3. Introduction
• A wide variety of neoplasms arise in the lungs
• Many are overtly malignant, others are definitely benign
• Some fall in between these two extremes
4. Introduction
• Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in developed
countries.
• The prognosis is poor, with less than 15% of patients surviving
5 years after diagnosis. The poor prognosis is attributable to lack of
efficient diagnostic methods for early detection and lack of successful
treatment for metastatic disease.
5. Introduction
• The usefulness of the various imaging examinations
largely depends on the clinical findings at the time of
presentation and also on the stage of the disease
• Many imaging modalities are used to further evaluate the
findings seen on the previous imaging and to determine
the stage of the disease.
6. Bronchial carcinoma
• Most common cause of cancer in men
• 6th most frequent cancer in women
• Leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide – 20%
• In India, approximately 63,000 new lung cancer cases are reported each year.
• Major risk factor is cigarette smoking which is implicated in 90% of cases.
• Other risk factors include radon, asbestos, uranium, arsenic, chromium
13. Airway obstruction
• Collapse – segmental / lobar / entire lung
• Consolidation – infection distal to obstruction prior to
collapse
– absent air bronchogram
• Mucocele or bronchocele due to mucoid impaction
14. Airway obstruction
Central mass
• Shape of the collapsed or consolidated lobe may be altered
because of the bulk of the underlying tumor
• Fissure in the region of the mass is unable to move in the
usual manner , and fissure may show a bulge – Golden S sign
17. Peripheral mass
• Common presentation of lung Ca
• Larger; poorly defined, lobulated, umbilicated or
spiculated margins (Corona radiata)
• Satellite opacities – more in benign than malignant
• Calcification – diffuse or central
• Doubling time – 1-18 months ; >2 yrs – benign
18. Peripheral mass
• Cavitation – central necrosis or abscess formation
• Malignant cavities – thick walled, irregular nodular
inner margin
• Pancoast/ superior sulcus tumors – lung apex – tendency to invade
ribs, spine, brachial plexus, and inferior cervical sympathetic
ganglia
26. Bone involvement
• Direct invasion : peripheral carcinomas-ribs / spine
• Hematogenous : lytic, identified earliest by isotope bone scan
• Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy – well defined periosteal new
bone formation
27. Diagnostic imaging
• The prognosis and treatment of lung cancer depends
on the general condition of the patient and on the histology
of the tumor and its extent at the time of presentation
28. Diagnostic imaging
• SCLC – metastasise early, disseminated at presentation, chemosensitive
• NSCLC – metastasise later, esp. squamous
• Central tumors – sputum cytology, bronchoscopic biopsies or washings
• Peripheral tumors – percutaneous biopsy with fluoroscopic,
CT or USG guidance
30. Staging
Purposes
• Identify patients with NSCLC who will benefit from surgery
• To avoid surgery in those who will not benefit
• To provide accurate data for assessing and
comparing different methods of treatment
42. Alveolar cell carcinoma
• Bronchiolar or bronchio-alveolar Ca
• Subtype of adeno Ca
• Peripherally, probably from type II pneumocytes
• Not associated with smoking
• May be associated with diffuse pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary scars
43. Alveolar cell carcinoma
Two patterns:
• Focal form – solitary peripheral mass, air bronchograms often visible,
may spread via airways to progress to diffuse pattern
• Diffuse form – multiple acinar shadows, with areas of confluence
CT : ground glass opacification, small nodular opacities, frank
consolidation, thickened interlobular septa
45. Rare primary malignant neoplasms
Pulmonary Kaposi’s sarcoma
• AIDS
• Segmental or lobar consolidation
• Multiple nodular and linear opacities
• Pleural effusions
• Hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy
46. Rare primary malignant neoplasms
Pulmonary artery angiosarcoma
• Hilar mass
• Signs of pulmonary embolism and pulmonary artery
hypertension
47. Rare primary malignant neoplasms
• Fibrosarcoma
• Leiomyosarcoma
• Carcinosarcoma
• Pulmonary blastoma
• Malignant hemangiopericytoma
Often present as solitary pulmonary mass radiologically
indistinguishable from a carcinoma of the lung
51. Pulmonary hamartoma
• Consists of abnormal arrangement of tissues normally found in
the organ concerned
• Large cartilaginous component, and appreciable fatty component
• Solitary nodule in an asymptomatic adult
• Rare in childhood
52. Pulmonary hamartoma
• Peripheral
• Well circumscribed nodules
• Do not cavitate
• Low density within denotes fat
• 30% show calcification on x-ray with popcorn appearance
• Grow slowly on serial films
54. Intrathoracic lymphoma and leukemia
Hodgkin’s disease
• MC lymphoma
• Usually arises in lymph nodes – hilar or mediastinal node enlargement on CXR
• Lymphadenopathy – frequently bilateral, asymmetrical, involves anterior
mediastinal glands
• CT – Paraspinal and retrosternal nodes
55. Hodgkin’s disease
• Involves lung parenchyma in 30%
• Pulmonary infiltrate may appear as solitary areas of consolidation,
larger confluent areas or miliary nodules
• Pulmonary opacities may have an air bronchogram and may cavitate
• Pleural effusion due to lymphatic obstruction, pleural plaques may
be seen
57. Non – Hodgkin’s disease
• Radiologic manifestations are similar to Hodgkin’s disease
• Progression of disease is less orderly
• Pulmonary and pleural involvement precedes mediastinal
disease
59. Pseudolymphoma
• Tumor like condition which behaves benignly
• Focal
• Solitary or multiple areas of pulmonary consolidation
• Air bronchogram, cavitation may occur
60. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis
• Angiocentric, angiodestructive lymphoreticular, proliferative and granulomatous
disease predominantly involving the lungs
• A T-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
• Multiple ill defined nodules resembling metastases
62. Leukemia
• Radiographic abnormalitites are due to the complications of the disease
• Mediastinal lymph node enlargement, pleural effusion, pulmonary
infiltrates
• More common in lymphatic than myeloid leukemia
63. Metastatic lung disease
• Hematogenous > lymphatic > Endobronchial
• Primaries – breast, skeleton, urogenital system, colon,
melanoma
• Bilateral ,basal predominance, often peripheral and
subpleural
• Spherical, well defined margins
68. Solitary pulmonary nodule
• Defined as a solitary circumscribed pulmonary opacity
3 cm in diameter with no associated pulmonary, pleural or
mediastinal
abnormality
• 40% of SPNs are malignant
Complete collapse of left upper lobe with elevated left hemidiaphragm due to phrenic n. involvemt
Collapse of entire left lung; dilated fluid filled bronchi in lingula of left lung sec. to ca at left hilum
A small soft tissue nodule in left mid zone; 18 months later, tumor has enlarged n cavitated
Mass with spiculated margins , strands of tissue extending into adjacent lung parenchyma - adeno:
Thick walled cavitating mass with spiculated outer surface n nodular inner surface - squamous
sagittal T1-weighted images after the administration of Gadolinium.
Eso: ln or tumor mass
Enlarged heart shadow which was due to pericardial effusion – small cell ca
Extrinsic compressn of mid esoph. By enlarged subcarinal LNs.
Isotope bone scan before cxr
Ct guided percutaneous biopsy
Green : amenable to surgery
T1 tumour.
T2 tumor with obstructive infiltrate of the left lower lobe.
T2 tumor (> 3cm) in the right lower lobe with ipsilateral hilar node (N1).
tumor in the right upper lobe with progression into the mediastinum (T4) with ipsilateral mediastinal N2 nodes in station 4R(lower paratracheal).
central tumor in the right lung.
Lymphadenopathy- lower paratracheal station on the left (i.e. station 4L).
This is N3-stage due to contralateral mediastinal nodes.
CXr- solitary rt. Upper zone mass; Ct shows ground glass opacificatn n dense consolidatn
Amino precursor uptake decarboxylation
Well defined round soft tissue mass overlyin right hilum
Well circumscribed soft tissue density mass
CXR- rt. Hilar lymphadenopathy, CECT shows massive antr mediastinal LN.pathy, with large pleural effusn