Presentation is about pyrolysis, types of pyrolysis, equipment, advantages, and application of pyrolysis

1. Presented by:
Er Ruchika Zalpouri
PAU
PYROLYSIS
PFE 605

2. The solid product arising from
pyrolysis of any organic
material.
The solid, carbon-rich residue left
when biomass is heated in an
environment with limited oxygen
Living or once-living material,
which is the feedstock (starting
material) for making biochar
Charcoal-like material made under
suitable conditions from non-
contaminated starting material, and
crushed into small pieces for mixing in
the soil.
Biomass Biochar
CharcoalChar

3. The gas from pyrolysis
comprising primarily combustible
gases CO, H2 and CH4 along
with CO2, steam and N2; also
known as wood gas and syngas.
Inorganic compounds in the
biochar. (Also refers to material
remaining after combustion, which
includes a small percentage of
carbon.)
Pyrogas or
Pyrolysis gas
Ash

4. Definition
Thermal decomposition of organic
materials in an inert atmosphere or
with insufficient oxygen to cause
partial oxidation
Endothermic
process
Involves the change of chemical
composition
Irreversible
process

5. PYROLYSIS
 This reaction involves molecular breakdown of larger molecules into
smaller molecules in presence of heat.
 Pyrolysis is also known as “thermal cracking, cracking, thermolysis,
depolymerization” etc
pyro means “fire”
lysis means “separating”

6. Bio oil

7. PYROLYSIS OF AN INDIVIDUAL PARTICLE
• Heat flows into (and out of) biomass and char slowly.
• It takes about 1 hour for charring to penetrate 30mm (~1in) into wood.
• Charring proceeds at about 0.5mm/min.

8. Moisture
content (MC)
• Optimum moisture
around 10%.
• Higher MC produces
high levels of water.
• Lower MC produces
dust instead of oil.
Particle size
• Efficiency and nature
of the pyrolysis
dependent on particle
size
• Small particles to a
maximum of 2 mm for
rapid heat transfer
Feedstock
for Pyrolysis

9. Pyrolysis temperature
Heating rate
Moisture in the garbage
Types of pyrolysis unit
Supply of oxygen
Factorsinfluencing
pyrolysisprocess

10. • The final products distribution and yield after
thermal decomposition are different from the
temperature of thermal decomposition.
• Even for the same pyrolysis feedstock, the
composition of the end-products differs greatly
due to the different pyrolysis temperatures
• The higher the decomposition temperature, the
greater the proportion of gas in pyrolysis
products and lower is solid carbon residue.
Pyrolysis
Temperature

11. • Under the condition of low temperature and
low speed heating; the solid content in the
product increases
• Under the condition of high temperature and
high speed heating, large number of low
molecular organic compounds and the gas
components of pyrolysis products increases .
Heating rate

12. • If the garbage moisture is large, needs a lot of
auxiliary fuel and the steam will affect the
proportion of various products in the
gasification process.
• As the water vapor and carbon dioxide will
occurs water gasification reaction; reducing
carbon content in the residue and increases
hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the gas.
Moisture in the
Garbage

13.  Pyrolysis reactor is where the pyrolysis
reaction occurs and is the key to the whole
pyrolysis process.
 Different pyrolysis reactors have different
ways of feeding and discharging.
 Beston has developed two types of
pyrolysis furnaces available for your
choice, 360-degree rotary and stable.
Types of
Pyrolysis Unit

14.  Air or oxygen makes the materials part of
combustion and to provide thermal energy
and guarantee the pyrolysis reaction.
 The supply of adequate air or oxygen is
very important and also needs to strictly
control.
Supply of
Oxygen Unit

15. Types of
Pyrolysis
Slow Pyrolysis
Flash Pyrolysis Fast Pyrolysis
Microwave Pyrolysis
Heating rate ranges from
0.1 to 2°C (32.18 to
35.6°F) per second and
the prevailing
temperatures are nearly
500°C (932°F)
Heating
temperatures of
650 to 1000°C
(1202 to 1832°F)
Heating temperatures
between 400 and
600°C (752 and
1112°F)
Heating temperatures
as low as 200-300°C

16. Source: https://biochar.international/guides/basic-principles-of-biochar-production/
Pyrolysis of biochar

17.  The residence time of gas
may be over 5s.
 During slow pyrolysis, tar
and char are released as
main products as the biomass
is slowly devolatilized
 Residence time of gas is less
than 2s.
 Produces fewer amounts of
gas and tar when compared
to slow pyrolysis.
 Achieve up to 75% of bio-oil
yield.
Slow Pyrolysis Flash Pyrolysis

18.  During the process, biomass is
rapidly heated depending on
the desired amount of bio-oil or
gas products.
 Char is accumulated in large
quantities.
 It yields 60% bio-oil
 Fast pyrolysis has been shown to
benefit from the use of
microwave heating.
 Reduces the time taken to
initiate the pyrolysis reactions.
 Microwave bio-oil could be used
as a replacement to crude oil.
Fast Pyrolysis

19. • Simple, inexpensive
technology and
environment friendly
• Waste management
• Reduce the country’s
dependence on imported
energy resources by
generating energy from
domestic resources
Pros of Pyrolysis
• Requires dry product.
• Ineffective in destroying
and physical separating
inorganic compound from
contaminated medium
• Requires proper
treatment, storage and
disposal of hazardous
wastes
Cons of Pyrolysis

20. FAST PYROLYSIS REACTORS

21. Bubbling Fluidized Bed Pyrolizers
• In this pyrolizer, the residence
time of vapors and solids are
controlled by the fluidizing gas
flow rate.
• During the pyrolysis reaction,
char acts as a catalyst in cracking
vapors.

22. BUBBLING FLUIDISED BED
REACTOR

23.  It have similar characteristics as that of
bubbling bed pyrolizers excluding that
the residence time of vapors
 Char is faster due to higher gas
velocities.
Circulating Fluidized Bed Pyrolizers

24. CIRCULATING FUIDISED
BED REACTOR

25.  The heat transferred from a hot reactor wall
tends to soften the feedstock under pressure.
 Large feedstock particles can be pyrolyzed in
this pyrolizer as the reaction rates are not
influenced by heat transfer via the biomass
particle.
Ablative Pyrolizers

26.  These pyrolizers ensure high relative motion between the reactor
wall and the particle and high pressure of particle on hot reactor
wall.
 It avoids the need of inert gas and hence its processing equipment
is small and reaction system is more intense
Ablative Pyrolizers

27. ABLATIVE
REACTOR

28. Methods of
Pyrolysing
Biomass
External
Heating of the
Biomass
Internal
Heating of the
Biomass

29. External Heating of the
Biomass Working:
• A separate source of heat is applied
to the vessel containing the biochar.
• Heat can be recycled to continue
the process.
Disadvantages:
• Heat takes a long time to penetrate
a large retort.
• If built and operated carelessly a
retort can explode.

30. External Heating of the
BiomassWorking:
• Part of the pyrolysis vapors are
combusted in an external combustion
chamber.
• The hot combustion gases are
directed into the reactor, where they
make direct contact with the
biomass.

31. Internal Heating of the
Biomass
Working:
• Sufficient air to maintain combustion is
introduced above and/or below the
biomass.
• Heat from the flame pyrolyses neighboring
biomass liberating more gases to sustain the
process.
• Flame around the charred biomass
consumes the oxygen and protects the char
from oxidation.
• Excess secondary air is introduced to fully
and cleanly combust liberated gases above,
or separated from, the biomass.
Flaming Pyrolysis
OR

32. Applications of Pyrolysis
To produce methanol, activated carbon, charcoal
Chemical industry
Mixture of stone, soil, ceramics and glass obtained
from pyrolytic waste an be used as a landfill cover
liners
Building material
Synthetic gas can be used in gas or steam turbines for
producing electricity
Electricity
Cooking
Carbon-14 dating
Caramelizing, Grilling, Frying and Baking.
Major role in carbon-14 dating and mass spectrometry

33. Numerical
A fast pyrolysis plant handles 1 tonne a day organic waste and
produces gas, char and liquor. Operating temperature and
pressure of the reactor are 788°C and 1 atm respectively. The
gas composition (vol%) is H2 (37.16), CO (35.50), CH4 (11.10),
CO2 (16.3). The mass % of production of gas, char and oil are
30, 25 and 45 respectively. Determine the product distribution
with individual component of gas and the rate of hydrogen
production assuming 90% separation efficiency for hydrogen.

34. Basis = 1000kg organic
matter per day
Mass of char = 1000 x .25
= 250kg
Mass of gas = 1000 x .30
= 300 kg
Mas of oil = 1000 x .45 =
450 kg
Total mass distribution =
250+300+450 = 1000kg
H2 = 37.16 vol% or mol%
CO = 35.50 vol% or mol%
CH4 = 11.10 vol% or mol%
CO2 = 16.3vol% or mol%
Average molecular weight of
gas produced = mol wt x
mol% of all gases
=2 x 0.3716 + 28 x 0.3550 +
16 x 0.1110 + 44 x 0.163
=19.61 g
= 19.61 kg per k mole
1 mole of gas
contains 19.61
g
1000 mole or 1
k mole of gas
contains
19.61 x 1000 =
19610g or
19.61 kg

35. No of mole of gas = 300/19.61 = 15.295 k mole per day
On mole basis, (= no of mole of gas x %
vol)
Hydrogen production per day = 15.295 x
0.3716 = 5.68 k mole
CO production per day = 15.295 x 0.3550
= 5.425 k mole
CH4 production per day = 15.295 x
0.1110 = 1.695 k mole
CO2 production per day = 15.295 x 0.163
= 2.49 k mole
On mass basis, (= k mole x molecular wt)
Hydrogen production per day = 5.68 x 2 =
11.36 kg
CO production per day = 5.425 x 28 =
151.91 kg
CH4 production per day = 1.695 x 16 =
27.12 kg
CO2 production per day = 2.49 x 44 =
109.56 kg

36. On vol basis, (kmole x V2)
At NTP,
P1 = 1 atm T1 = 20+273 =293K,V1 =
22.4 lt = 0.0224 m3
ATQ,
P2 =1atm, T2 = 788C = 788+ 273 =
1061 K
P1V1/ T1= P2V2/ T2
Therefore, V2= V1 T2 / T1
V2= 0.0224 x (1061/293) = 0.0871 m3
Hydrogen production per day = 5.68 x 1000
x 0.0871 = 494.728 m3
Per hour = 494.728 / 24 = 20.6035 m3
CO production per hr = 5.425 x 3.627 =
19.678 m3
CH4 production per hr = 1.695 x 3.627 =
6.1485 m3
CO2 production per day = 2.49 x 3.627 =
9.032 m3
Hydrogen production 90% = 0.9 x 20.6035= 18.54 m3 per hour

37. THANK YOU