Ai and robotics

A
Seminar-2 Report
on
”Artiﬁcial intelligence and robotics”
By
Chaudhari Rohit Chandrakant
The Shirpur Education Society’s
Department of Mechanical Engineering
R. C. Patel Institute of Technology Shirpur - 425405.
Maharashtra State, India
[2019-20]

A
Seminar-2 Report
on
”Artiﬁcial Intelligence And Robotics”
Submitted By
Guided By
Prof. P.V.Baviskar
R. C. Patel Institute of Technology Shirpur - 425405.
[2019-20]

R. C. Patel Institute of Technology
Shirpur, Dist. Dhule (M.S.)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Seminar-I entitled ”Artiﬁcial Intelligence And Robotics” has been
carried out by :
of BE Mechanical Engineering class under the guidance of Prof.P.V.Baviskar during the
academic year 2019-20.
Date:
Place: Shirpur
Guide Seminar-I Coordinator
Prof.P. V. Baviskar Prof.N.G Shinde
H. O. D. Principal
Prof. P. L. Sarode Prof. Dr. J. B. Patil

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I thank the almighty for providing me with the strength and courage to present
the seminar.
I avail this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude towards Prof. P. L. Sarode, head
of mechanical engineering department, for permitting me to conduct the seminar. I also at the
outset thank and express my profound gratitude to my seminar guide Prof. P.V.Baviskar for
their inspiring assistance, encouragement and useful guidance.
I am also indebted to all the teaching and non- teaching staﬀ of the department of mechan-
ical engineering for their cooperation and suggestions, which is the spirit behind this report.
Last but not the least, I wish to express my sincere thanks to all my friends for their goodwill
and constructive ideas.

Contents
List of Figures ii
List of Tables iii
1 Introduction v
2 Artificial Intelligence vii
2.1 Introduction Of Artificial Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
2.2 History Of A.I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
2.3 The Relationship between Artificial Intelligence and Mechanical Engineering . . ix
3 Robotics xi
3.1 Introduction Of Robotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
3.2 History of Robotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
3.3 Types of Robots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
4 Artificial Intelligence In Robotics xvii
5 APPLICATIONS OF AI AND ROBOTICS xviii
6 Conclusion xx
BIBLIOGRAPHY xxi
i

List of Figures
2.1 Artiﬁcial Intellegence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
2.2 AI And Mechanical Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
2.3 AI+Mechanical Engineering+Robotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
3.1 Robotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
3.2 Mobile Robot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
3.3 Rolling Robot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
3.4 Walking Robot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv
3.5 Stationary Robot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
3.6 Autonomous Robot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
3.7 Space Robot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi
ii

ABSTRACT
The Artificial Intelligence and Robotics although addressing in similar problems. The two
fields interact profitably in the area of building intelligent agents; this inter action has resulted
in important developments in the area of vision and phased action. Recent advancements of
technologies, including computation, robotics, machine learning communication, and miniatur-
ization technologies, brings us closer to futuristic visions of compassionate intelligent devices.
The missing element is a basic understanding of how to relate human functions (physiological,
physical, and cognitive) to the design of intelligent devices and systems that aid and interact
with people. Robotics is the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction,
operation and application of robots and computer systems for their control sensory feedback,
and information processing.
Artificial intelligence in robots gives companies new opportunities to increase productivity,
make work safer, and save people valuable time. Substantial research is being devoted to using
AI to expand robot functionality. The general characteristics of computer programmes and
methods currently termed AI include technologies that create and use a predictive model to
determine correlations within large datasets and, are able, as a result, to make suggestions and
execute transactions. Examples include: Recommendation engines; spam filters; price engines;
algorithmic trading systems; scheduling systems; medical systems that process either images or
records to generate diagnoses. The output of an artificial intelligence algorithm can be used as
the input to another programme or physical machine which executes a task, such as a robot.
Intelligent robots can make work safer and more satisfying. Robots are assuming an increasing
range of jobs that are dangerous for humans, such as cleaning toxic or infected environments. AI
expands the potential for robots to share tasks or processes with workers, taking on those parts
of the task or process that are unergonomic and repetitive, such as lifting, fetching and carrying.

Chapter 1
Introduction
Artificial Intelligence and Robotics have a common root and a (relatively) long history of
interaction and scientific discussion. The birth of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics takes place
in the same period (70), and initially there was no clear distinction between the two disciplines.
The reason is that the notion of “intelligent machine” naturally leads to robots and Robotics.
One might argue that not every machine is a robot, and certainly Artificial Intelligence is
concerned also with virtual agents (i.e. agents that are not embodied in a physical machine).
On the other hand, many of the technical problems and solutions that are needed in order to
design robots are not dealt with by Artificial Intelligence research. A clear separation between
the fields can be seen in the ’70, when Robotics becomes more focused on industrial automation,
while Artificial Intelligence uses robots to demonstrate that machines can act also in everyday
environments. Later, the difficulties encountered in the design of robotic systems capable to
act in unconstrained environments led AI researchers to dismiss Robotics as a preferred testbed
for Artificial Intelligence. Conversely, the research in Robotics led to the development of more
and more sophisticated industrial robots. This state of affairs changed in the ’90s, when robots
begun to populate again AI laboratories and Robotics specifically addressed also less controlled
environments. In particular, robot competitions1 started: indeed they played a major role in
rehestablishing a strict relationship between AI and Robotics, that is nowadays one of the most
promising developments of research both in the national context and at the European level.
search community, and the developement of robots is again viewed as a prototypical case
of AI system. Following the title of the paper we shall refer to this body of research as AI
Robotics. We conclude this brief introduction with a disclaimer: the views presented in the
paper are those of AI research, that use robots as a preferred model of intelligent agent and
there is no attempt to provide a comprehensive survey. In the recent years, Robotics researchers
have also tackled some of the issues that are dealt with in the present paper, but the view of
Robotics research towards Artificial Intelligence may not be properly reflected in the paper.
The paper is organized as follows. In the next section we address the major scientific issues in
the field. Then we look at the connections and relationships with other topics addressed in this
collection, and with other disciplines. Afterwords, we present some application scenarios that
have been developed by the research in Italy.
The ultimate goal of designing and building intelligent agent that perceive reason about,
and act upon, our everyday world is shared by artificial intelligence (Al) and robotics. We
v

RCPIT, Shirpur
shall discuss further advances that are essential for eventual success this area. Vision may be
done much more efficiently and success as possible on the basis of sensory inputs, avoiding
the fully when the system knows what it is looking for computational and semantic difficulties
of large databases the essence of a computer vision subfield called model based vision. The
agent has such a system, allowing it to remember more about the con-a continuing interaction
with the world; it can utilize prior text of its action while retaining much of its computational
knowledge to predict what it will see. Manipulation research has addressed such problems as
planning the motion of arms through space and computing appropriate angles from which a
manipulator should grasp an object. As regards locomotion, control systems are developed for
widely divergent styles of movement, including robots on wheels or with one or more legs, as
well robots that swim and fly.
Robotics is a branch of AI, which is composed of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science for designing, construction, and application of robots. Roboticists are nowhere near
achieving this level of artificial Intelligence but they have made a lot of progress with more
limited AI. Today’s AI machines can replicate some specific- Today’s AI machines can replicate
some specific elements of in intellectual ability. There is endless variety in the size, shape
and jobs of robots. Some robots are used day after day in factories, while others are highly
experimental and use artificial intelligence to behave more and more like living creatures, able
to act independently in changing environments.
vi

Chapter 2
Artificial Intelligence
2.1 Introduction Of Artificial Intelligence
“Artificial Intelligence...
A Window to Mankind
Can machines think?”
Figure 2.1: Artificial Intellegence
Defination Artificial Intelligent
vii

RCPIT, Shirpur CHAPTER 2. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
”Artificial Intelligence is a branch of Science, which deals with helping machines find solu-
tions to complex problems in a more human-like fashion.” This generally involves harrowing
characteristics from human intelligence, and applying them as algorithms in a computer friendly
way. AI is generally associated with Computer Science, but it has many important links with
other fields such as Math, Psychology, Cognition, Biology and Philosophy, among many others.
The Potential applications of Artificial Intelligence are endless. They stretch from the military
for autonomous control and target identification, to the entertainment industry for computer
games and robotic pets
AI is the area of computer science which enables the machines to show intelligent behaviour
towards the work they pursue. This field has been the result of the mapping of “human
intelligence” into the machines for yielding a better efficiency and an automatized industry
With the development of computer technology, the application of artificial intelligence tech-
nology is more and more extensive. This paper summarizes the artificial intelligence technology,
including its development process, composition. What’s more, the concept of mechanical and
electronic engineering is introduced and the relationship between mechanical and electronic
engineering and artificial intelligence technology is analyzed. Finally, the development of ar-
tificial intelligence in mechanical fault diagnosis is summarized. Taking the fault diagnosis of
hot forging press as an example to illustrate the specific application of artificial intelligence in
mechanical engineering.
Artificial intelligence is an emerging technology science that studies and develops the theory,
technology and application systems for simulating and extending human intelligence, involving
disciplines such as psychology, cognitive science, thinking science, information science, systems
science and bioscience. The Artificial intelligence is in fact the simulation of the process of data
interaction of human thinking, hoping to understand the essence of human intelligence and
then produce a smart machine, this intelligent machine can be the same as human thinking
to respond and deal with the problem . With the continuous progress of science and tech-
nology, mechanical engineering is also constantly evolving and changing, from the traditional
mechanical engineering to the electronic mechanical engineering. And its level of automation
and intellectualization has a continuous improvement, it went into a new stage of development,
thus, the combination of artificial intelligence technology and mechanical and electronic engi-
neering has become a hotspot. Artificial intelligence technology is applied under the premise
of the development of computer technology, which improved the computer technology through
the analysis of it to achieve the realization of intelligent technology. When Intelligent technol-
ogy being applied in mechanical and electrical engineering, it mainly achieved the automation
control of mechanical engineering, the applications of artificial intelligence in mechanical and
electrical engineering is not only the use of computer technology, but also combined with infor-
mation technology, psychology, linguistics and other knowledge .The purpose of this paper is
to report the composition and development of artificial intelligence, as well as the relationship
between artificial intelligence and mechanical and electronic engineering. Most importantly, it
aims to study how artificial intelligence is applied in the field of mechanical engineering.
viii

2.2 History Of A.I.
”if a human could not distinguish between responses from a machine and a human, the
machine could be considered ”intelligent”. The first work that is now generally recognized as
AI was Mc Cullouch and Pitts’ 1943 formal design for Turing-complete ”artificial neurons”.
The field of AI research was born at a workshop at Dartmouth College in 1956. Attendees
Allen Newell (CMU), Herbert Simon (CMU), John McCarthy (MIT), Marvin Minsky(MIT) and
Arthur Samuel (IBM) became the founders and leaders of AI research. They and their students
produced programs that the press described as ”astonishing”:computers were learning checkers
strategies (c. 1954) (and by 1959 were reportedly playing better than the average human),
solving word problems in algebra, proving logical theorems (Logic Theorist, first run c. 1956)
and speaking English.By the middle of the 1960s, research in the U.S. was heavily funded by the
Department of Defenseand laboratories had been established around the world.AI’s founders
were optimistic about the future: Herbert Simon predicted, ”machines will be capable, within
twenty years, of doing any work a man can do”. Marvin Minsky agreed, writing, ”within a
generation ... the problem of creating ’artificial intelligence’ will substantially be solved”.
They failed to recognize the difficulty of some of the remaining tasks. Progress slowed and
in 1974, in response to the criticism of Sir James Lighthill and ongoing pressure from the US
Congress to fund more productive projects, both the U.S. and British governments cut off
exploratory research in AI. The next few years would later be called an ”AI winter”, a period
when obtaining funding for AI projects was difficult.
2.3 The Relationship between Artificial Intelligence and
Mechanical Engineering
With the rapid development of information, mechanical engineering as a basic discipline has
been widely used in our life. But the mechanical engineering also has shortcomings, such as the
unstable system, the reason of the problem is the imperfect factor of the electronic information
system. Artificial intelligence itself can quickly transfer the information and timely process
it, which can effectively make up for this shortcoming. In the process of input and output in
mechanical engineering
ix

Figure 2.2: AI And Mechanical Engineering
Figure 2.3: AI+Mechanical Engineering+Robotics
x

Chapter 3
Robotics
Deﬁnation Of Robotics
A robot is a machine that gathers information about its environment (senses) and uses that
information (thinks) to follow instructions and to do work (acts). A robot is an electromechan-
ical or bio-mechanical device or group of devices that can perform repetitive or pre programed
tasks. A robot May act under the direct control of a human, such as the arm on a space
shuttle, or under the control of a programmed computer. Robots are being designed to perform
precision surgery, explore space, the ocean, and other dangerous areas.
Figure 3.1: Robotics
3.1 Introduction Of Robotics
With growing developments in the ﬁeld of mechatronics and mathematic modeling, robotics
has come a long way. From an iron piece that could move only a few inches, there are now ma-
chines capable of jumping from high-rise buildings, detecting landmines, performing operations
and troubleshooting. The very mention of a ‘robot’ reminds one of the Terminators/ Cyborgs
with their menacing steel bodies and reddened eyes, which are out to destroy the world. From
the early Stark Trek days to the current cybernetics agents in Matrix and X-Men, these agents
xi

RCPIT, Shirpur CHAPTER 3. ROBOTICS
have time and reminded us of the holocaust, and with the emergence of new found technologies
the fears are just confounding.
Meaning of Robotics
Robotics means the study and application of robot technology. Robotics is a branch of
engineering that involves conception, design, manufacture, and operation of machines assigned
for specific high precision and repetitive tasks
3.2 History of Robotics
The term ‘robot’ got prominence way back in the 1950s when Karl Capek in his play Rossum’s
Universal Robots denoted the birth of a superior race that had intelligence similar to that of
humans. Later on Issac Asimov introduced his laws of robots and finally Eric Elenberger, who
is considered as the father of robotics, introduced real time robots to the world.
3.3 Types of Robots
• Mobile Robots
• Rolling Robots
• Walking Robots
• Stationary Robots
• Autonomous Robots
• Space Robots
Ask a number of people to describe a robot and most of them will answer they look like a
human. Interestingly a robot that looks like a human is probably the most difficult robot to
make. Is is usually a waste of time and not the most sensible thing to model a robot after a
human being. A robot needs to be above all functional and designed with qualities that suits
its primary tasks. It depends on the task at hand whether the robot is big, small, able to move
or nailed to the ground. Each and every task means different qualities, form and function, a
robot needs to be designed with the task in mind.
• Mobile Robots
xii

Figure 3.2: Mobile Robot
Mobile robots are able to move, usually they perform task such as search areas. A prime
example is the Mars Explorer, speciﬁcally designed to roam the mars surface. Mobile robots
are a great help to such collapsed building for survivors Mobile robots are used for task where
people cannot go. Either because it is too dangerous of because people cannot reach the area
that needs to be searched.
• Rolling Robots
Figure 3.3: Rolling Robot
xiii

Rolling robots have wheels to move around. These are the type of robots that can quickly
and easily search move around. However they are only useful in flat areas, rocky terrains give
them a hard time. Flat terrains are their territory.
• Walking Robots
Figure 3.4: Walking Robot
Robots on legs are usually brought in when the terrain is rocky and difficult to enter with
wheels. Robots have a hard time shifting balance and keep them from tumbling. That’s why
most robots with have at least 4 of them, usually they have 6 legs or more. Even when they lift
one or more legs they still keep their balance. Development of legged robots is often modeled
after insects or crawfish..
• Stationary Robots
Robots are not only used to explore areas or imitate a human being. Most robots perform
repeating tasks without ever moving an inch. Most robots are ‘working’ in industry settings.
Especially dull and repeating tasks are suitable for robots. A robot never grows tired, it will
perform its duty day and night without ever complaining. In case the tasks at hand are done,
the robots will be reprogrammed to perform other tasks.
xiv

Figure 3.5: Stationary Robot
• Autonomous Robots
Figure 3.6: Autonomous Robot
Autonomous robots are self supporting or in other words self contained. In a way they rely
on their own ‘brains’. Autonomous robots run a program that give them the opportunity to
decide on the action to perform depending on their surroundings. At times these robots even
xv

learn new behavior. They start out with a short routine and adapt this routine to be more
successful at the task they perform. The most successful routine will be repeated as such their
behavior is shaped. Autonomous robots can learn to walk or avoid obstacles they find in their
way. Think about a six legged robot, at first the legs move ad random, after a little while the
robot adjust its program and performs a pattern which enables it to move in a direction An
autonomous robot is despite its autonomous not a very clever or intelligent unit. The memory
and brain capacity is usually limited, an autonomous robot can be compared to an insect in
that respect. In case a robot needs to perform more complicated yet undetermined tasks an
autonomous robot is not the right choice. Complicated tasks are still best performed by human
beings with real brainpower. A person can guide a robot by remote control. A person can
perform difficult and usually dangerous tasks without being at the spot where the tasks are
performed. To detonate a bomb it is safer to send the robot to the danger area.
• Space Robots
Figure 3.7: Space Robot
This is main type of robotics in now a day and full focused on that part
Space robotics is the development of general purpose machines that are capable of surviving
(for a time, at least) the rigors of the space environment, and performing exploration, assem-
bly, construction, maintenance, servicing or other tasks that may or may not have been fully
understood at the time of the design of the robot.
xvi

Chapter 4
Artificial Intelligence In Robotics
Artificial Intelligence and Robotics have a common root and a (relatively) long history of
interaction and scientific discussion. The birth of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics takes place
in the same period (’50), and initially there was no clear distinction between the two disciplines.
The reason is that the notion of “intelligent machine” naturally leads to robots and Robotics.
One might argue that not every machine is a robot, and certainly Artificial Intelligence is
concerned also with virtual agents (i.e. agents that are not embodied in a physical machine).
On the other hand, many of the technical problems and solutions that are needed in order to
design robots are not dealt with by Artificial Intelligence research.
As already mentioned, the research on AI Robotics intersects a number of subfields of AI.
Indeed, the robotic agent can be seen as a main target for the grand goal of Artificial Intel-
ligence, and thus for all the aspects of AI somewhat related to Robotics. Below, we address
the main connections with the other AI research topics included in this collection. Machine
Learning Learning approaches are being applied to many problems arising in the design of
robots. According to the structure adopted above, both action and perception can be sup-
ported by learning approaches. Moreover, several approaches that include a training step are
pursued ranging from machine learning approaches to genetic programming, and neural net-
works. From the standpoint of action, learning approaches can be used for the basic action
skills, specifically locomotion, but also learning cooperative behaviours, adaptation to the en-
vironment, and learning opponents’ behavior, among others. Obviously, the learning process
must face the challenges of the experiments with real robots. Nevertheless, in several exper-
imental settings (e.g. RoboCup), learning and adaptation of the basic skill, such as walking,
vision calibration, have shown to be much more effective than parameter tuning by hand.
xvii

Chapter 5
APPLICATIONS OF AI AND
ROBOTICS
Artificial Intelligence has been used in a wide range of fields including medical diagnosis,
stock trading, robot control, law, scientific discovery and toys. However, due to the AI effect,
many applications are not perceived as AI: ”A lot of cutting edge AI has filtered into general
applications, often without being called AI.
Many thousands of AI applications are deeply embedded in the infrastructure of every in-
dustry.
1) Computer science:
AI researchers have created many tools to solve the most difficult problems in computer
science. Many of their inventions have been adopted by mainstream computer science and
are no longer considered a part of AI. All of the following were originally developed in AI
laboratories: time sharing, interactive interpreters, graphical- User interfaces and the computer
mouse, the linked list data structure ,symbolic programming and object-oriented programming.
2) Finance:
Financial Institutions have long used artificial neural network systems to detect charges
or claims outside of the norm, flagging these for human investigation. Bank use artificial
intelligence systems to organize operations, invest in stocks and manage properties. In August
2001, robots beat humans in a simulated financial trading competition.
3) Hospitals and medicine:
Artificial neural network are used in clinical decision support system for medical diagnosis,
such as in Concept Processing Technology in EMR software. Other tasks in medicine that can
potentially be performed by artificial intelligence include:
xviii

RCPIT, Shirpur CHAPTER 5. APPLICATIONS OF AI AND ROBOTICS
a.) Computer-aided interpretation of medical images. Such systems help scan digital images
e.g. from computer tomography, for typical appearances and to highlight conspicuous sections,
such as possible diseases. A typical application is the detection tumour.
b) Heart sound analysis.
c) Watson project is another use of AI in this field, a Q/A program that suggest for doctor’s
of cancer patients
d) Companion robots for the care of the elderly.
4) Music:
The evolution of music has always been affected by technology. With AI, scientists are trying
to make the computer emulate the activities of the skillful musician. Composition, performance,
music theory, sound processing are some of the major areas on which research in Music and
Artificial Intelligence are focusing.
5) Aviation:
The Air Operations Division (AOD) uses AI for the rule based expert systems. The AOD
has use for artificial intelligence. for surrogate operators for combat and training simulators, for
tactical decision making. And post processing of the simulator data into symbolic summaries.
6) Toys and Games.
AI also used in to help to introduced people, especially children, to a life of dealing with
various types of Artificial Intelligence
xix

Chapter 6
Conclusion
Aspects of intelligent behavior, such as solving problems, making inferences, learning, and
understanding language, have already been coded as computer programs, AI programs out-
perform human experts. The necessity of providing solutions that work eﬃciently in the real
world has propelled AI research along signiﬁcant new paths of investigation in perception and
planning. For the endeavor to succeed, further advances will be needed from AI in the areas of
belief revision and learning. Therefore, having robots helps business owners to be competitive,
because robots can do jobs better and faster than humans.
xx

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