Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposes that people are motivated to fulfill lower level needs like physiological and safety needs before pursuing higher level needs like esteem and self-actualization. Alderfer's ERG theory simplifies this by grouping needs into existence, relatedness, and growth. Herzberg identified motivators related to the job itself and hygiene factors about the environment. McClelland focused on power, affiliation, and achievement needs. McGregor proposed positive Theory Y and negative Theory X views of human motivation.

1. Maslow Need
Hierarchy
Comparative Study
Presentation By:
Rohit Kushwaha

2. What is Need
A Deficiency that a person experience at a particular time.
A need is something that is necessary for organisms to live a
healthy life. Needs are distinguished from wants. Needs can
be objective and physical, such as food, or they can be subjective
and psychological, such as the need for self-esteem. On a social
level, needs are sometimes controversial.
Theories of Need and Motivation
• Maslow Need Hierarchy
• McClelland Three Need Theory
• Alderfer’s ERG Model
• Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory
• McGregor X and Y Theory

3. ABRAHAM MASLOW

4. Maslow Hierarchy of Need Theory proposes that people
are motivated by multiple need and that needs exist in
Hierarchical order.
Self
Actualization
Esteem
Social
Safety
Physiological

5. Physiological Need
Physiological need are the biological needs required to preserve human life, these
needs include need for Food , Clothing, Shelter.
As pointed out by Maslow “ Man lives by bread alone, when there is no
bread”
Safety Need
Once physiological need is well gratified, the safety need begins to manifest. These
include
1 protection from physiological danger i.e. fire, accident etc.
2 Economic Safety i.e. Fringe, Health, Insurance programme etc.
3 Desire for orderly, predictable environment.
4 Desire to know the limit of acceptable behavior.
Maslow stressed emotional as well as physical safety.
Social Need
When lower need are satisfied , the social and love need become important
motivator of behaviour . Man wants to belong, to associate, to gain acceptance, to
give and receive friendship and affection.

6. Esteem Need
Esteem need are two fold in nature: Self Esteem and esteem of Others. Self-
esteem includes Self-Confidence, achievement , Self-Respect, Knowledge. The
second group include one’s reputation, need for status, for recognition etc.
Self Actualization Need
“Self Actualization is the desire to become what one is capable of becoming”
There are those need for realizing one’s own potentialities for continued self-
development, for being creative in the broadest sense of the term. Like a
musician must make a music, an artist must make a art, a poet must write.

7. Alderfer’s ERG Model
Rohit
Kushwaha
Roll no . 309
Clayton p. Alderfer

8. Existence Need – Need Require to preserve Human life. They include all of the
Maslow termed as Physiological need relating to material safety.
Relatedness needs – They refer to all socially intended needs i.e. how people
relates to their surrounding social environment. These include the need for
meaningful social and interpersonal relationship.
Growth Need – They reflect the individual Desire to be self-
confident, productive, and Creative, the desire to engage in tasks that require the
full utilization of abilities and that develop additional capabilities/Skill.

9. Self
Actualization
Growth
Need
Esteem
Relatedness
Social Need
Safety
Existance Need
Physiological
Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Alderfer’s Need Hierarchy

10. Comparative view
of
Maslow’s and Alderfer’s Theory
• Alderfer’s ERG theory is less restrictive as compared with Maslow.
• Alderfer’s theory represent the simplification of Maslow need priority
theory.
• Alderfer has removed the restriction about the activation of need in any
hierarchical order, he said that more then one theory can be activated at
same point of time.

11. Maslow Need Hierarchy
Self-
Esteem Actualizatio
Social Need n
Security Need
Physiologic
Need
al need
E R G

12. Herzberg’s Two Factor
Theory
Rohit
Kushwaha
Roll no . 309
Frederick Irving Herzberg

13. • This theory is also known as Dual Factor or Motivation-
Hygiene theory of Motivation. The theory originally was
derived by analyzing “critical incident” written by 200
engineers and accountant in 9 different company in
Pittsburgh area, USA. He researched and ask them
about there liked or Disliked about there job. Herzberg
called it as Motivation and Maintenance factor
respectively
• Hygiene Factor (Maintenance Factor)
• Motivation Factor

14. Hygiene Factor - Hygiene factor represent the need to remove
pain from the environment they are not intrinsic part of job but
they are related to the condition under which a job is performed.
They are environment related factor. Like Hygiene they do not
lead to growth but only prevent deterioration.
Motivators – Motivators are related with positive feeling of an
employee about the job. They are related with the content of the
job. They make person satisfied with there job . If managers wish
to increase motivation and performance above the average level
,they must enrich the work and increase a person’s freedom on
the job. Motivators are necessary to keep job satisfaction and job
performance high.

15. Self
Actualiza
tion
Motivators
Esteem
Social
Safety Hygiene
Physiological
Maslow Herzberg
Need Emphasized Goals, Incentives Emphasized

16. Maslow Herzberg
• Maslow formulated • Herzberg formulated
Theory in term of need. Theory in term of goal or
reward
• Theory is Descriptive.
• Theory is perspective.
• Payment is motivator if it
• Payment is not motivator.
satisfy need.
• Relevant for all worker.
• Probably more relevant
for White collar and
• All needs are motivator at professional worker.
some time. • Only some need are
motivators

17. McClelland Achievement
Theory
Rohit
Kushwaha
Roll no . 309
David McClelland

18. David C. McClelland studied achievement phenomenon for over 20
years at Harvard University and proposed Achievement motivation
theory.
According to McClelland there are three important need which
helps to understand human motivation in organization.
• Power Need
• Achievement Need
• Affiliation Need

19. Power Need – this is the need to dominate and control people. Power
speak about ability to manipulate or control the activities of other to suits one
own purposes. People with high need of power look for position of
leadership. They like to set goals make decision and direct activities.
Affiliation need – the need for affiliation is an social need for
companionship and support and for developing meaningful relationship with
people person with high need for affiliation are motivated by job that demand
frequent interaction with co-worker.
Achievement need – This is the need for challenges, for personal
accomplishment and success in competitive situation .

20. Herzberg Two Factor Theory
Hygiene Factor Motivation
factor
Self-
Esteem Actualizatio
Social Need n
Security Need
Physiologic
Need
al need
Affiliation -- Power -- Achievements

21. McGregor X and Y theory
Rohit
Kushwaha
Roll no . 309
Douglas McGregor

22. Douglas McGregor proposed basically two Distinct sets of assumption about
what motivate people basically negative, labeled theory X and other basically
positive, labeled Theory Y.
Theory X Assumption Theory Y Assumption
Employee dislike work and will try to Employee can view work as being as
avoid it. natural as rest or play
Since employee dislike work they must People will exercise self Direction and
be controlled, threatened with Self Control if they are committed to
punishment to achieve goal the objective.
Employee will seek formal direction Employee do not avoid responsibility
whenever possible and avoid
responsibility.
Employee wants security above all in People want security but they also
their work . have need such as self actualization
and esteem need.

23. Self
Actualiza
tion
Esteem Theory Y
Social
Safety
Theory X
Physiological

24. • Theory X – Theory x contends that people have an
inherent dislike of work and avoid it whenever possible.
Most people being lazy ,prefer to be directed, want to
avoid responsibility and are relatively unambitious. They
are controlled even threatened with punishment to get
them to work toward organizational goal.
• Theory Y – Theory Y present very much more optimistic
view of human nature. It assumes that
hardworking, creative and productive. They will direct
themselves toward objective if there achievements are
rewarded. Most of people have capacity to accept the
responsibility

25. Herzberg Two Factor Theory
Hygiene Factor Motivation
factor
Self-
Esteem Actualizatio
Social Need n
Security Need
Physiologic
Need
al need
Theory Y
Theory X
Affiliation -- Power -- Achievements