This document provides context on urban regeneration in Rotterdam, Netherlands. It discusses the history of deprived neighborhoods in Rotterdam-South and the Dutch planning process. The problem statement questions how to facilitate consensus with distributed benefits within the Dutch planning process for urban regeneration of low-income neighborhoods. The main research question asks how to stimulate a spatial configuration in the regeneration process that includes all stakeholders and integrates place quality considerations. Sub-questions examine how development conditions influence the regeneration process and how to integrate place quality into spatial planning. The document establishes the research aims of integrating people and needs into planning for an inclusive physical environment.

1. Urban Regeneration in a Market
Oriented Decision Environment
Ruud Hoekstra | P2 | Complex Cities Graduation Studio
January 24th, Room X
Department of Urbanism | Delft University of Technology| Netherlands

2. Content | Presentation
Context Problem
Oriented Scenario
Physical location
urban regeneration
planning process
S- RQ’s
Main Research Question Planning
Instruments
Sollution
Problem Oriented End
Statement Products
Aims
S- RQ’s
2/67

3. Introduction | Project Context
Context Problem
Oriented Scenario
Physical location
urban regeneration
planning process
S- RQ’s
Main Research Question Planning
Instruments
Sollution
Problem Oriented End
Statement Products
Aims
S- RQ’s
3/67

4. Urban Regeneration in a Market Oriented
Decision Environment
The Dutch Planning Process at
Urban Regeneration of Deprived
Neighbourhoods Re-evaluated
The Speaker
Says:
source: blablablablablabla 4/67
4/67

5. Introduction | Problem Neighbourhoods Netherlands
Leeuwarden 1 Groningen 2
Alkmaar 1
Zaanstad 1
Amsterdam 5 Deventer 1
The Hague 4 Enschede 1
Amersfoort 1
Rotterdam 8 Arnhem 4
Dordrecht 1 Nijmegen 1
Utrecht 4
Eindhoven 3
Maastricht 1
Heerlen 1
source: Google images, available on Google.com 5/67
data: onderwerpen/aandachtswijken, available on: Rijksoverheid.nl

6. Introduction | Deprived Neighbourhoods South-
Holland
Den Haag 5
Stationsbuurt
Schilderswijk
Zuidwest
Transvaal
Rotterdam 8
Oude Westen
Oude Noorden
Crooswijk
Dordrecht 1t
Bergpolder
Wielwijk / Crabbehof
Crab
bbehof
f
Overschie
Oud Zuid
Vreewijk
Zuidelijke Tuinsteden 6/67

7. Introduction | Deprived Neighbourhoods Rotterdam
Rotterdam 8
Oude Westen
Oude Noorden
Crooswijk
Bergpolder
Overschie
Oud Zuid
Vreewijk
Zuidelijke Tuinsteden
Feijenoord Chalois
Afrikaanderwijk Carnisse / Zuidplein
Bloemhof Oud-Charlois
Hillesluis Tarwewijk
Katendrecht
7/67

8. Introduction | History Rotterdam-South
1880 - 1940 explosive growth
+
+
Nieuwe waterweg
Feijenoord
Charlois
source: Stadsregio.info 8/67
data: Zuid Werkt! Nationaal programma Kwaliteitssprong Zuid (19 september’11) available on: Rijksoverheid.nl

9. Introduction | History Rotterdam-South
1950 - 1960 reconstruction after WWII
+
+
Europoort
1e maasvlakte Botlek
IJsselmonde
Pendrecht Lombardijen
Zuidwijk
source: Stadsregio.info 9/67
data: Zuid Werkt! Nationaal programma Kwaliteitssprong Zuid (19 september’11) available on: Rijksoverheid.nl

10. Introduction | History Rotterdam-South
1960 - 1975 high unemployment and
pauperization
source: Stadsregio.info 10/67
data: Zuid Werkt! Nationaal programma Kwaliteitssprong Zuid (19 september’11) available on: Rijksoverheid.nl

11. Introduction | History Rotterdam-South
1975 - 1990 urban renewal for low incomes
+
€-
source: Stadsregio.info 11/67
data: Zuid Werkt! Nationaal programma Kwaliteitssprong Zuid (19 september’11) available on: Rijksoverheid.nl

12. Introduction | History Rotterdam-South
1990 - 2010 the success of ‘Kop van
Zuid’
Erasmus bridge
Kop van Zuid
source: Stadsregio.info 12/67
data: Zuid Werkt! Nationaal programma Kwaliteitssprong Zuid (19 september’11) available on: Rijksoverheid.nl

13. Introduction | Erasmusbrug
source: Reahon, (2011) available at: http://reahon.deviantart.com/art/Erasmusbrug-Rotterdam-208575873. 13/67

14. Introduction | Kop van Zuid
source: Cak-cak (2011). available at: www.flickr.com. 14/67

15. Introduction | Rotterdam South
Feijenoord
71. 532
8 neighbourhoods
4 problematic
neighbourhoods
Charlois
64. 020
9 neighbourhoods
3 problematic
neighbourhoods

16. Introduction | Rotterdam South
Afrikaanderwijk
Katendrecht
Hillesluis
Oud Chalois Tarwewijk
Bloemhof
Carnisse / Zuidplein
16/67

17. Introduction | Facts
d
ie
up
x
e
s
de
cc
m
nt
in
co
ro
ra
ty
ig
in
ne
fe
m
w
ow
sa
im
7.1 €
lo
Rotterdam Totaal 48 % 33 % 7.3 53 %
Feijenoord
Afrikaanderwijk 86 % 10 % 5.1 64 %
Bloemhof 74 % 21 % 4.8 64 %
Hillesluis 82 % 26 % 4.3 63 %
Katendrecht 58 % 29 % 7.6 57 %
Charlois
Carnisse / Zuidplein 58 % 48 % 5.6 65 %
Oud Charlois 56 % 36 % 6.4 60 %
Tarwewijk 76 % 29 % 3.9 68 %
data: de stad in cijfers: available at: Rotterdam.nl/data 17/67

18. 1e
R N
ui o
m ta
1958
te
lijk N
e La ota
O nd W
rd s es
en te
1960
in n
g de
3e s
R N
ui o
1966
m ta 2e
te O
lijk rd Not
e en a
O in Ru
rd g im
1974
en
in te
g lijk
4e
R N e
ui o
m ta
1976
te Ve
r
Introduction | Spatial Planning
lijk st
e ed
O el
rd ijk
en in
1988
in gs
g no
5e ta
R N
1992
ui o 4e
m ta O
te rd Not
lijk en a
e
O in Ru
g
rd Ex imt
2001
en
in tra elij
g ke
4e Nota Ruimte
18/67
2004

19. Introduction | Spatial Planning
4e Nota Ruimte
ta
e
ke
lijk
no
ministry of spatial planning (gov.)
s
tra elij
de
te
gs
Ex imt
im
in
n
te
ijk
ng u
in Ru
ni R
- Spatial memorandum (Nota)
s es
el
de ota
en a
ed
nd W
rd Not
g
- Wro (law of spatial organization
st
La ota
N
r
Ve
2e
4e
N
Randstad 2040
O
national
1958 1966 1976 1992 2004
South wing (Randstad)
1960 1988 2001
Provincial
g
g
g
g
in
in
in
in
en
en
en
en
rd
rd
rd
rd
Rotterdam 2020
O
O
O
O
Municipal
e
e
e
e
m ta
m ta
m ta
m ta
lijk
lijk
lijk
lijk
ui o
ui o
ui o
ui o
R N
R N
R N
R N
te
te
te
te
1e
3e
4e
5e 19/67

20. Introduction | Spatial Planning
4e Nota Ruimte
ta
e
ke
lijk
no
ministry of spatial planning (gov.)
s
tra elij
de
te
gs
Ex imt
im
in
n
te
ijk
ng u
in Ru
ni R
- Spatial memorandum (Nota)
s es
el
de ota
en a
ed
nd W
rd Not
g
- Wro (law of spatial organization
st
La ota
N
r
Ve
2e
4e
N
Randstad 2040 central organization
O
national
1958 1966 1976 vs.1992 2004
decentralized organization
South wing (Randstad)
1960 1988 2001
Provincial
g
g
g
g
in
in
in
in
en
en
en
en
rd
rd
rd
rd
Rotterdam 2020
O
O
O
O
Municipal
e
e
e
e
m ta
m ta
m ta
m ta
lijk
lijk
lijk
lijk
ui o
ui o
ui o
ui o
R N
R N
R N
R N
te
te
te
te
1e
3e
4e
5e 20/67

21. Introduction | Spatial Planning
government
public
National rigid process
top-down planning
horizontal approach actors
Provincial
pal
municipal
private civil
21/6
21/67
21/67

22. Introduction | Spatial Planning
governance
public
private civil
area based approaches (projects) easely manage-
able. The public sector follows with goals and visions
(competitive, economic oriented) development plans.
22/67

23. Introduction | Spatial Planning
cooperation
public
private civil
23/67

24. Introduction | Spatial Planning
Competitive oriented
Economic oriented
source: Uitvoeringsagenda Regio Rotterdam 2020: available at: RR2020.nl 24/67

25. Introduction | Spatial Planning
The role of the urban planner
“Spatial planning is not a hobby of a limited number of
professionals. It has to be a service, promoting citizen
participation and realizing consumer sovereignty. For
urban planners this means: generating alternative plans,
and mobilizing long-term stakeholders to express
their preferences and to make choices.” Priemus and Hall (2004: 348)
source: Priemus, H., Hall, P. (2004). Multifunctional Urban Planning of Mega-City- Regions. Journal of Built Environment, Vol. 30 (4). 25/67

26. Introduction | Urban Regeneration
“a broad and integrated vision and action that leads to solving
urban problems and which seeks for a lasting improvement in the
economic, physical, social and environmental conditions of the
planning area.” Roberts and Sykes (2000: 17)
source: Roberts, P., Sykes, H. (2000). Urban Regeneration: a handbook. London: Sage. 26/67

27. Introduction | Urban Regeneration
Social oriented
Economic oriented
Physical oriented
source: Roberts, P., Sykes, H. (2000). Urban Regeneration: a handbook. London: Sage. 27/67

28. Introduction | Urban Regeneration
VS.
28/67

29. Introduction | Urban Regeneration
New built VS. Urban regeneration
environment
7-12 % 3-6 %
29/67

30. Content | Problem Statement
Context Problem
Oriented Scenario
Physical location
urban regeneration
planning process
S- RQ’s
Main Research Question Planning
Instruments
Sollution
Problem Oriented End
Statement Products
Aims
S- RQ’s
30/67

31. Problem Statement | ?
on
ati
er
en
on ilt
eg
nt
vir bu
nr
me
en wly
ba
ne
ur
spatial policies (Wro) policies (GSB)
governance process
visions - current process
bottleneck
development plans visions (inclusion of needs,
planning process
(land use plan;
development plans economic)
bestemmingsplan)
(bestemmingsplan)
development process
initiative
- consensus building
management design/
of presurving financing
implementation
spatial configuration - spatial configuration which is not inclusive
31/67

32. Objectives | Aims & Goals
Aim:
The integration of people and needs into the planning process
for a physical environment and spatial composition which is
Goal:
The re-evaluation of the urban regeneration process by
integration of people and needs into the potential role of of the
area into the region.
32/67

33. Main Research Question |
How to facilitate a consensus with distributional benefits1 within
the Dutch planning process in urban regeneration of low income
neighbourhoods in Rotterdam-South for a spatial configuration2
which stimulates? space quality3?
33/67

34. Research Questions | Fine Tuning
How do the changing conditions in urban development in the Netherlands influence the
urbanization / urban regeneration process?
Urban Regeneration Strategy
problem literature review
Strenghts
oriented mapping spatial
issues
Weakness
Opportunities
+2 Treats
How to stimulate a spatial configuration which is all inclusive in the Dutch urban regeneration
to integrate the production of place quality in the spatial planning process?
literature review (theoretical framework)
Spatial Effects
mapping spatial fragments
conclusions investigate the relation relate conclusion with
- suggestions conditions that influence
within the urban conclusions urban regeneration the spatial configuration
- potentials development plans policies
- bottlenecks = input for RQ4
Which actor participation strategies stimulate decision power within the spatial planning
process of urban regeneration plans?
literature review (theoretical framework, review paper) potentials of using
Spatial Planning Process
other potentialities
actor participation
concepts for the
review criteria participation concepts
sollution in matrix
production of place
quality:
Strenghts
oriented case study current used participatory concepts in
urban regeneration plans Rotterdam
Weakness
Opportunities
Treats
co-option (public-private) Strenghts
....
Weakness
.... input for planning instruments
.... Opportunities
.... Treats
How do we reach consensus within the Dutch urban regeneration planning process and how
can we stimulate distributional benefits?
Spatial Planning Process
literature review (theoretical framework) current situation
review practical documents
comparison about the results: potentials of embedding partici-
conclusions suggestions patory concepts
potentials potentials in creating place qual-
botlenecks ity trough consensus
34/67

35. Main Research Question | Sub-questions
How to facilitate a consensus with distributional benefits1 within the Dutch planning process
in urban regeneration of low income neighbourhoods in Rotterdam-South for a spatial
configuration2 which stimulates? space quality3?
problem oriented sollution oriented
sub-questions sub-questions
Consensus Empowerment Spatial Consensus Empowerment Spatial
configuration configuration
1 2 3 4 5 6
35/67

36. Content | Problem Oriented Sub-Research Questions
Context Problem
Oriented Scenario
Physical location
urban regeneration
planning process
S- RQ’s
Main Research Question Planning
Instruments
Sollution
Problem Oriented End
Statement Products
Aims
S- RQ’s

37. Sub-Research Questions | Consensus
1
Which stakeholders are involved in the decision making process, with
what interest and in what way can we see their interest expressed in
the development plans?

38. Sub-research Question 1 | immigrants
Katendrecht
28%
Afrikaander-
wijk
86%
Tarwewijk
Hillesluis
Oud-
76% 82%
Charlois Bloemhof
56% 74%
Carnisse
Zuidplein
58%

39. Sub-research Question 1 | owner occupation
Feijenoord
22%
Charlois
41%

40. Sub-research Question 1 | Represented Groups
Stakeholders area
stakeholders
immigrants
tenants
young people 20-54jr 53 %
low income 62 %
housing coorperations:
Havensteder
Vestia
Woonbron
Woonstad Rotterdam
Chairman sub-municipalities
Charlois
Feijenoord
Ijsselmonde
havenbedrijf Rotterdam
Natuurmonumenten
source data: http://www.kei-centrum.nl, visited jan. 21st 2012 40/67

41. Sub-research Question 1 | Represented Groups
Stakeholders area Pact op Zuid 2006-2016
stakeholders steering commitee
immigrants Chairman
tenants Alderman Social affairs, employment and GSB
young people 20-54jr 53 %
low income 62 % CEO’s housing coorperations: Chairman sub-municipalities
Havensteder Charlois
housing coorperations: Vestia Feijenoord
Havensteder Woonbron Ijsselmonde
Vestia Woonstad Rotterdam
Woonbron
Woonstad Rotterdam core team
Policy makers:
Chairman sub-municipalities OBR
Charlois dS+V
Feijenoord
Ijsselmonde housing coorperations: sub-municipalities
Vestia Charlois
havenbedrijf Rotterdam Woonstad Rotterdam Feijenoord
Natuurmonumenten Ijsselmonde
source data: http://www.kei-centrum.nl, visited jan. 21st 2012
Program 41/67

42. Sub-research Question 1 | Represented Groups
Stakeholders area Pact op Zuid 2006-2016
represented groups steering commitee
immigrants Chairman
tenants Alderman Social affairs, employment and GSB
young people 20-54jr 53 %
low income 62 % CEO’s housing coorperations: Chairman sub-municipalities
Havensteder Charlois
housing coorperations: Vestia Feijenoord
Havensteder Woonbron Ijsselmonde
Vestia Woonstad Rotterdam
Woonbron
Woonstad Rotterdam core team
Policy makers:
Chairman sub-municipalities OBR
Charlois dS+V
Feijenoord
Ijsselmonde housing coorperations: sub-municipalities
Vestia Charlois
havenbedrijf Rotterdam Woonstad Rotterdam Feijenoord
Natuurmonumenten Ijsselmonde
source data: http://www.kei-centrum.nl, visited jan. 21st 2012
Program 42/67

43. Sub-research Question 1 | Plans Proposed
approach to private property
by housing coorperations
small projects
physical environment
source data: Jaarprogamma kaart 2009 available on: http://www.pactopzuid.info, visited jan. 21st 2012

44. Sub-research Questions | What Theory
Contributes
perspective perspective perspective perspective
1 2 3 4
monitor map
Political strategists Political strategists
livability private
Citizens
Finance
groups
counter
money
decision support systems
decision support systems
landscape public
Dealing room
Government
Developers
environment private
counter
permit
Arbiter
economy public
Professional consultants
transport agriculture urban design
decision support systems
source: Frieling, D.H. (2002). Design in Strategy, in: Jong, T.M. de, Voordt, D.J.M. van der (Edt.) (2002) Ways to study and Research: Urban, 44/67
Architectural and Technical Design. Delft: DUP Science.

45. Sub-research Questions | What Theory
Contributes
Closed spaces: Here ‘decisions are made by a set of actors behind closed doors, without any pretence of broadening the
boundaries of inclusion’. (Gaventa, 2004: 35).
Invited Spaces: ‘Efforts to widen participation involves the creation of new or “invited” spaces, i.e. those people (as users,
as citizens, as beneficiaries) are invited to participate by various kinds of authorities, be they government, supranational agencies or non-
governmental organisations’ (Cornwall, 2002: 24).
Claimed / created spaces: ‘spaces which are claimed by less powerful actors from or against the power-hold-
ers, or created more autonomously by them, (Gaventa, 2004: 35). These might arise out of mobilization around issue based concerns or
where organizations are formed to represent local interests’.
source: Gaventa, J. (2004). Towards participatory governance: Assesing the transformative possibilities, in: Bailey, N. (2010) Understanding Community 45/67
Empowerment in Urban Regeneration and Planning in England: Putiing Policy and Practice in Context. Planning Practice and Research, 25:3, 317-332.

46. Sub Research Question | Variables That
Determine the Consensus
the actors in the dealing room (decision making process) seem to
determine the consensus
the type of governance space plays an important role for the level of
influence of the actors
46/67

47. Sub-Research Questions | Empowerment
2
Does community engagement or the tools being used help to build a
consensus to representate underrepresented groups?
47/67

48. Sub-Research Questions | Spatial Effects
3
How do the changing conditions in urban development in the
Netherlands influence the urbanization and urban regeneration
process?

49. Strategy | Gaps and Botlenecks
Consensus Empowerment Spatial
configuration
problem oriented
sub-questions
Consensus Empowerment Spatial
configuration
Plan A ? Plan
1 2 3 B
49/67

50. Project | Orientation
Urban Regeneration in a Market Oriented
Decision Environment
governance spatial
VS. configuration
50/67

51. Project | Orientation
the combination of production of a
actors
= certain plan or
outcome
The Dutch Planning Process at
Urban Regeneration of Deprived
Neighbourhoods Re-Evaluated
51/67

52. Project | Organization
problem oriented sollution oriented
sub-questions sub-questions
Consensus Empowerment Spatial Consensus Empowerment Spatial
configuration configuration
gaps and
botlenecks
in urban
regeneration
1 2 3 4 5 6
52/67

53. Content | Sollution Oriented Sub-Research Questions
Context Problem
Oriented Scenario
Physical location
urban regeneration
planning process
S- RQ’s
Main Research Question Planning
Instruments
Sollution
Problem Oriented End
Statement Products
Aims
S- RQ’s

54. Sub-Research Questions | 1,2 & 3 Problem Oriented
123 gaps and botlenecks
Problem oriented
research questions
1 2 3
Spatial Effects
SQ 4
Spatial Planning
Process
other potentialities
SQ 5
Spatial Planning
Process
current situation
SQ 6
Strenghts
Weakness
Opportunities
Treats
54/67

55. Sub-Research Questions | Spatial Effects
4
How to stimulate a spatial configuration which is all inclusive in the
Dutch urban regeneration to integrate the production of place quality
in the spatial planning process?
SQ literature review (theoretical framework)
1,2,3 mapping spatial fragments
S
conclusions
W investigate the relation
- suggestions
O within the urban conclusions
- potentials
development plans
T - bottlenecks
conditions that influence relate conclusion with
the spatial configuration urban regenera-
= input for SQ-6 tion policies
55/67

56. Sub-Research Questions | Empowerment
5
Which actor participation strategies stimulate decision power within
the spatial planning process of urban regeneration plans?
literature review (theoretical framework)
review criteria participation
concepts in matrix
case study current used
participatory concepts in
SQ 4 urban regeneration plans Rotterdam
co-option (public-private) Strenghts
potentials of using .... Weakness
actor participation ....
Opportunities
concepts for the ....
production of place Treats
quality = input for planning instruments
56/67

57. Sub-Research Questions | Consensus
6
How do we reach consensus within the Dutch urban regeneration
planning process and how can we stimulate distributional benefits?
literature review (theoretical framework)
review of practical documents
SQ 4 conclusion
Strenghts comparison about the potentials of embedding
Weakness results: participatory concepts
suggestions potentials in creating place
Opportunities potentials quality trough consensus
Treats botlenecks
57/67

58. Sub-Research Questions | Methodological Strategy
Problem oriented Spatial Effects Spatial Planning Spatial Planning
research questions Process Process
other potentialities current situation
SQ-1 SQ-2 SQ-3 SQ-4 SQ-5 SQ-6
Scenario
Planning instruments Actor combination vs. plan or outcome
other potentials of socio-spatial integration to reach an
better consensus among stakeholders
58/67

59. Content | Scenario
Context Problem
Oriented Scenario
Physical location
urban regeneration
planning process
S- RQ’s
Main Research Question Planning
Instruments
Sollution
Problem Oriented End
Statement Products
Aims
S- RQ’s

60. Scenario | Concept
an
pl
ial
Composition of actors
at
Sp
=
source: Robert-Bunsens200th-BirthdayGlobal. retrieved jan 22th 12’,available on: Google.com/doodle 60/67

61. Scenario | Methods
survey case study
actor relational approach
South Limburg
Hillside delight
case study
? normative approach
Vienna
61/67

62. Scenario | Position
Research questions Scenario
Problem oriented Spatial Effects Spatial Planning Spatial Planning
research questions Process
other potentialities
Process
current situation
survey case study
How to stimulate a spatial con- Which actor participation How do we reach consensus
actor relational approach
figuration which is all inclusive in strategies stimulate decision within the Dutch urban regener-
the Dutch urban regeneration to power within the spatial planning ation planning process and how
integrate the production of place process of urban regeneration can we stimulate distributional
quality in the spatial planning plans? benefits?
process?
literature review (theoretical framework) literature review (theoretical framework) literature review (theoretical framework)
mapping spatial fragments review practical documents
Strenghts
review criteria participation conclusions
gaps and Weakness conclusions
investigate the relation concepts in matrix
botlenecks Opportunities - suggestions
within the urban comparison about the results:
- potentials case study current used suggestions
Treats
case study
development
- bottlenecks participatory concepts in
plans potentials
urban regeneration plans Rotterdam botlenecks
relate conclusion with
urban regeneration conclusions
co-option (public-private)
....
normative approach
policies
conditions that potentials of using actor
....
....
Strenghts Weakness Opportunities Treats
potentials of embedding participatory
concepts
potentials in creating place quality
?
influence the spatial participation concepts trough consensus
configuration for the production of = input for planning
= input for SQ-6 place quality instruments
SQ-1 SQ-2 SQ-3 SQ-4 SQ-5 SQ-6
Planning instruments
62/67

63. Content | End Products
Context Problem
Oriented Scenario
Physical location
urban regeneration
planning process
S- RQ’s
Main Research Question Planning
Instruments
Sollution
Problem Oriented End
Statement Products
Aims
S- RQ’s

64. End Products | Planning Instruments
“ A set of planning instruments aimed to improve the
integration of people and needs into the planning process
”
of Urban Regeneration plans for a better stakeholder
consensus at the local level
64/67

65. Managment Principles | Area Development
process
management
project
management
Netherlands uses this brance to
direct area development on the
basis of land allocation / land
resource confersions.
management The aimed planning instruments
/ tools are therefore positioned in
this branche.
management tools/instruments
shaping regulating activating stimulating
plans rules actors network subsidies
objectives approach marketing
source: Heurkens, E. (Forthcoming). Management Principles for Area Development. 65/67

66. Problem Statement | Position Planning Instruments
?
on
ati
er
en
on ilt
eg
nt
vir bu
nr
me
en wly
ba
ne
ur
spatial policies (Wro) policies (GSB)
governance process
visions
development plans visions
planning process
(land use plan;
development plans
bestemmingsplan)
(bestemmingsplan)
initiative
development process
participation
consensus
management
of presurving design/
financing
implementation
spatial configuration needs and interest stakeholders
66/67

67. rs ay s:
ea ke
T he sp
y o u !
th a n k ilable at; htt
p://www.slid eshar
e.net/Ru udHoe
kstra
on is ava
ntati
this prese