Journal of Catalyst & Catalysis (JoCC) Publishes original research articles and review articles related to all aspects of catalysts.This Journal provides indispensable source of information for chemist in Industrial and academic fields Focus and Scope Covers Catalysis, Catalyst, Reagents Inhibitors, Poisons and Promoters Mechanism Action of Catalyst Inorganic Solids and Metal Complexes Statistical Evaluations of Catalyst Adsorption, Process Technology with Catalysis Computational Catalysis Bio Catalytic Transformation

1. ISSN 2349-4344 (Online)
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Shiva B Halligudi
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10. It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 3, Issue 3] of our Journal of Catalyst &
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11. 1. An Use of Solar Energy Based Photocatalyst for Degradation of Water Pollutants
Ram Babu Pachwarya, Deepchand Saini, R.C. Meena, A.L. Ramnathan 1
2. Fire-Mechanical Properties of Geopolymer Concrete
Ali I. Al-Mosawi, Shaymaa Abbas Abdulsada 6
3. Identification of Some Imported Lubricating Oil Additives Used in Libya and Synthesis of the
Most Consumed Ones from the Local Raw Materials
Abdurahman A. Abuabdalla Khalifa, Rajab Maga 10
4. Synthesis and Study of Different Thioamides as Corrosion Inhibitors
Abdurahman A. Abuabdalla Khalifa 18
5. Phytoextraction of Lead and Chromium by Leafy Vegetables (Lettuce, Kale and Swiss chard)
Mamu H. Teferi, Dejene A. Tessema 26
ContentsJournal of Catalyst & Catalysis

12. JoCC (2016) 1-5 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
Journal of Catalyst and Catalysis
ISSN: 2349-4344(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
An Use of Solar Energy Based Photocatalyst for
Degradation of Water Pollutants
Ram Babu Pachwarya1,
*, Deepchand Saini2
, R.C. Meena3
, A.L. Ramnathan2
1
Department of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
2
School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
3
Department of Chemistry, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
Abstract
Azo dyes/Dyes, pesticides, weedicide, etc. are highly harmful and carcinogenic in nature.
Dyes especially azo dyes reduces fertility of soil. Treatment of dye pollution even pesticides,
weedicides is challenging for environmentalists. The photocatalytic degradation of most of
water-soluble organic pollutants by heterogeneous photocatalyst ZnO in the presence of
sunlight is best and sustainable method. We also found the influence of different parameters
like light intensity, temperature, amount of catalyst, pH of the solution, light intensity. It has
been found that ZnO is capable to degraded/remove most of water-soluble organic pollutants
in the presence of sunlight. The merits of the technic are: (1) we can use same catalyst many
times and it works well every time. (2) Techniques is based on sunlight. We also applied this
technology for treatment of sewage water and we observed that this catalyst is fully capable to
remove all kind of water-soluble pollutants we got more than 99% transparent water in few
hours irradiation of sunlight.
Keywords: Non-biodegradable, degradation, ZnO, TiO2, photocatalytic azo dyes
INTRODUCTION
Degradation of water pollutants is a
challenging task much more difficult because
of variety of pollutants including non-
biodegradable water-soluble organic
pollutants. Most of Sewage water pollutants
are non-biodegradable in nature, so
conventional treatment methods are not
capable to remove these pollutants from
pollution cycle. Advance oxidation process
(AOP) heterogeneous photocatalyst ZnO can
prove a promising technology for treatment of
sewage water. This technic has shown its
capability to degrade all kind of water-soluble
organic pollutants including non-
biodegradable pollutants. Heterogeneous
photocatalyst can be used for treatment of
sewage water, paper industries, food
industries, textile industries, chemical
industries, Agriculture industries, etc. The
effluent of industries and household activities,
known as sewage water, contain variety of
pollutants most of them are non-biodegradable
and hazardous pollutants. Traditional technics
like adsorption, sedimentation, flocculation,
and coagulation are not capable to eliminate
pollutants from pollution cycle. However,
these methods convert the phase of pollutants
from liquid phase to solid phase and produce
secondary pollution, i.e. soil pollution. These
conventional methods also required huge
amount of electricity and chemicals.
Heterogeneous photocatalyst based technique
is fully capable to remove all water-soluble
organic pollutants. Merits of AOP are use of
renewable source of energy, as this technic is
totally based on solar energy. We can use
same catalyst many times resultant this technic
becomes much cheaper than conventional
methods when we compare all parameters and
effectiveness. We observe that all the
pollutants convert into non-hazardous
forms/gases.
We use this catalyst (ZnO) heterogeneous
photocatalyst for degradation of organic
pollutants. It believes that due sensitization of
photocatalyst, electron are migrate from
balance band (VB) to conduction band (CB)
resultant holes–electron pairs are forms. Holes
(h+)
are form by balance band; these holes can
generate hydroxyl radicals, which are highly

13. JoCC (2016) 6-9 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 6
Journal of Catalyst and Catalysis
ISSN: 2349-4344(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Fire-Mechanical Properties of Geopolymer Concrete
Ali I. Al-Mosawi1,
*, Shaymaa Abbas Abdulsada2
Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Miskolc, Egyetem út, Hungary
Abstract
Nanoscale Aluminum hydroxide was added in different proportions (10, 15, 20) wt% for Low-
calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete to increase its resistance to fires. ASTM E84 - 16
standard with 750°C temperature was used to test the ability of aluminum hydroxide to
enhance the resistance of concert to burning. The practical results proven the efficiency of
aluminum hydroxide as a fire retardant to impede the flame and improved geopolymer
compressive strength after burning.
Keywords: Geopolymer concrete, Aluminum hydroxide, fire-mechanical properties
INTRODUCTION
Geopolymer concrete considered as a
sustainable material, which widely used today
in buildings and structures industry because of
its distinctive characteristics. In addition, to
make Geopolymer, aluminum and silicon
mixed with industrial solid waste to create a
solid binder have the same function as in
ordinary portland cement. This solid binder
can be used in applications to totally or
partially replace ordinary portland cement with
sustainable and environmental impacts such as
reducing emissions of CO2, enhanced fire
resistance and aggressive chemicals attack.
Although this technique is that the looks new
for many, but it has been used by ancient
civilizations such as the Babylonians and
Egyptians in the construction of their buildings
[1–5].
Like any other type of concrete, geopolymer
concrete suffering weakness in its mechanical
properties when exposed to fire, and its
resistance to fire relate to quantities of mixed
materials [6]. Fire retardant was added to this
concrete to increase its resistance to fire. Fire
retardants (FRs) have the capacity to resist
direct flame and prevent its spread or
extinguish it completely [7].The essential aim
of adding FRs is to slow down the process of
ignition and prevent the flame spread in
which the low fire resistance material will be
protected [8–11]. FRs is applied in a numeral
of different methods. Some fire retardants
cause a char layer, thus inhibiting the pyrolysis
process [12–15]. Others work to removing the
flammable gases by interacting with hydrogen
and hydroxide radicals in the bulk. There are
four groups of FRs Inorganic FRs, Organic
phosphorus FRs, Nitrogen-containing FRs and
Halogenated organic FRs [16–20].
METHODOLOGY
Materials
Materials used to prepare the samples were
low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer
concrete Class F and its chemical composition
is shown in Table 1 [21], and Aluminum
hydroxide Al(OH)3 with particle size (1 nm).
Preparation of Test Samples: The solid
samples of concrete mixes were designed in
accordance with the American mix design
method (ACI 211)and have a cubic shape with
(150×150×150 mm. Aluminum hydroxide was
added to the concert with (10, 15, 20) wt% and
mixed well. These samples were taken out
from the molds after 24 hours of casting and
then they were completely immersed in water
for 28 days.

14. JoCC (2016) 10-17 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 10
Journal of Catalyst and Catalysis
ISSN: 2349-4344(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Identification of Some Imported Lubricating Oil Additives
Used in Libya and Synthesis of the Most Consumed Ones
from the Local Raw Materials
Abdurahman A. Abuabdalla Khalifa1,
, Rajab Maga2
1
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Gabal Al-Gharbi University, Gharian, Libya
2
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Azzaytuna University, Libya
Abstract
This paper presents the identified six additives imported under trade names used in the
lubricating oil blending factory of A-Zawia-Libya. Their structures have been completely
confirmed by examining their physical properties and using modern analytical techniques
such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), infra-red (IR), atomic absorption
(AAS) and gas chromatography (GC). The synthesis of most important and more consumed
additives in lubricating oils in Libyan oil industry from local available raw materials as
corrosion inhibitors, viscosity index improvers, detergent-dispersants and multipurpose
additives were prepared by using castor oil extracted from local castor beans and some
petrochemical derivatives. Some additives have followed one step reaction, while others two
step reactions. Both types of reactions gave remarkable yields of 40–80%. Their performance
was evaluated and the synthesized corrosion inhibitors had also been examined and various
possible protection rates were obtained.
Keywords: Additives, lubricating oils, castor oil, trade names, blending factory
INTRODUCTION
The main function of a lubricant is forming a
film that separates two surfaces that roll or
slide between one another, to reduce friction
and eliminate wear. Additives are chemicals
imported under trade names from different
monopolize companies and added in a small
percentage to improve the physical properties
and extending the life of the lubricating oils.
Lubricating oil additives are used for the
protection of many parts of machines and
engines to prevent wear, reduce the oxidative
or thermal degradation of oil, minimize rust
and corrosion, lessen the deposition of harmful
deposits on lubricated parts and prevent
destructive metal-to-metal contact [1].
Detergent and dispersant additives are used
primarily in internal combustion engines to
keep metal surfaces clean by preventing
deposition of oxidation products. Dispersants
are typically the highest treat additives in
engine oil formulation. They are similar to
detergents in that they have a polar head group
with an oil-soluble hydrocarbon tail; while
detergents are used to clean engine surfaces
and neutralize acidic byproducts [2]. One of
the most important modes of lubricant
degradation is oxidation. This oxidation is the
primary cause of increase in viscosity, pour
point, sludge, and enhanced engine corrosion;
and conventional liquid lubricants show poor
oxidative and thermal stability at higher
temperature ranges, which result in the
formation of a vast quantity of volatile and
solid products in the lubrication system [3].
For convenience, lubricating oils are divided
into different categories: motors, industrial and
special oils. The percentage and composition
of the additives vary with the base oil selected
and performance required for finished
products. Some additives impart new and
useful properties to the lubricant; some
enhance properties already present, while
some act to reduce the rate at which
undesirable changes take place in the product
during its service life. Table 1 shows the
different additives and their typical
compounds [4].

15. JoCC (2016) 18-25 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 18
Journal of Catalyst and Catalysis
ISSN: 2349-4344(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Synthesis and Study of Different Thioamides as
Corrosion Inhibitors
Abdurahman A. Abuabdalla Khalifa*
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Aljabel-Algarbi University, Libya
Abstract
Many organic compounds having electron rich atoms in their structures, such as nitrogen,
and sulphur are widely use in lubricating additives, in the oil industry to minimize corrosion.
The presence of electron rich atoms in the molecules increases its ability to form coordinate
covalent bonds with the metal atoms, involved in the corrosion environment. Compounds
based on fatty amines, aromatic amines, imidazoline, diamidazoline, and fatty amides are
now, uses as corrosion inhibitors, in the oil sector and are available in the market. In this
work, some phenyl acetothioamide and benzyl acetothioamide are synthesized. The chemical
and physical data of the prepared compounds are compiled. The solubility, cold stability, heat
stability, and corrosion inhibitors characteristics, of the compounds have been measured in
the artificial environment (10% crude in artificial brine at pH 4.5–4.8). Prepared thioamides
differs in their molecular weights, due to presence of different organic substituent's, on the
thioamides group. Synthesis of the above mentioned compounds are based on the Willgerodt-
Kindler reaction. The compounds are confirmed by IR, NMR, UV-VIS, and other wet chemical
analytical techniques. The experimental values of the elemental composition were compared
with the calculated values and found agreeing. UV-VIS. and IR spectra also show the
absorption peaks, which confirm the presence of thioamides group in the prepared
compounds. The possible reaction mechanism regarding the synthesis of the above mentioned
compounds is discussed and its mechanism of corrosion inhibition in the corrosive
environment was explained. The compounds was evaluated in brine and sea water, some
compounds having percentage protection more than 50%, the results was compared with the
imported commercial inhibitors and found to be compatible.
Keywords: Additives, corrosion inhibitors, market, brine
INTRODUCTION
Chemical anti-degradants means the chemical
species which inhibit corrosion of metals and
stabilize or adjust the environment in which it
has been applied. Corrosion inhibitors form a
protective barrier on the surface of a substrate
by physical absorption, corrosion problems in
the operation of petroleum drilling installation
are to be solved by the aid of corrosion
inhibitors in the injection water. The crude
comes out with plenty of minerals containing
water and the pH of this aqueous and oily
mixture various but lies in the acidic side. This
acidic pH, mineral contents and dissolved gases
are responsible for metallic corrosion. Number
of organic compound having electron rich
atoms in their molecules such as nitrogen and
sulphur, are widely used as corrosion inhibitors,
for their anticorrosion and antioxidation
properties [1, 2]. Many such types of these
compounds have been synthesized having
different percentage composition of nitrogen
and sulphur and varying in saturations. It has
been proved experimentally that higher
molecular weight of the above mentioned types
of compounds, higher is the anticorrosive and
antioxidation properties. It may be due to more
surface area of the molecules. It is also
established that the sulphur containing
substances are more effective anticorrosive and
antioxidative compared to nitrogen containing
compounds, provided the molecular weight and
molecular unsaturations will be the same.
Corrosion and oxidation inhibitors are routinely
used in oil fields and in the refiners, in order to
minimize the corrosion of the oil transporting
pipe lines, pumps, valves and other involved
equipment and also the refinery installations.
Commercially corrosion inhibitors are unique
mixtures that may contains surfactants, film

16. JoCC (2016) 26-36 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 26
Journal of Catalyst and Catalysis
ISSN: 2349-4344(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Phytoextraction of Lead and Chromium by Leafy
Vegetables (Lettuce, Kale and Swiss Chard)
Mamu H. Teferi*, Dejene A. Tessema
Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Jimma University, P.O Box 387,
Jimma, Ethiopia
Abstract
This research was carried out to assess the accumulation of Cr and Pb in leafy vegetables
(lettuce, kale and Swiss chard) in their harvestable part and root from artificially polluted soil
with Pb and Cr. Soil sample was characterized for its pH, organic matter (OM), cation
exchange capacity (CEC), electrical conductivity (EC) and texture. Soil sample digested by
mixture of HNO3 and HClO4 was analyzed. Pb accumulation in shoot was on average greater
(318.36 to 1235.20 mg/kg) in S2 than S1 (169.66 to 404.80 mg/kg). Translocation of Pb from
root to shoot was enhanced by the addition of spinach extract in kale and Swiss chard.
Chromium translocation from root to shoot in the vegetables was limited. Less than one TF of
Cr was recorded in all plants of both soil samples. Cr except lettuce grown in PES2, all the
plants were able to accumulate less than 1000 mg kg-1
in their shoot.
Keyword: Lead, Chromium, Photoextract
INTRODUCTION
Industrialization has led to the release of
enormous quantities of toxic compounds into
the environment. For the remediation of
contaminated sites, there are numerous
methods. Commonly used engineering
techniques include excavation and land filling,
chemical treatment and verification. These
methods are extremely expensive. Due to the
acute toxicity of heavy metal contaminants,
there is an urgent need to develop low-cost,
effective, and sustainable methods to remove
or to detoxify from the environment. One of
these methods is a plant based approach
known as phytoremediation [1, 2].
Phytoremediation is a method of environmental
treatment that makes use of the ability of some
plant species to stabilize, degrade uptake
pollutants or accumulate certain elements,
including heavy metals, in amounts exceeding
the nutrition requirements of plants [2].
Phytoremediation has includes different
strategies. These are Phytotransformation
(phytodegradation), Phytostabilization (space
uniformity), Rhizodegradation, Phytofiltration
(rhizofiltration), and Phytoextraction
(phytoaccumulation) [1–4].
Phytoextraction processes extract both
metallic and organic constituents from soil by
direct uptake into plants and translocation to
aboveground biomass. Plant used for
phytoextraction are those capable of
accumulating Concentration 100 times higher
than in normal plants for each metal of
interest, i.e., more than 10 mg kg–1
of Hg; 100
mg kg–1
of Cd; 1000 mg kg–1
of Co, Cr, Cu, Pb
and Ni; and 10,000 mg kg–1
of Zn and Mn etc.;
Bioconcentration factor >1 (concentration of
the element in the plant > concentration in the
soil); and Translocation factor >1 (element
concentration in the over ground part of the
Plant > than in roots) [5].
Phytoextraction has commonly two strategies.
These are natural Phytoextraction which use
plants with inherent capacity to extract toxic
metals and educed Phytoextraction which is
chemical assisted extracting method [6–9].
Metals exist in soil in five different pools:
fraction 1) soluble, i.e., metals in the soil
solution (as free metal ions and metal
complexes); fraction 2) exchangeable, i.e.,
metals adsorbed on ion-exchange sites and on
inorganic soil constituents; fraction 3) organic,
i.e., metals bound with the organic matter;

17. ISSN 2349-4344 (Online)
Journal of
Catalyst & Catalysis
(JoCC)
September–December 2016
conducted
Ch Instrumentation/ /
/
Energy Science/ /
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