There is a renewed interest in the role of agriculture at the climate change negotiations, as evidenced by a number of interesting side-events during COP 16 in Cancun. The reason is simple: Agriculture and related activities account for a third of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, most of which can be mitigated, an opportunity that policy makers simply cannot afford to miss. What’s more, some of the techniques that sequester carbon have the added advantage of building the water-retention capacity and nutrient content of soils, hence contributing to a triple-win situation where mitigation, adaptation and yield increases are all addressed. In response to this, SIANI and Sida arranged a one-day workshop on the theme From Source to Sink: How to make Agriculture part of the Solution to Climate Change while contributing to Poverty Alleviation? The main purpose of the workshop was to link the multiple potentials of agriculture to other development goals such as over-all poverty alleviation and food security, with particular reference to the needs of smallholder farmers who make up 70% of the world’s poorest people.

1. Building Smallholder Farmer Resilience
to Climate Change in Africa: Building
Effective Policy Environments
By
Joan C. Kagwanja
Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA)
SIANI SEMINAR
From Source to Sink: How to make Agriculture part of the Solution to Climate Change while
contributing to Poverty Alleviation?
Cancun Caribe Park Royal Grand Hotel, Cancun, Mexico
6 December 2010

2. LAND RESOURCES are central to Livelihoods and
Africa’s Development
LANDPOLICIES
LAND
AMINISTRATION
GOVERNANCE
PARTNER
SUPPORT
Poverty Reduction
Agric. and Econ.
Development
Sustainable NRM
Peace and Security
2

3. Economics 101: Sustainable Production Depends on
Land, Capital, Labor, Technology
 Key determinants to sustainable agricultural
intensification
 Climate change is a shock to the system affects
ability to mobilize the factors effectively/sustainably
 Land control and access impacts ability to access
capital, technology, and labor
 A conducive policy environment is key to addressing
property rights constraints and addressing CC
mitigation and adaptation
3

4. Consensus on Expected Long-Term Climate
Change…
 Climate change is occurring and will continue even if
global carbon emissions are drastically reduced
 There is variation in nature and extent of climate
change in the future, but warming will take place for
at least, the next 50–100 years
 Results in an increase in the number of hot days and
nights, an increase in heavy precipitation events and
a rise in sea levels
 Key question: at what rate will change occur; what
impact on smallholder farmers

5. Considerations for a Strategy to build
resilience…
 Short-term-- inter-annual variability > impact than climate
change; crop suitability will not change much
 Extreme weather events will occur with possibly higher
frequency
 More localized climate models needed to accurately
predict variability and impact of weather at local levels
 More accurate weather data and increased weather
stations and regularly reporting data in Africa needed
 Lacking adequate prediction on long-term climate change--
adapting to current variability and impact critical compared
to planning for long-term climate change scenarios

6. Magnitude of Predicted Climate Change
Maps Depicting Predicted Climate Change
Source: “How Will Climate Change Shift Agro-Ecological Zones and Impact African Agriculture?” , P.Kurukulasuriya & R. Mendelsohn
The agro-ecological landscape is forecasted to exhibit significant changes over the course of
the century; this results in shifts in the profitability per hectare of cropland
Predicted Change in Distribution of Agro-ecological Zones with (CCC Scenario), 2003 – 2100e
OBSERVED CCC 2100
Desert
High elevation dry savannah
High elevation humid forest
High elevation moist savannah
Lowland dry savannah
Lowland humid forest
Lowland moist savannah
Lowland semi-arid
Lowland sub-humid
Mid-elevation dry savannah
Mid-elevation humid forests
Mid-elevation moist savannah
Mid-elevation sub-humid
Legend

7. Magnitude of Predicted Climate Change
Magnitude of Predicted Climate Change by Country
Percentage Decrease in Agricultural GDP due to Climate Impacts in 2100e
Percentage
-1.5
0.90.9
1.51.9
2.4
3.5
5.3
6.8
8.1
9.3
15.0
16.1
-3
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
Keny
a
Ethiopi
a
Ghan
a
Mozambiqu
e
Zambi
a
Nigeri
a
MaliBurkina
Faso
Nige
r
Malaw
i
Ugand
a
Tanzani
a
Rwand
a
Decrease in
Billion Dollars
0.66 0.66 0.50 3.64 0.15 0.21 0.49 0.31 0.26 0.04 0.15 0.09 -0.06
Note: For the climate change prediction numbers, an average of average of 14 climate change models is used
Source: "Climate Change Impacts on Africa Agriculture“, Mendelsohn et al (2000); Monitor Analysis
Whilst the majority of countries will experience a decrease in agricultural productivity,
Rwanda has an opportunity to capitalize on positive climate change effects

8. Assess and Address System Vulnerability (1)
Vulnerability Parameters: Economy – Access to Capital
In countries where it is particularly difficult to obtain credit, farmers’ access to
interventions for adapting to climate change is impeded
Getting Credit Index, 2008
Note: The Getting Credit Index is a component of the Ease of Doing Business Indicator
Source: World Bank; Monitor Analysis
2.0
2.32.32.3
2.8
3.3
4.44.4
4.6
5.05.05.0
5.6
6.5
7.9
0.0
1.5
3.0
4.5
6.0
7.5
9.0
RwandaNigerMaliBurkina FasoEthiopia Mozam-
bique
UgandaGhanaKenyaTanzaniaNigeriaMalawiZambiaIndiaUK
Accessing credit is
extremely difficult in these
countries

9. Road Network Density, 2004
Source: “IRF World Road Statistics”, International Road Federation; Monitor Analysis
Assess and Address System Vulnerability (2)
Vulnerability Parameters: Economy – Infrastructure
In countries where road infrastructure is sparse, the cost of transporting food to urban areas
is high and accessing the agro-dealer network is difficult
Rwanda’s high score is
likely to be due to its
particularly small land area.
0.010.010.030.040.060.090.110.12
0.160.170.200.21
0.57
1.03
1.60
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
NigerMaliEthiopiaMozam-
bique
Burkina
Faso
TanzaniaKenyaZambiaMalawiUgandaGhanaNigeriaRwandaIndiaUK
Kmofroads/km2oflandarea

10. Examine and Address System Vulnerability (3)
Summarised Results
GDP per capita
Agricultural
production
percentage of GDP
Most Vulnerable Five Countries by Indicator
Irrigated land as
percentage of
arable land
1. Niger
2. Malawi
3. Mozambique
4. Ethiopia
5. Rwanda
1. Zambia
2. Mozambique
3. Ethiopia
4. Mali
5. Tanzania
1. Uganda
2. Niger
3. Burkina Faso
4. Ghana
5. Rwanda
Ethiopia (8)
Mozambique (7)
Mali (7)
Niger (10)
Most vulnerable countries based on number
of top five appearances on each indicator
Burkina Faso (6)
Global Hunger
Index
1. Niger
2. Ethiopia
3. Zambia
4. Mali
5. Mozambique
Infant mortality
1. Niger
2. Mozambique
3. Mali
4. Zambia
5. Nigeria

11. The extension program is the conduit through which all other initiatives must
be funneled to effectively reach the farmer and catalyse an African Green
Revolution
Strengthening Agricultural Resilience to climate change
Soil Health Initiatives
Seed Initiatives
Market Access Initiatives
Climate Expertise
Livestock Development
Agro-Forestry
…
Extension Activities
“A food secure and prosperous
Africa achieved through a
uniquely African Green
Revolution”
On-going
Focus Issues
Recommended Through Linkages

12. What types of interventions build resilience (1)
 Technological interventions
– Seed (agro-ecologically adapted over time while
conserving biodiversity
– Soil, Land and Water Management—soil fertility,
conservation; sustainable irrigation and water
management
 Institutions
– Education
– Extension
– Farmer Based Organizations-Farmer’s Associations
– Storage and Markets
– Credit, finance, insurance

13. What types of interventions build resilience (1
 Policies
– Farm input policies (seed, soil health)
– Market policies
– Land policies and management
– Environment and climate change policies
 Data, information and knowledge management
– Climate Information
 Gender and climate change adaptation
– Women contribute immensely to agriculture and food security
– Adapt all interventions to the particular needs of women

14. Harnessing Carbon Markets for Smallholders
 Land use /ecosystem mapping and identification of
ecosystem services;
 Improve and refine tools to measure carbon sequestration in
agriculture
 Farmer aggregation to overcome scale constraints
 Pilot sequestration activities and demonstration to farmers
 Knowledge generation and sharing among researchers and
practitioners in carbon market activities among African
smallholder
 Financial instruments and distributive mechanisms for
benecifiaries

15. Confidential
Institutional Arrangements/Capacity for
Policy Development and
Implementation

16. Research/
Analysis of Policy
Options
Policy review
and/or
development
Policy
Implementation
Assessment/
Monitoring and
Evaluation
Identification
of Policy Issues/
Constraint/
Prioritize
Policy
communication
Dialogue/
Advocacy
I
M
P
R
O
V
E
P
O
L
I
C
Y
E
N
V
I
R
O
N
M
E
N
T
What?: Supporting Activities Along Policy
Advocacy Pathway

17. •MOA
•Seeds certification
Unit
•NARS/Research
•NGOs: Agro-dealer
training
•NGOs: Extension
•Research
•Farmers
•NGOs: Agro-dealer
training
•NGOs: Extension
•Research
•Farmers
•MOA
• Fertilizer
procurement agency
•NARS/Research
•MOA
•Ministry of commerce
•Regional trade
representative
•NARS/Research
•NGOs: output market
development
•Research
•Farmers
•NGOs: land reform
•Community groups
•NGOs:
Environment/cc
•Research
•Farmers
Non-
Government
Government
•MOA
•Ministry of Lands
•Environment
protection agencies
•Research
Seeds Soil Health Markets
Land &
Environment
Private
sector
•Seed companies
•Seed growers
associations
•Agro-dealer
associations
•Research
•Fertilizer importers,
blenders, wholesalers
•Phosphate miners
•Research
•Grain traders
association
•Agricultural
commodity exchange
•Research
•Plantations/ estates
•Managers of carbon
sinks
•Producers of CPPs
•Research
Who? Local Institutions

18. How? Enhancing Institutional Arrangements/
Linkages…
Policy decision makers / implementers / funders
Policy Hub
Seeds Policy Action Node
Soil Health Policy Action
Node
Markets Policy Action
Node
Land & Environment Policy
Action Node
Policy Hub
Coordination
ParliamentsMinistries
Development
Partners
(funders of policy)
President/ Prime
Minister
Policy engagement,
communications, advocacy

19. Policy Analysis & Advocacy Pathway
Research/ Analysis
of Policy Options
Policy review and/or
development
Policy
Implementation
Monitoring and
Evaluation
Identification
of Policy Issue/
Constraint
Policy stakeholders
(farmers
organizations, NGOs,
business associations,
private sector
Policy Node/Hub
(including
senior/policy fellows,
policy analysts)
Policy
Implementers
(executive branch,
Minsitires/deptsta
keholders)
AGRA , Government and Development partners (Financial and
Technical Support)
P
O
L
I
C
Y
C
H
A
N
G
E
Policy Makers
(Parliament,
Stakeholders)
Policy Dialogue/
Advocacy
How? Supporting Effective Dialogue with
Policymakers and Parliamentarians

20. Policy
Program
AWEPA
Programs
Core Programs
AGRA
AWEPA
AWEPA
members (
MPs. Former
MPS)
Grantees and
partners
Policy Hubs
„Global‟APSA Think Tank
• Political Economy
• Development
• Agriculture
„
National‟APSA Think Tank
• Political Economy
• Development
• Agriculture
PARLIAMENT
Agricultural
Parliamentary
committee
Other
committees
• Finance and
budget
• Land/environment,
Natural resources
Parliamentary
(technical) staff
CAADP
NPCA
APSA
secretariat
African Parliamentary
Support for Agriculture (APSA)

21. Confidential
GHANA Policy Action Node Activities (1)
Institutions: MOA, CA, UG, CSIR, EPA, CARE, STEPRI,
NCRC
Identified Issues of Concern:
 Unsustainable farm management practices;
 Loss of crop biodiversity, including drought-resistant crops;
 Farmers do not benefit from global and regional initiatives,
including carbon market
 Farmers’ face risk weather and climate related risks
 Lack of recognition and support of women farmers in
agriculture and food security

22. Confidential
GHANA Policy Action Node Activities (2)
22
National Dev Plans:
Vision 2020 (1995 to 2015)
Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy (2003-2005)
Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy (2006-2009);
National Long-Term Development Plan
Agricultural Strategies
Accelerated Agricultural Growth and Development Strategy (1990-2000)
Food and Agriculture Sector Development policy
Food and Agriculture Sector Development Policy (FASDEP) & FASDEP
II

23. Confidential
GHANA Policy Action Node Activities (3)
Goal
 Building resilience of smallholder farmers to climate change and variability; &
address adverse impacts of agriculture on biodiversity
Objectives
 Revise National Climate Change Strategy to enhance smallholder farmer
adaptation capacity.
 Integrate climate change adaptation and biodiversity conservation into
Medium Term Agricultural Sector Implementation Programme (METASIP)
and strategic plans of MoFA.
 Examine and promote viable options for crop insurance
 Promote biodiversity conservation and eco-system services in the
breadbasket area
 Promote agroforestry farming systems and tree ownership among
smallholder farmers in bread basket region of Ghana.

24. Confidential
GHANA Policy Action Node Activities (3)
Activities:
 Examine recommendations and raise awareness of safety and
environmentally friendly use of seed, fertilizer, agro-chemicals, pesticides for
smallholder farmers;
 Research to collate best agricultural practices that promote smallholder
farmers adaptation to climate change
 Advocacy to incorporate climate change adaptation strategy into METASIP
and strategic plans of MoFA.
 Capacity building of agricultural extension staff in relation to the delivery of
climate change and biodiversity interventions;
 Establish viability of crop insurance working closely with farmers, insurers
and banks, government etc
 Identify international best practices on Carbon markets for smallholder
farmers

25. Thank you!!