in this all the soil type and their characteristic are explain deeply. for the know lade of the student. son u dont need to go any where related to this topic you will be get each and every thing deeply.

1.  SEMINOR PRESENTATION
 ON
 SOIL TYPE & THEIR
 CHARACTERISTIC
 by
 rudra narayan singh
 under guide :
 er. K.c das
 h.o.d civil department
 ajay binay institute of
 TECHNOLOGY, CUTTACK -753010

2. CONTENT
 Introduction.
 What Is Soil.
 Origin of Soil
 Composition of soil.
 Type Of Soil & their characteristics.
 Conclusion.

3. Introduction
The term ‘soil’, which has originated from the Latin
word “solum” has diff meanings to different
professional groups. To an agriculturist, it means
loose material laying on earth’s surface, formed by
disintegration of rocks, which can support plant life.
To civil engineer, it means all the inorganic material
on the earth’s surface, produced by weathering of
rocks, being either residual or transported.
The study of soil, its behavior and application as the
engineering material is known as soil mechanics.
Terzaghi is the “father of soil mechanics”.

4. What Is Soil
 Soil is the mixture of mineral, organic matter, gases,
liquids, and the countless organisms that together
support life on earth.
 It is the unaggregated or uncemented deposits of
mineral and/or organic particles or fragments
covering large portion of the earth’s crust.
 It includes widely different materials like boulders,
sands, gravel, clays, and silts and the range in the
particle sizes in a soil may extend from grains only a
fraction of micron (10~-4) in diameter up to large size
boulders.

5. Origin Of Soil
Geological
cycle of soil
formation
Erosio
n
Transp
ortatio
n
deposit
ion
Uphea
val

6. Composition Of Soil
 Soil is composed of both organic & inorganic matter, and
it is essential for life on earth to exist. The soil type I have
studied is brown earth. Brown earth are most common
soil type in Ireland and are very fertile. Soil are a
composition of mineral particles45%, organic matter 5%,
air25%, and water25%.
1. Mineral Particle-:
It is the largest ingredient and make up approx 45% of
soils. They are the original rock that got broken down by
weathering and erosion to form the basis of soil.

7. Composition Of Soil
2. Air & water -:
Air is vital for the survival of micro- organisms and without
these, there would be a shortage of human. brown earth
have a granular structure which allow for good aeration.
Plants cannot survive without water present in the soil.
3. Texture -:
It means that how a soil feels after touching.
The proportion of sand, silt, and clay determine the soil
texture. The ideal combination for soil texture is roughly
40% sand, 40% silt, 20% clay, creating what is known as
a loam soil.

8. Composition Of Soil
4. Organic matter-:
Organic matter is decayed vegetation that is broken down
by micro organisms in the soil to form human it consist
up aproxx 5%.
5. Colour -:
Lighter colored soils deflect sunlight while dark soils
absorb more light. This allows the soil to heat up much
more quickly and encourages seed germination and crop
growth.
6. Ph Value -:
It measure the acidity of a substance. The ideal ph value for
agriculture is 6.5 which is slightly acidic.

10. TYPE OF SOIL
 There are mainly 15 type of soil which we know
about these are -:
1. Black Soil
2. Red Soil
3. Late rite Soil
4. Desert Soil
5. Mountain Soil
6. Saline Soil & Alkaline Soil
7. Peaty & Marshy Soil
8. Cohesive Soil

11. TYPE OF SOIL
9. Residual Soil
10. Alluvial Soil
11. Marine Soil
12. Aeolian Soil
13. Loam Soil
14. Clay Soil
15. Glacial Soil

13. BLACK SOIL Also known as Regur or Black
Cotton soil. Dark grey to Black in color. High
clay content. Highly moist retentive. Develops
cracks in summer. Covers 5.4 lakh sq. km.
Highly suitable for cotton. Rich in iron, lime,
calcium,Magnesium,carbonates, and alumina.

15. RED SOIL Formed
due to weathering of
old crystalline
rocks. More sandy
and less clayey. Rich
in iron, small
amount of Humus.
Poor in phosphorus,
nitrogen and lime.
Slightly acidic and
do not retain
moisture. 3.5 lakhs
sq.km area. Porous
and Friable.

17. LATERITE SOIL Latin
word meaning brick.
Formed under high
temperature and
rainfall with wet and
dry spell. Silica is
leached due to high
rainfall.Remnants of iron and aluminum oxides left
behind is know as Laterite. Brown to Yellowish
color. Becomes hard when exposed to atmosphere.
Used as building material.

19. DESERT SOIL Contains soluble salts. Originated
by Mechanical disintegration & wind deposit.
Porous and coarse. 90% sand & 5% clay. Rich in
Nitrates & Phosphates. Poor in Nitrogen &
Humus. Friable, sandy & low moist content. 1.4
Lakh sqkm.

21. MOUNTAIN SOIL Found in hill slopes. Formed
by deposition of organic matter from forest. Rich
in humus. Poor in Potash and Lime. Areas:
Assam, Kashmir, Sikkim & Arunachal Pradesh.
Crops: Tea, Coffee, Spices & Tropical Fruits.

23. SALINE & ALKALINE SOIL Contains
salts like Sodium, Magnesium,
Calcium. Infertile, unfit for cultivation.
Sandy to loamy in texture. Areas: Parts
of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab,
Haryana, U.P & Maharashtra.

25. PEATY AND MARSHY SOIL Occur in Humid
region. Formed by accumulation of organic
matter. Black in colour. Highly acidic and
heavy. Areas: Kottayam & Alleppey in Kerala,
Coastal Orissa, Sundarbans of W.B

27. A sticky soil, such as
clay or silt; its shear
strength equals about
half its unconfined
compressive
strength.Soil in which
the absorbed water
and partical attraction
act such that it
deforms plastically at
different water
Contents are known as
Cohesive soils or clays.
These soils possess
higher plasticity . e.g.
clays & plastic silt.

29. Residual soils are those that remain at the place of
their formation as result of the weathering of the
parent rocks. The depth of residual soils depends
primarily on climatic conditions and the time of
espouser. In temperate zones residual soils are
commonly stiff and stable. An important
characteristics of residual soil is that the sizes of
grains are indefinite.

31. ALLUVIAL soil is formed when a soil-
carrying stream gradually loses its carrying
capacity with decreasing velocity. In slowing
down, a river does not have sufficient power to keep the large
particles of soil suspended; these particles settle to the riverbed.
Further decrease in velocity causes smaller particles to settle.
These particles are deposited, finally, at the mouth of the river,
where they form DELTAS of fine-grained soil.

33. MARINE soil is formed from materials carried into
the seas by streams and by material eroded from the
beaches by the tidal action of the
waves. Part of the material is carried out and
deposited in deep water; part is heaped upon the
beaches along the coast

35. A type of soil
that is
transported
from one place
to another by
the wind.e.g
sand
dunes,loess.

37. Loam is soil com
posed
of sand, silt,
and clay in
relatively even
concentration
(about 40-40-
20%
concentration
respectively).[1] L
oam soils
generally
contain more
nutrients
and humus than sandy soils, have better
infiltration and drainage than silty soils, and are
easier to till than clay soils. Loams are gritty,
moist, and retain water easily.

39. Clay is a naturally
occurring aluminium
silicate composed
primarily of fine-
grained minerals.
Clay deposits are mostly
composed of clay
minerals, a subtype
ofphyllosilicate
minerals, which
impart plasticity and
harden when fired or dried; they also may contain
variable amounts of water trapped in the mineral
structure bypolar attraction. Organic
materials which do not impart plasticity may also
be a part of clay deposits.

41. Glaciers carry with them soils varying
in size from fine grained to huge
boulder. Soil get mixed with the ice and
are transported far away from their
original position. Drift is a general term
used for the deposits made by glaciers