The document discusses aging from biological, psychological, social, and cognitive perspectives. It defines aging as the progressive physiological changes in an organism that lead to a decline in functions and ability to adapt. Biologically, aging is associated with deterioration of organs and systems. Psychologically, aging involves changes in mental functioning and personality. Socially, aging impacts roles and relationships. Cognitively, aging causes declines in reasoning, memory, and processing speed. Theories of aging include the effects of wear and tear, tissue aging, disease processes, activity levels, stress, radiation exposure, nutrition, and lifestyle factors.

1. Ageing
Saif Ali
S3
 Developmental Biology

2. Ageing
Ageing or Aging : progressive physiological changes
in an organism that lead to senescence, or a decline
of biological functions and of the organism’s ability
to adapt to metabolic stress.

3. Typesof
ageing:
A change In the behavior of an
organism with age
leading to a decreased power of
survival and adjustment.
Types of ageing:
 1. Biological ageing
 2. Psychological ageing
 3. Social ageing
 4. Cognitive ageing

4. 1.Biologic
al ageing
 Biological ageing is the gradual deterioration of
function characteristic .
 Biological aging refers to the physical changes
that “slow us down” as human get into middle and
older years.
 For example: arteries might clog up, or problems
with lungs might make it more difficult for us to
breathe.
 This aging is also known as physiologic aging.

5. Changeswith
older
As we grow older, we will have changes throughout
our bodies, including changes in:
 Hormone production
 Immunity
 The skin
 Sleep
 Bones, muscles, and joints
 The face
 The female and male reproductive system
 The heart and blood vessels
 The kidneys
 The lungs
 The nervous system

6. Pathologicaland
PhysiologicalAge-
RelatedChanges
Aging can also be defined as a
progressive functional decline, or
a gradual deterioration of
physiological function with age .
Clearly, human aging is
associated with a wide range of
physiological changes that not
only make us more susceptible to
death but limit our normal
functions and render us more
susceptible to a number of
diseases.

7. Pathologicaland
PhysiologicalAge-
RelatedChanges

8. Agingrelated
change

9. 2.Psychologic
al aging
 Psychological aging refers to the psychological
changes, including those involving mental
functioning and personality, that occur as human
age.
 chronological age is not always the same thing as
biological or psychological age.
 Some people who are 65, can look and act much
younger than some who are 50.
 Psychological ageing may be seen as a continuous
struggle for identity, i.e. for a sense of coherence
and meaning in thoughts, feelings and actions.

10. 3.Social
aging
Social aging refers to changes in a person’s roles
and relationships, both within their networks of
relatives and friends and in formal organizations
such as the workplace and houses of worship.
 • Social aging differ from one individual to
another.
 • It is also profoundly influenced by the perception
of aging that is part of a society’s culture.
 • If a society views aging positively, the social
aging experienced by individuals in that society
will be more positive and enjoyable than in a
society that views aging negatively.

11. 4.Cognitive
ageing
 Cognitive ageing is the decline in cognitive
processing that occurs as people get older. Age-
related impairments in reasoning, memory and
processing speed can arise during adulthood and
progress into the elder years.
 • Cognitive aging is concerned with the basic
processes of learning and memory as well as with
the complex higher- order processes of language
and intellectual competence or executive
functioning.

12. Theoriesof
Aging:
Three general categories of internal or
external changes that contribute to the
aging process:
 Secular changes – the result of
natural wear and tear
 Senescent changes – due to aging of
tissues & organs, especially those
with low mitotic rate
 Pathological changes – resulting from
disease processes

13. SomeTheories
ofAging:
 Activity Theory – Family, work, social, and leisure
activities helps to allay the effects of aging.
 Stress Theory – Chronic transient stress as a
factor in aging as well as in some disease
processes.
 Mutation / Radiation Theory – Overexposure to
radiation causes more rapid aging.
 Functional Theory – Lack of physical activity
precipitates aging.
 Autoimmune Theory – Antibodies attack and
destroy normal cells.
 Nutritional Theory – Excess weight contributes to
cardiovascular disease, aging and early death.

14. Agingfactors
Aging factors: As an individual progresses through adulthood, a variety of factors can affect
the aging process. This includes primary factors like decline of cellular function and
oxidative damage, and secondary factors like an unhealthy lifestyle.

15. Factorsthat
Influence
Longevity:
 Heredity
 Gender
 Smoking
 Disease
 Body weight and height
 Physical activity
 Alcohol use
 Marital status
 Psychological factors
 Social class
 Cultural factors
 Physical environment

16. 10-Steps
toAgingWell
(andFeeling
Great!)
 1. Stay Physically Active for a Healthy Body and Mind
 2. Stay Socially Active With Friends and Family and Within
Your Community
 3. Follow a Healthy, Well-Balanced Diet
 4. Don't Neglect Yourself, Schedule Checkups and Stick to
Them
 5. Take All Medication as Directed by Your Doctor
 6. Limit Your Alcohol Consumption
 7. Quit Smoking to Lower Your Risk of Cancer and Heart
Disease
 8. Get the Sleep That Your Body Needs
 9. Practice Good Dental Hygiene Every Day
 10. Discuss Changes in Sexual Function With Your Doctor