2. ■ Process by which people migrate to and learn a
culture that is different from their original (or
heritage) culture
■ Difficult to study
3. What do you think happens to
people’s cultural psychology
when they move to a culture that
is different from the one where
they were raised?
4. Psychological adjustment
Aquiring a new language, learning new interpersonal and social
behaviors, adjusting one’s self concept
Key Terms
Migrants
Heritage culture
Host culture
Sojourners
Immigrants
Studies
Numerous done to explore migrants’ psychological adjustment
5. ■ Lysgaard study found a
pattern in Norwegian
Fulbright Scholars that
came to US
(1) U Shaped Curve
- Honeymoon
- Culture Shock
- Adjustment
■ Creation of a W Shaped
Curve (Gullahorn &
Gullahorn, 1963)
Sverre Lysgaard U-Curve of
Cultural Adjustment (1955)
(months)
6. It’s thought that success of people’s acculturation experiences are
influenced by the homogeneity of the society to which they are
trying to acculturate
Heterogeneous cultures thought to be better
Sojourner Adjustment: The Case of Foreigners in Japan (Hsiao-
Ying, 1995)
US vs Japan: Japan, L shape (no adjustment)
Possible that adjustment phase takes longer in homogenous
societies
7. What are some factors that
influence how people will adjust
to their acculturation
experiences?
9. Difference between two cultures in their overall ways of life
More cultural difference someone needs to travel, more difficulty person will
have in acculturating (Harder if cultures are more different)
One way to test the above hypothesis is to compare performance on various
measurements of acculturation across countries
One test that’s looked at a lot is ones over language performance (i.e. the
TOEFL)
Another study looked at overall cultural difference in general (Ward and
Kennedy, 1995)
Distance within same country
10. Is the degree to which an individual’s personality is more similar to the dominant
cultural values in host culture
Greater the cultural fit of a person with host culture, more easily he/she should
acculturate to it
Extraversion
Silventoinen et al., 2008
Searle & Warde, 1989
11. Berry & Sam, 1997
2 issues
Did people attempt to participate in host culture?
Are people striving to maintain their own heritage culture and identity as members of that
culture?
12. Other’s adopting “American Lifestyle”
Geol, McCarthy, Phillips, & Wee, 2004
US eating habits
Marmot & Syme, 1976
Japanese and heart disease
Immigrants and descendents exposed to harmful discrimination
13. What are some of the psychological
costs of being a member of a culture
that is actively discriminated against by
others?
14. People from diff cultures not all treated with equal respect
Happens to those who move to a new culture and to those whose ancestors are from diff cultural
background
Stereotype threat
African-Am & schooling
Steele et al., 1995
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FTYMSulvnyw (1:03)
Coping with stress of stereotype
Disidentify
Avoiding
15. How are people’s minds different if they
have lived in two distinct cultures
throughout their lives?
16. ■ If people’s self-concepts and ways of thinking are shaped
by their cultural experiences, then what kind of self-concept
do people have who live in more than one culture?
■ Blending vs Frame Switching
■ Studies on both
17. People’s self-concepts reflect a hybrid of their two
cultural words
Study by Heine & Lehman in 2004
Self-esteem of Japanese exchange students in
Canada vs Canadian English teachers in Japan
Self-esteem of 7 levels of Japanese who never
left Japan to those of Euro-descent Canadians
18. Thought to be when bicultural people are able to switch between different cultural selves
They don’t blend or lose culture
Different selves can be selectivity activated by cultral cues/contexts
Navigating language. Switch, don’t blend
W.E.B. Du Bois (1903/1989)
Af-Am; two selves/thoughts/etc.
Behave different in certain contexts; rules of school vs rules of street (aka “code-switching” from “decent to
street”)
Conscious process
Studies
Fish (Hong et al., 2000)
Brain clusters related info in networks, this is how priming works.
Unconscious process
Bicultural Identity Integration
19. Do you think multicultural people are
more creative?
20. More than one perspective may allow you to learn
how to see the world in novel ways, fostering
creativity
Ang Lee
Alejandro González Iñárritu
Will Maddux and Adam Galinsky (2009)
Measured creativity and identified correlations between levels
of creativity and living abroad
3 groups
Primed first then asked to draw an alien
21. “Dimensions in Acculturation: One, Two, or Many?” (De Vijver, 2015)
Says that there has been a shift on acculturation models from one- to
two- to multidimensional models
Describes each models and explains strengths/weaknesses
Argues that shift to two- and multidimensional models reflect complex
reality of psychological acculturation and changing nature of
migration in last 100 yrs
22. ● Lysgaard, S. (1955) Adjustment in a foreign society: Norwegian Fulbright grantees visiting the United States.
International Social Science Bulletin, 7, 45-51.
● Gullahorn, J.R., & Gullahorn, J.E. (1962). An extension of the u-curve hypothesis. Journal of Social Issues, 3, 33-47.
● Oberg, K. (1960). Culture shock: Adjustment to new cultural environments. Practical Anthropology, 7, 177-182.
● Gaw, K. (2000). Reverse culture shock in students returning from overseas. International Journal of Intercultural
Relations, 24, 89-104.
● Maddux, W.W. & Galinsky, A.H. (2010). When in rome . . . learn why the Romans do what they do: How Multicultural
Learning Experiences Facilitate Creativity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 731-741.
● De Vijver, F.J.R. (2015). Dimensions in Acculturation: One, Two, or Many? Psihologia Resurselor Umane, 13, 32-38.
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FTYMSulvnyw
● Heine, S.J. (2012). Cultural Psychology (2nd ed). New York: Norton.