This document outlines the topics to be covered in a lecture on different countries' involvement in the Holocaust. It lists seven countries and institutions to discuss: Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Italy, the Vatican, and the United States. For each, the lecturer will answer four questions about their background, history of antisemitism, actions during the Holocaust, and how Jews survived. Key historical figures and terms are provided for additional context on each location.

1. Lecture for Module 6: Coming to Terms with the Holocaust
My expectation: We have looked at Germany, Romania, the
USSR and France and their responsibility in the Holocaust. You
will gain a basic understanding about other governments and the
Vatican in the Holocaust.
The questions I will ask for each country is
1. What background information is required?
2. What was the county’s record on anti-Semitism?
3. What was the country’s record in the Holocaust?
4. How did Jews survive?
Following the names of each country, I listed key historical
figures and terms, as appropriate.
1- Finland
Answer the four question:
historical terms: the “Winter War” (Nov. 1939-June 1940),
parallel war,
historical figures: Prime Minister Johann Wilhelm Rangell;
Chief of the Finnish State Police Arno Anthoni
_____________________________________________________
_____________
2- Sweden
Answer the four question:
historical terms: a neutral country, Swedish Red Cross.
Ravensbrueck Concentration Camp
historical figures: Raoul Wallenberg
_____________________________________________________
__________

2. 3- Norway
Answer the four question:
historical terms: government-in-exile
historical figures: King Haakon VII, Vidkun Quisling
_____________________________________________________
________
4- Denmark
Answer the four question:
historical terms: SS Race and Resettlement Office,
Theresienstadt
_____________________________________________________
_____________
5- Italy
Answer the four question:
historical terms: Wehrmacht (German army), co-belligerent, the
Republic of Salò, Racial Laws (1938)
“Führer” = “duce” = leader
historical figures: Benito Mussolini
_____________________________________________________
_______
6- The Vatican (the seat of the Roman Catholic Church
worldwide)
Answer the four question:

3. historical terms: Buenos Aires (Argentina), Lateran Accords
(1929), concordat, encyclical, ghetto, Venice (adj. Venetian),
heretical, ghetto, the Reichskonkordat (Concordat between
Germany and the Vatican – 1933), encyclical, Mit Brennender
Sorge (1937), Kristallnacht (1938)
historical figures: Jorge Bergoglio (now, Pope Francis), Pius XI
(1922-1939), Pius XII (1939-1958)
_____________________________________________________
___________
7- The United States of America
Answer the four question:
historical terms: the “St. Louis” (May 1939), Bermuda
Conference (April 1943)