Doing hadoop securely
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This is the talk I gave at the Brussels Data Science meetup on 17/06/2015, focusing on information security & governance technical controls available to implementors within Hadoop-core.
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Doing hadoop securely
- 1. Big Data Consulting doing hadoop, securely
- 2. Rob Gibbon ■ Architect @Big Industries Belgium ■ Focus on designing, deploying & integrating web scale solutions with Hadoop ■ Deliveries for clients in telco, financial services & media
- 3. Hadoop was built to survive data tsunamis ■ a response to challenges that enterprise vendors were unable to address ■ focused on data volumes and cost reduction ■ initially, the solution had some serious holes
- 4. Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability ■ early prereleases couldn’t really meet any of these three fundamental infosec objectives ■ basic controls weren’t there
- 5. the early days ■ Multiple SPoF ■ No authentication ■ Easily spoofed authorisation ■ No encryption of data at rest nor in transit ■ No accounting
- 6. enter the hadoop vendors ■ Vendors like Cloudera focus on making Apache Hadoop “enterprise ready” ■ Includes building robust infosec controls into Hadoop core ■ Multilayer security is now available for Hadoop
- 7. running a cluster in non-secure mode ■ malicious|mistaken user: ■ recursively delete all the data please ■ by the way, I’m the system superuser ■ hadoop: ■ oh ok then
- 8. bad things happen with slack controls in place
- 9. average cost of a data breach = $3.8m
- 10. running a secure cluster ■ Kerberos is one of the primary security controls you can use ■ Btw, what’s wrong with this kerberos principal? ■ hdfs@BIGINDUSTRIES.BE
- 11. kerberos continued ■ Kerberos uses a three-part principal ■ hdfs/node1.cluster1.bigindustries.be@BIGINDUSTRIES.BE ■ hdfs/node1.cluster2.bigindustries.be@BIGINDUSTRIES.BE ■ Best to use explicit mappings from kerberos principals to local users
- 12. hive / impala ■ HiveServer doesn’t support Kerberos => use HiveServer2 ■ Best to use Sentry to enforce role based access controls from SQL ■ Users can upload and execute arbitrary [possibly hostile] UDFs => enable Sentry ■ Older versions of Metastore don’t enforce permissions on grant_* and revoke_* APIs => stay up to date
- 13. availability ■ Most core components now support HA ■ HDFS ■ YARN ■ Hive ■ Hbase
- 14. disaster recovery ■ HDFS and HBase offer point-in-time snapshots ■ => consistentency! ■ Vendor-tethered solutions for site-to-site replication are available
- 15. encryption at rest ■ HDFS encryption zones ■ transparent to existing applications ■ minimal performance overhead on Intel architecture ■ key management is externalised
- 16. wire encryption ■ SSL encryption is now available for most Hadoop services ■ Note that AES-256 for SSL and for Kerberos preauth requires extra JCE policy files on the cluster
- 17. accounting ■ Vendor-tethered solutions are available for auditing ■ Navigator for Cloudera clusters ■ Ranger for HortonWorks clusters
- 18. tokenization ■ The process of substituting a sensitive data element with a non-sensitive equivalent ■ 3rd Party vendor solutions are available that integrate well with Hadoop
- 19. some places where there’s still some work to do ■ Setting up hadoop security controls is complex and time consuming ■ Not much support for SELinux around here ■ No general, coherent, policy-based framework for controlling resource access demands ■ Apache Knox is a starting point ■ => network and host resource access?
- 20. Integration ■ Integrating hadoop into an organisation’s services environment needs careful planning ■ Hadoop can conflict with established governance policies ■ system accounts & privileges ■ remote access ■ firewall flows ■ domains and trust ■ etc.
- 21. layered security in hadoop-core ■ Authentication: Kerberos ■ Authorisation: Local unix group or LDAP mappings ■ Authorisation: Sentry RBACS for hive/impala ■ Encryption: HDFS encryption ■ Encryption: SSL encryption for most services ■ Availability: Active/Passive failover HDFS, YARN, Hbase ■ Integrity: HDFS block replication & CRC checksum
- 22. but what about poodle/heartbleed/shellshock/whatever... ■ underlines the need for a mature information security governance strategy & architecture
- 23. defence-in-depth ■ A layered security architecture for Hadoop clusters is doable ■ eg. MasterCard’s Cloudera Hadoop cluster achieved PCI compliance in 2014 http://goo.gl/FP5DUt