The US NTE method and EU WBW approaches both experience obstacles when it comes to calculating final emission rates for NRMM using Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS). SGS presented results of an experiment conducted in Michigan, USA. To better understand and characterize the emission rates during individual modes of operation, SGS performed an in-field experiment to measure the emission rates of a Final Tier 4 Excavator. The following modes of operation were measured and compared: cold start, auto-warm up, idle, crawl, trenching, and excavation. CO, CO2, NO, NO2, THC and PM were collected and analyzed for each operational mode.

1. PEMS IN THE UNITED STATES:
AND A BROAD LOOK AT ITS APPLICATIONS
Prepared by: Brent Schuchmann, Ph.D.
Senior Research Engineer
SGS North America, Inc
October 24-26, 2017
Automotive Testing Expo North America

2. 2
OVERVIEW
 SGS AT A GLANCE
 PEMS TESTING IN THE LAST YEAR
 THE ROLE OF TESTING SERVICES WITH PEMS
 MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR
 ROAD-TO-LAB PEMS CORRELATION
 PSEUDO IN-USE PEMS ROUTES FOR RDE
 PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS USING MACHINE LEARNING
 TRANSPORTATION ANALYTICS PLATFORM (TAPSM)

3. 3
CHEMICAL CONSUMERGOODS ANDRETAIL
MINING OIL AND GAS PUBLIC SECTORLIFE SCIENCES
TRANSPORTATIONAGRICULTURE AND FOOD
ENERGY
INDUSTRIAL MANUFACTURING
CONSTRUCTION

4. 4
AURORA, CO
 High Feature Test Cells with Extreme Environmental Conditions
 Variable Altitude Engine and Chassis Dynamometer Testing
• Diesel and Spark Ignited Engines
• AWD/FWD/RWD Vehicles
• Motorcycle and ATV Chassis Dynamometer
• EPA and CARB Compliant Cells
 Particulate Matter Characterization
 PEMS & RDE Real Driving Emissions Testing
 Variable Temperature SHEDs for Evaporative Emissions
 Ideal for catalyst conversion efficiency determination,
light-off, drive cycle effects, complete system performance
 On-Road program design, consulting and data analytics
 7 Eddy Current absorbing, Single 40” Roll, FWD/AWD, rapid non-road
Mileage Accumulation Dynamometers in a modern, secure facility.
Research, Development and Emissions Certification Testing
Mileage Accumulation Facility in Jackson, MI

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PEMS TESTING IN THE LAST YEAR
 NON-ROAD CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
 IN-USE, MODAL, ALTITUDE, COLD-START EMISSIONS
 ON-ROAD HEAVY-DUTY DEVELOPMENT
 ON-TRACK HEAVY-DUTY DEVELOPMENT
 LIGHT-DUTY CORRELATION CVS TO PEMS
 LIGHT-DUTY RDE DEVELOPMENT
 LIGHT-DUTY IN-USE VERIFICATION
 LIGHT-DUTY ROAD TO LAB

6. 6
MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR USING
PEMS
 Available Non-road Excavator
 MY 2015, Final Tier 4 engine
 124kW rated engine
 Emission Control Technologies:
• Exhaust Gas Recirculation, Turbocharger, Charge Air Cooler, Direct Fuel Injection,
SCR-U, AMOX
 PM standard: 0.02 g/kWhr (0.015 g/hphr)
 NOx standard: 0.4 g/kWhr (0.3 g/hphr)
 Series of modal operations were performed mimicking in-use
applications
 Several ambient conditions (ambient temperature and
elevations)
 Data were analyzed for cold starts, warmups, crawls,
operation, shutdowns and the whole test

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MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR USING
PEMS

8. 8
MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR USING
PEMS
 AVL 493 GAS PEMS
 CO/CO2, NO/NO2, THC
 AVL 494 PM PEMS
 Real-time soot concentration (black carbon)
 Gravimetric collection of total PM
 40CFR1065 compliant
494 PM PEMS 493 GAS PEMS

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MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR USING
PEMS
Brake-Specific g/kWh
< -1 °C > 1670 m > 1670 m
 13 days of testing:
 300m (MI)
• 1400 ft
 1980-2650m (CO)
• 6500 – 8700 ft
 -10C to 35C
• 14 - 95F
 Data processed with
no exclusions
comparing similar
“modal operations”
 Warmups, crawls,
operations
Outside NTE Zone
~ 20x NOx
emissions
at 2650 m

10. 10
MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR USING
PEMS
Outside NTE Zone
< -1 °C > 1670 m > 1670 m
 13 days of testing:
 300m (MI)
• 1400 ft
 1980-2650m (CO)
• 6500 – 8700 ft
 -10C to 35C
• 14 - 95F
 Data processed with
no exclusions
comparing similar
“modal operations”
 Warmups, crawls,
operations
Fuel-Specific g/kg
~ 20x NOx
emissions
at 2650 m

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MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR USING
PEMS
< -1 °C 1670 m 2650 m
 NOx emission
reduction strategies
can be observed in
real-time with PEMS
streaming data
 It is easy to observe
when EGR and urea
dosing are shut off or
reduced when above
the altitude
requirements for NTE

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MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR USING
PEMS
Outside NTE Zone
< -1 °C > 1670 m > 1670 m
 NOx emissions
during “operations”
are similar to the
overall result for each
testing day
 An “operation”
represents the work
performed for a
specific job (i.e.
excavation,
trenching)
Fuel-Specific g/kg

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MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR USING
PEMS
Outside NTE Zone
< -1 °C
 Average NOx g/mi
during a “crawl” event
are nearly 2x during
cold temperatures
excluded from the NTE
Zone at the same
elevation
 A “crawl” event
represents the machine
traveling to or from job
site, refueling, or
maintenance
 The “crawls” shown to
the right represent a
distance of 0.6 - 1 km
 2000 – 3000 ft

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MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR USING
PEMS
Outside NTE Zone
< -1 °C
 Average NOx
emissions during a
“Warmup” event are
37g/kg for multiple
conditions outside of
the NTE Zone
 A “Warmup” event
represents first
stationary 10-15
minutes after engine
start. In most cases
the ECU controlled
the RPM until the
coolant reached a
certain temperature
> 1670 m > 1670 m > 1670 m
< -1 °C

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ROAD TO LAB CORRELATION
Highwa
y
FTP and
City
Real World Cycle
LA9
2
Downhi
ll Uphill
SR
C
US0
6
Accel
s
 NOx vs CO2 (g/mi)
for a variety of drive
cycles for on-road
and on-dyno
 2013 Jeep Wrangler
 3.6L V6
 T2B4: 40 mg/mi
NOx
 Similar emissions are
measured within the
standards for both
on-road and on-dyno
cycles
 Simulated road-grade
for on-dyno cycles

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ROAD TO LAB CORRELATION
12mg/mi
Average
(±3mg/mi
St.Dev)
18.2mpg
Average
(±0.5mpg
St.Dev)
50mg/mi
Average
(±6mg/mi
St.Dev)
21mpg Average
(±0.4mpg
St.Dev)

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PSEUDO IN-USE PEMS ROUTES FOR RDE
American
WLTP
Duration
Stop
Duration
Distance p_stop v_max
v_ave w/o
stops
v_ave w/
stops
a_min a_max
s s miles mi/h mi/h mi/h m/s² m/s²
Low 589 156 1.9 26.50% 35.1 16.0 11.7 -1.47 1.47
Middle 433 48 3.0 11.10% 47.6 27.7 24.5 -1.49 1.57
High 455 31 4.4 6.80% 60.5 37.8 35.2 -1.49 1.58
Extra-High 323 7 5.1 2.20% 81.6 58.4 57.2 -1.21 1.03
Total 1800 242 14.5 81.6 28.9
Phase
PEMS route
IUVP
Duration
Stop
Duration
Distance p_stop v_max
v_ave w/o
stops
v_ave w/
stops
a_min a_max
s s miles mi/h mi/h mi/h m/s² m/s²
Low 471 - 1.8 - 25.5 - 7.3 -2.361 2.0809
Middle 259 - 2.1 - 41.0 - 15.3 -1.944 2.3611
High 591 - 5.2 - 63.4 - 21.9 -2.639 3.1944
Extra-High 738 - 7.5 - 70.2 - 35.5 -2.5 2.6389
Total 2059 16.6 70.2 29.3
Phase
Urban Rural Motorway
% % %
Low 100 0 0
Middle 58.9 41.1 0
High 23 55.5 21.5
Extra-High 14.4 18.1 67.5
Whole Trip 32.4 30.6 37
Phase
 An IUVP on-road test
route was created
based from the
WLTP
 26.7km (16.6 miles)
and 34 minutes long

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PSEUDO IN-USE PEMS ROUTES FOR RDE
 On-road NOx
emissions for
gasoline vehicles
were at or below their
respective standard.
 On-road NOx
emissions for the
diesel vehicle were 4-
5x greater than its
respective standard
(200 mg/mi)

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PSEUDO IN-USE PEMS ROUTES FOR RDE
 On-road routes were
driven for different
durations and over
different locations
 Urban, Rural, and
Motorway sections
were driven in
different orders and
magnitudes

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CASE STUDY:
PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS FOR LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE
PERFORMANCE
Chassis Dyno Testing
On-Road Testing
 PEMS provides laboratory-grade fuel consumption and emissions
data but may not be practical for testing all fleet vehicles over long
duration test campaigns
 SGS has used “machine learning” to determine if vehicle
performance can be learned in the chassis dyno lab and then used
to predict on-road fuel consumption and emissions
 MY 2013 Jeep Wrangler, 3.6L V6, PFI, EPA T2B4, no MAF
• On Dyno: 122 micro trips, 3.1 hours of operation
• On Road: 93 micro trips, 3.8 hours of operation
 Predictions were compared to measurements from AVL 493
MOVES

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LDV FUEL ECONOMY PREDICTION USING MACHINE LEARNING
The range of engine operation on-dyno was similar
to on-road tests
Micro Trip R2 = 0.972
Good fuel economy predictions were achieved,
and were more accurate than “OBD dongle”
estimates (not shown)

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LDV EMISSIONS PREDICTION USING MACHINE LEARNING
 Vehicle Specific Power bins were used to compare overall emissions rates
 The predictions showed potential to faithfully represent the real-world emissions rate
distribution by Vehicle Specific Power operating mode
 More explanatory data would improve predictions at the highest power conditions

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THANK YOU