This document discusses various methods and considerations for collecting and analyzing data. It describes primary and secondary data sources and qualitative and quantitative methods. It also discusses different research tools like questionnaires, interviews, and mechanical devices. Guidelines are provided for developing questionnaires and conducting interviews. Different types of questions, interview formats, and potential issues are outlined. Overall, the document provides an overview of data collection methods and best practices for tools like questionnaires and interviews.

1. Collection of
Data

2. Malabanan, Kathleen S.
Data, Classification of Data According to
Source, Selecting the Method of Data and
Research instruments or tools. 

3. Data
 These
are factual information used as a basis
for reasoning, discussion, and research.
 It
also pertains information, especially
facts, quantities, records or numbers,
collected to be examined and considered
and used to help decision-making.

4. Collection of Data
Primary Data and Secondary Data

5. Primary Data

are those which are
collected for specific
purpose directly from the
field of enquiry and
original in nature.

Such data are published by
authorities who themselves
are responsible for their
collection.

They are original and raw.
Example:
 Documents
 Creative works
 Interviews
 Man-made
materials
 Surveys

6. Secondary Data

This is any source
cited for its secondhand information from
a different work.

It also pertains on the
data which have
already collected by
other person who
entitled to organize a
data.
Example:
 Unpublished
thesis and
dissertations
 Manuscript
 Books
 Journals

7. Selecting the Method of
Data
Qualitative Method and
Quantitative Method

8. Qualitative Method
 Deals
with descriptions.
 Data can be observed but not
measured. It approximates or
characterizes but does not measure
the attributes, characteristics, and
properties of a thing or phenomenon.

9. Quantitative Method
 Deals
with numbers.
 Data which can be measured.
 This method rely on random sampling
and structured data collection
instruments that fit diverse
experiences into predetermined
response categories.

10. Research Instruments or
Tools
Clerical Tools and Mechanical Tools

11. Clerical Tools

used when researcher studies people and
gathers data on the feelings, emotions, attitudes
and judgment of the subjects.
Example:
 Questionnaire
 Interview
 Experiment
 Observation

12. Mechanical Devices

includes all tools that is used in different
branch of science. It is more on to
measure things.
Example:

Thermometers

Cameras

Microscopes

Meter stick

13. Malabanan, Llana Lyn O.
Questionnaire, Advantages and
Disadavantages of Questionnaire, and
Construction of a Questionnaire 

14. Questionnaire
is
a list of prepared questions or a
checklist.
This is usually sent of distributed
to respondents for the purpose of
seeking their opinions, views,
suggestions, or perceptions.

15. Advantages of Questionnaire

Practical

Large amounts of information can be collected from a large
number of people in a short period of time

Can be carried out by the researcher or by any number of people
with limited affect to its validity and reliability

The results of the questionnaires can usually be quickly and easily
quantified by either a researcher or through the use of a software
package

Can be analysed more 'scientifically' and objectively than other
forms of research

16. Disadvantages of Questionnaire

Lacks validity

There is no way to tell how truthful a respondent is being

There is no way of telling how much thought a respondent has
put in

The respondent may be forgetful or not thinking within the full
context of the situation

People may read differently into each question and therefore
reply based on their own interpretation of the question

17. Construction of a Questionnaire

Doing a research with a specified topic

Talking to people with knowledge about the topic

Study the guidelines on what data should be gathered

Writing the Questionnaire

Revise the Questionnaire

Rewrite the Questionnaire

Pre-test the Questionnaire

Write the Questionnaire in the final form

18. Malijan, Robert Quinte G.
Types of Questions, Guidelines in
Formulation, Some Problems with
Responses, and Evidence of Misleading
Questions 

19. Types of Questions

Open-ended Questions – They are used in qualitative interviews
where the respondent is made to explain why certain things is done.

Free Response Questions – They are asked in such a way that the
respondent does not limit the scope of his answers or responses.

Multiple Choices – It is the most commonly used type of questioning.
It is a list of a number of answers provided for every question.

Scaled Response – The respondents are given a range of categories in
which to express their feelings or opinions.

Checklist – This is a form of multiple choice questions from which the
respondents chooses one or more response categories.

Ranking Questions – This refers to an opinion question where the
respondent is asked to rank comparatively the items listed either in
ascending or descending order.

Dichotomous Question – There are only two possible answers to the
questions like the Yes – No type.

20. Guidelines in Formulation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Decide on the specific information needed and its sources.
Prepare a list of sources of the specific information needed.
Put yourself in a place of the respondents.
Understand the sequences in which these various subjects should appear on the
questionnaire.
Decide on the type of question to use.
Write the actual question.
Provide proper spaces for the answers.
Consider the facts needed to understand the results properly.
Examine the whole questionnaire.
Try to time test yourself in answering the whole questionnaire.
See if the questions are clear, interesting, and cordial.
Reconsider the hypothesis to see if the questions are asked to answer the research
problem.
Pre-test the questionnaire.
Have the final form reproduced in the quality and quantity needed.

21. Some Problems with Responses
1. Answers
might be bias
2. The answers might be irrelevant.
3. Answers might be a guess.
4. The choice of words affect responses.
5. Some respondents give answers that would make
them appear good to a researcher.
6. Irrelevant way of the respondents answering the
questionnaire.

22. Manalang, John Michael A.
Cover Letter, Evaluating Questionnaire,
Interview, Purposes and Uses of the Interview,
Advantages and Disadvantages of Interview 

23. Cover Letter

– it would be a classified as a part of a questionnaire where in it is
normally written at the upper left corner of the questionnaire that
entails the message of the researcher to the respondents
Things that should be seen in a cover letter would be:
Purpose of the questionnaire
The study itself
Thing to be gathered in the questionnaire for the research
Reasons it should be answered
Due date of the questionnaire
Guaranteed confidentiality for the respondents
Expressions of thanks to the respondents

24. Evaluating the Questionnaire
These are the following to consider in evaluating a
questionnaire:

Grammar

Format

Arrangement of Questions

Relevant to the Study

Number of Questions

Format of the Questionnaire

Reliability of Questionnaire

Respondents

25. Interview
 It
is one of the major techniques in
gathering data or information.
 It is a conversation between two or
more people where questions are
asked by the interviewer to elicit facts
or statements from the interviewee.

26. Purposes and Uses of the
Interview

The researcher could gain some insights about the
study, the variables to be use, in making the
hypothesis and generalize questions and the
methods to be use statistically.

The researcher could add some more significance
about the study.

The researcher could collect some factual data in
order to be added for the support of the study.

27. Advantage of the Interview

Generating more valid and compete information

Interviewer can classify points or questions which
are vogue to the interviewee

Seeing the sincerity in terms of answering the
questions

Flexibility

Greater complex questions can be asked

28. Disadvantage of Interview
 Respondents
 Time
would be hard to be contacted
consuming
 Inaccurate
in terms of getting numerical
data
 Inaccurate
due to bias data given by the
interviewee in favourable with the study
 Difficult
to make conclusion

29. Manguiat, Michelle Ann L.
Types or Classes of Interview 

30. Types or Classes of Interview
Structured
Interview
Semi-structured
Interview
Unstructured Interview

31. Structured Interview

Description and/or Aim of interview:
- Normally, structured interviews are done in a face-to-face format or via
telephone using a standard set of questions to obtain data that can be
aggregated because identical questions have been asked of each participant.

Nature of questioning route: fixed, given order, very standardized

Type of question format/structure:
1.
Open-ended
2.
Closed-ended with ordered response choices
3.
Closed-ended with unordered response choices
4.
Partially closed-ended

Role of probing: Little or none, perhaps only repeating or clarifying
instructions

32. Semi – Structured Interview

Description and/or aim of interview: “More or less open-ended questions are
brought to the interview situation in the form of an interview guide” (Flick, 1998 p.
94). From the beginning the focus is on gaining an understanding based on textual
information obtained. The level of depth of understanding that the researcher
pursues is used to characterize this type of interview.

Nature of questioning route: flexible, but usually a given set of questions is
covered, varying levels of standardization

Type of question format/structure:
1.
Open-ended, yet directed at obtaining particular information (content, topic,
aspects of theory, etc.)
2.
In some cases, closed-ended style of questions are used

Role of probing: Get the participant to expand upon their answer, give more
details, and add additional perspectives

33. Unstructured Interview

Description and/or Aim of interview:
Normally, unstructured interviews are done in a face-to-face format and
some would say you are trying to get participants to share stories. The
researcher starts from a position of wanting to be sensitive to how
participants construct their views and perspectives of things. Therefore,
a goal is to allow the participant’s structure to dominate.

Nature of questioning route: ask questions to get people to talk
about constructs/variables of interest to the researcher.

Type of question format/structure:
1.
Open-ended – descriptive
2.
Reactions to a given situation presented by the researcher

Role of probing: Simply to get the participant of talk about a topic
area, normally probing questions are not directed, but rather asked to
encourage the participant to keep talking or to get back to the
subject of interest.

34. Manojo, Reymel L.
Interview Instrument and What to avoid
in interviews

35. Interview Instrument
1. Interview Schedule

It is like a
questionnaire.

Used when the
researcher knows all
the item to be
included in the
interview about the
research problem.
2. Interview Guide

It only provides ideas
and allows the
interviewer to freely
pursue relevant topics
in depth.

The items provide for
flexibility in the
manner, order, and
language of questioning.

36. Steps in Interview
1. Set
the feeling tone for the interview
2. Set
up Equipment
3. Prepare
4. Start
the Person
the Tape Recorders
5. Let
the Interviewee Talk
6. Get
Consent
7.
Word/Name list

37. What to avoid in Interviews

Being unprepared

Dress in a wrong manner

Don’t argue with the interviewee’s answer in the
questions

Don’t talk irrelevant manners

Don’t unduly pressing the respondent to make a reply

Don’t appear too high above the respondent in
education, knowledge and social status.

Don’t talk about irrelevant matters

38. Thanks for listening guys. 
Prepared and Edited by: itsmeroqui