagery Intelligence
Terrain Model
Geospatial environment:
From a publication paradigm to an information service paradigm
AIS
DIGO
AUSLIG

Ø  A situation awareness paradigm
Defence airspace management:
From an information service to a situation awareness paradigm
Air Traffic Control
Spectrum Management
Intelligence
D
I
I
DEFENCE INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE
Air Traffic
Management
Intelligence
Surveillance
Strategic Airlift
Sensor management
Spectrum management
Air Defence
NATIONAL
SPATIAL
DATA
INFRASTRUCTURE
ASA
ACA
BOM
DIGO

Ø  A National Security paradigm
National Infrastructure:
From a situation awareness paradigm to a national security paradigm
Air & Space Management
Situation Awareness
D
I
I
N
I
I
NATIONAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE
NATIONAL
SPATIAL
DATA
INFRASTRUCTURE

September 11, 2001- In a Decade of Disarray –
Ø  911 – A change in world order
E I G H T E E N M I N U T E S
On September 11, Howard was in his Washington hotel, only a few blocks from the White
House, when the =irst attack happened. Howard invoked the ANZUS military alliance to
America. In October 2001 the invasion of Afghanistan began. Three special forces
squadrons were deployed in initial offensive against the Taliban.
0845 EDT A hijacked passenger jet, American Flight 11, crashes into the north tower of the World Trade Center
0903 EDT A second hijacked airliner, United Flight 175, crashes into the south tower of the World Trade Center
The day before the attacks, on Sept. 10, 2001, Prime Minister John Howard met President George W. Bush for the =irst
time. They spent four hours together, including talks over lunch at the White House, starting what became a strong
political alliance and personal friendship. “We didn’t talk about terrorism,” Howard said. “Nobody knew this terrible
event was just around the corner.”
911– A Terrorist Incident or an Air Traffic Management Problem?
By invoking the ANZUS Treaty subsequent activity became a military response
The term "new world order" has been used to refer to any new period of history evidencing a drama)c change in world poli)cal thought and the
balance of power. Despite various interpreta)ons of this term, it is primarily associated with the ideological no)on of of global governance only
in the sense of new collec)ve eﬀorts to iden)fy, understand, or address worldwide problems that go beyond the capacity of individual na)ons
to solve. (Wikipedia)

Images of Black Saturday
2000s – A Decade of Disarray
Ø  A decade of incidents and events along with organisational change!
Ø  Unexpected challenges in capability development & education!
Incidents and Events
911 and Afghanistan
WMD and Iraq
Natural disasters and Black Saturday
OrganisaRonal change
DIGO – Intelligence agency !!!
Capability development delays – funds are needed for the war on terrorism
EducaRon and R&D and conference and seminars

2001 Early in 2001 I had several mee)ngs with the Director DIGO (Defence
Imagery and Geospa)al Organisa)on) as part of my role of providing mapping
sciences support to DIGO. I prototyped eGeoBriefs (electronic Geographic
Briefs#) for the East Timor – Indonesia border and Freeport Mine. I produced an
eGeoBrief for Afghanistan by 24 October 2001 from open-source materials
accessed over the Internet. # this predated Google maps and Wikipedia
In March 2003 I had another mee)ng with the
Director DIGO as part of my role of providing
mapping sciences support to DIGO. This )me the
topic related to the conduct of research. I compiled
a presenta)on GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION:
Defence and the Broader Community. The
presenta)on included OpportuniRes under the CRC
for SpaRal InformaRon.
"CRCSI-1" was established by the CRC Program, an Australian
Government IniRaRve, for seven years as an unincorporated
joint venture. It commenced operaRon in July 2003
2000s- In a Decade of Disarray – Support to DIGO
Ø  eGeoBriefs & R&D
2003
eGeo

In the early morning hours of 20 March 2003, U.S. Army, U.S. Marine
Corps and coali)on ground combat forces crossed from Kuwait into
southern Iraq and aacked northward, beginning the ground phase of
OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM. By dawn on 23 March, major U.S.
ground combat units had advanced more than 200 miles into Iraq and
were approximately 130 miles north of An Nasiriyah, an advance
historically unprecedented for speed of execu)on and depth of
penetra)on, designed to unhinge the Iraqis’ ability to mount a
coherent defense.
The rapid advance of coali)on troops in thousands of vehicles and
hundreds of aircra[ was made possible by the determined, aggressive
support of scores of logis)cs, medical, and maintenance units, many
moving constantly to maintain contact with their supported units.
One such unit was the 507th Maintenance Company, tasked to
support a vitally important asset – a Patriot missile bajalion.
At about 0700 hours (local )me) on 23 March 2003, while moving
through the outskirts of the city of An Nasiriyah in southeastern Iraq,
an element of the 507th Maintenance Company was aacked by Iraqi
military forces and irregulars. There were 33 U.S. Soldiers in the 18-
vehicle convoy.
The Iraqi forces in An Nasiriyah conducted ﬁerce aacks against the
convoy.
Of the 33 U.S. Soldiers in the convoy, 11 were killed in
combat or died as a result of injuries, seven were captured
by Iraqi forces, and the remaining 16 Soldiers were able to
rejoin friendly forces. Of the 22 U.S. Soldiers who
survived, nine were wounded in acRon.
2003 - In a Decade of Disarray – ‘Story-telling’
Ø  Jessica Lynch – Operation Iraqi Freedom
March 20
2003

The DARPA Urban Challenge was held on November 3, 2007, at the former George AFB in Victorville, Calif. Building on the success of the 2004
and 2005 Grand Challenges, this event required teams to build an autonomous vehicle capable of driving in traffic, performing complex
maneuvers such as merging, passing, parking and negoRaRng intersecRons.

This event was truly groundbreaking as the first Rme autonomous vehicles have interacted with both manned and unmanned vehicle traffic
in an urban environment.
The purpose of the DARPA Grand Challenge2004 is to leverage American ingenuity to accelerate the development of autonomous vehicle
technologies that can be applied to military requirements. The challenge: to navigate 200 miles of rugged terrain in Nevada. None of the robot
vehicles finished the route.
DARPA GRAND CHALLENGE 2004
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency is an agency of the U.S. Department of Defense
responsible for the development of emerging technologies for use by the military.
The second driverless car compe))on of the DARPA Grand Challenge was a 212 km (132 mi) off-
road course. The route to be followed by the robots was supplied to the teams two hours before
the start as a computer file with GPS coordinates, one every 72 m (237 feet) of the route, with
more frequent waypoints in difficult patches. Some teams used topographic maps and aerial
imagery to manually map out and program precise path and speed sesngs.
The winner of the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge was Stanford’s Stanley, with a course Rme of 6
hours 53 minutes and 8 seconds (6:53:08) with average speed of 30.7 km/h (19.1 mph).
DARPA GRAND CHALLENGE 2005
DARPA URBAN CHALLENGE 2007
2004-07 - In a Decade of Disarray – DARPA
Ø  The DARPA Grand Challenges
AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY

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