SOLAR POWERED AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

1. SOLAR POWERED
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
Presented by:
G.SURAJ Guided By:
17IS1D0207 Mrs DEVI SUPRIYA (Asst Prof)
Renewable Energy Engineering JNTUK.
JNTUK.

2. CONTENTS
 OVER VIEW
 INTRODUCTION
 OBJECTIVE
 COMPONENTS
 LAYOUT
 WORKING PRINCIPLE
 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
 ADVANTAGES
 DISADVANTAGES
 FUTURE SCOPE
 CONCLUSION

3. OVERVIEW
 The development of renewable energy is on the rise worldwide because of the
growing demand on energy, high oil prices and concerns of environmental
impacts.
 Alternative or non-conventional energy resources are very essential to develop
for future energy requirements.
 In recent years, progress on solar-powered air conditioning has increased as
nowadays, air conditioning system is almost a must in every building if we want
to have a good indoor comfort inside the building.
 Therefore we focus in the design and construction of a air conditioning system
integrated with photovoltaic (PV) system which consists of PV panels, solar
charger, inverter and batteries.
 This air conditioning system can be operated on solar and can be used in non-
electrified areas.
 We all known, solar energy is cost effective, renewable and environmentally
friendly.

4. INTRODUCTION
SOLAR POTENTIAL
 India’s current solar power installed capacity is around 3
GW, or less than 0.5% of the estimated potential.
 Naturally there exists a massive opportunity to tap this
potential. As a result, the Indian government has increased
its solar power capacity addition target five-fold.
 Instead of the initial target to installed 22 GW solar power
capacity by 2022, the government now plans to add 100 GW
capacity. This includes 20 GW of ultra mega solar power
projects, with installed capacity of 500 MW or more, across
12 states.
 According to the estimates, Rajasthan and Jammu &
Kashmir have the highest solar power potential.
 Rajasthan, with its healthy resource of solar radiation and
availability of vast tracts of wasteland in the form of the
THAR Desert, has a potential of about 142 GW.
 Jammu & Kashmir receives the highest amount of solar
radiation in India, and has a significantly large area of
wasteland in LADAKH. The state has an estimated potential
of 111 GW.

5. INDIAN MARKET IN AIR
CONDITIONING
 Indian Air Conditioner Market
revenues are projected to grow at
a CAGR of 12.2% during 2018-
2024.
 Solar air conditioning might play
an increasing role in zero energy
and energy-plus building design.
 SAC might be a way to reduce
the demand for electricity.

6. OBJECTIVE
WHAT IS AIR CONDITIONING ?
 Air conditioning is defined as the simultaneous
processing of temperature, humidity, purification and
distribution of air current in compliance with the
requirement of space needing air conditioning .
 In general, air conditioning which also can be known as
refrigeration is defined as any process of heat removal.
To produce the process, it requires energy where the
sources are commonly gas and electricity
 AIR CONDITIONER: An air conditioner is a system or
a machine that treats air in a defined, usually enclosed
area via a refrigeration cycle in which warm air is
removed and replaced with cooler and more humid air.

7. HOW DOES IT WORK ?
 In the refrigeration cycle, heat is transported from a colder location to a hotter
area. As heat would naturally flow in the opposite direction, work is required to
achieve this.
 A refrigerator is an example of such a system, as it transports the heat out of the
interior and into its environment. The refrigerant is used as the medium which
absorbs and removes heat from the space to be cooled and subsequently ejects
that heat elsewhere.
 Circulating refrigerant vapor enters the compressor where its pressure and
temperature are increased. The hot, compressed refrigerant vapor is now at a
temperature and pressure at which it can be condensed and is routed through a
condenser.
 Here it is cooled by air flowing across the condenser coils and condensed into a
liquid. Thus, the circulating refrigerant removes heat from the system and the
heat is carried away by the air.
 The removal of this heat can be greatly augmented by pouring water over the
condenser coils, making it much cooler when it hits the expansion valve.

8.  The condensed, pressurized, and still usually somewhat hot liquid
refrigerant is next routed through an expansion valve (often nothing more
than a pinhole in the system's copper tubing) where it undergoes an
abrupt reduction in pressure.
 That pressure reduction results in flash evaporation of a part of the
liquid refrigerant, greatly lowering its temperature. The cold refrigerant is
then routed through the evaporator.
 A fan blows the interior warm air (which is to be cooled) across the
evaporator, causing the liquid part of the cold refrigerant mixture to
evaporate as well, further lowering the temperature.
 The warm air is therefore cooled and is pumped by an exhaust fan/
blower into the room. To complete the refrigeration cycle, the refrigerant
vapor is routed back into the compressor.
 In order for the process to have any efficiency, the
cooling/evaporative portion of the system must be separated by some
kind of physical barrier from the heating/condensing portion, and each
portion must have its own fan to circulate its own "kind" of air (either the
hot air or the cool air).

10. SOLAR AIR CONDITIONING
 Solar air conditioning refers to any
air conditioning (cooling) system
that uses solar power.
 Solar Air conditioning units come
in 3 basic types:
1. Solar Thermal cooling
system.
2. Photovoltaic solar air
conditioner.
3. Direct current solar Air
conditioners.

11. COMPONENTS
1.Solar Equipments
 Solar panel
 Battery
 Inverter
 Charge Controller
2.Compressor
3.Condensor
4.Expansion Valve
5.Evaporator

12. 1. SOLAR EQUIPMENTS
SOLAR PANEL BATTERY
 Solar panel refers to a photovoltaic
module.
 A solar thermal energy panel or a
set of solar photo voltaic modules are
electrically connected and mounted on
a supporting structure.
 Battery store the electric power in the
form of chemical reaction.
 Without storage we would only have
power when the sun is shining or the
generator is running.
 We need battery of 48V.

13. Inverter
 The power inverter
is the heart of the
system.
 It makes 220 volts
AC from the 12 volts
DC stored in the
batteries.
 It can also charge
the batteries if
connected t a
generator or the AC
line

14. Charge Controller  The purpose of charge
controller is to regulate the
current from the PV module to
prevent the batteries from
overcharging.
 A charge controller is used to
sense when the batteries are
fully charged and to stop, or
decrease, the amount of current
flowing to the battery.
 Charge controller is rated by
the amount of current they can
receive from the solar panels

15.  COMPRESSOR is electrically
operated can be described as the heart
of air conditioning system as it pump
refrigerant throughout the system.
 The main function of a compressor is
to compress refrigerant vapour to a high
pressure, making it hot for the
circulation process of the refrigerant.
 A condenser is a device or unit
used to condense a substance from
its gaseous to its liquid state, by
cooling it.
 In so doing, the latent heat is
given up by the substance and
transferred to the surrounding
environment.
2. 3.

16.  A thermal expansion valve
(TXV) is a precision device
designed to actively separate the air
conditioning system into high
pressure and low pressure sides.
 The most important function of
the TXV is to regulate the flow of
the high pressure liquid refrigerant
into the evaporator coil.
 An air conditioner's evaporator
coil, also called the evaporator core,
is the part of the system where the
refrigerant absorbs heat. That is, it's
where the cold air comes from.
 The evaporator coil is located
inside or near the air handler where
the blower fan is.
4. 5.

17. LAYOUT OF SOLAR AC
SCHEMATIC VIEW OF AN CONVENTIONAL VAPOUR
COMPRESSION CYCLE USED IN SOLAR AC.

18. WORKING OF A SOLAR AIR CONDITIONER
 The solar energy is received by the PV module and transform into electrical energy. The
electrical energy is then being regulated by charge controller either by supplies it directly
into the load or charges the batteries.
 As the electrical energy coming from the PV module is in DC, inverter will convert it
into AC as the compressor needs AC to operate.
 The most common type of air conditioning is technically referred to as direct expansion,
mechanical, vapour - compression refrigeration system. The goal with air conditioning is
to capture heat in the cooling space and throw it outside.
 The operation of the system starts when the cold, low pressure liquid (refrigerant) flows
across the evaporator coil inside the cooling space to absorb heat. The cold liquid that
went into the evaporator coil comes out as a low pressure gas.
 Then, the cool, low pressure gas is taken outside and compressed by the compressor to
become a hot, high pressure gas.
 Next, the hot gas is passed through the condenser coil and gives off some of its heat as
outdoor air is blown across the coil. This cause the hot gas to condense back to into a
warm liquid.
 The warm liquid is carried back to the evaporator by passing through the expansion
device which decreases the temperature and pressure of the liquid.

19. SOLAR AC CONFIGURATIONS
1. Solar Thermal cooling
system.
a) Open Cycle Heat
Transformation
Thermal Process:
b) Closed Cycle Heat
Transformation
Thermal Process:
c) Thermo-mechanical
Process:
2. Photovoltaic solar air
conditioner.
3. Direct current solar Air
conditioners.

20. SOLAR THERMAL COOLING
SYSTEM.
a) Open Cycle Heat Transformation Thermal Process:
 Open cycle systems provide cooled and dehumidified air according to the comfort room
air conditions.
 Water is used as refrigerant and it is in direct contact with the atmosphere. Therefore the
systems are called open.
 Two different technologies of desiccant cooling systems exist: systems with solid and
with liquid sorbents.
 Solid sorption system : In solid sorption systems the supply air comes in contact with
the solid adsorption material and becomes dehumidified. Main components are :
1. Desiccant wheel with silica gel or lithium chloride
2. Heat recovery wheel
3. Humidifier
4. Solar thermal collector field to provide the driving heat
 Liquid sorption system : In liquid sorption systems a salt solution is in contact with the
supply air. The ability of concentrated salt solutions to absorb water is used for the
dehumidification process. Main components are :
1. Absorber for dehumidification of supply air by use of concentrated salt solution (LiCl
mainly)
2. Regenerator for thermal regeneration of diluted salt solution by enrichment
3. Storage tanks for the diluted and concentrated salt solution
 One of the main advantages of liquid sorption systems is the possibility to store the
concentrated solution and therefore to keep the system running while no solar radiation
is available.

21.  Closed Cycle Solar Cooling produce chilled water that can be used in combination with
any air-conditioning equipment such as an air-handling unit, fan coil systems or by pumping
cold water through cooling tubes in the floors, walls or ceilings of a building, acting like a
reversed heating system.
 In a closed cycle process, the cooling medium is not in direct contact with the
environment, hence its name, but is circulated and reused around a closed pipe system.
 Filtered air is cooled and treated in a dehumidifier passing through several additional
cooling stages before being supplied to the conditioned space. The sorbent is regenerated
with ambient or exhaust air heated to the required temperature by the solar heat source.
 Absorption Chillers are the core of a closed cycle solar thermal cooling systems as they
remove the heat from the circulating liquid either by vapour compression or through an
absorption refrigeration cycle.
 Solar panels provide the necessary thermal energy input but its the chillers that are
capable of producing the required amount of cooling by utilizing the hot water coming from
the solar panels.
 Standard flat panel solar collectors or evacuated tube collectors can be used to supply the
solar thermally heated hot water to the absorption chiller.
 The size and choice of solar collector is determined by the operating temperature of the
absorption chiller and by the and energy available from the sun in the form of solar
irradiance.
b) Closed Cycle Heat Transformation Thermal Process:

22. Open cycle
Closed cycle

23. PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR AIR CONDITIONER

24. PV ARRAY
 The main components of the PV-SAC forming a reference system are photovoltaic
modules combined with a DC/AC inverter, an electric-driven chiller, indoor cold
distribution elements (cold ceilings), and an outdoor heat rejection unit.
 It also contains also a hot storage, a cold storage, and a heat rejection tower (outdoor
unit) for preheating the domestic hot water (DHW).
 The PV array produces direct current (DC), while most of PV-SAC components ,a
heat pump, a heat rejection tower, and pumps are designed to use alternating current
(AC).
DC/AC inverter
Heat pump – Cooling machine
 Qualitative and quantitative room air heat rejection (also called room cooling) is
the purpose of a SAC system. According to the second law of thermodynamics, heat
cannot spontaneously flow from a colder location to a hotter area.
 The heat pump uses AC electricity to transfer the heat energy from the low-
temperature loop (cold side) to the hot energy loop (hot side).
 The vapour-compression cycle is mostly used in heat pump machines, and in our
case, PV-SAC system.
 The vapour-compression cycle is based on the principle of reversed Carnot cycle

25. Cold distribution: cooling ceilings
 The room heat rejection is done by radiant ceiling panels – a cooling ceiling.
 A radiant cooling system refers to a temperature-controlled surface that cools the
indoor temperatures by removing sensible heat and where more than half of heat transfer
occurs through thermal radiation.
Outdoor heat rejection unit
 The biggest part of hot side heat is rejected to outdoor air. For this purpose a heat
rejection tower (also called Outdoor Unit (OU)) is used.
Hot storage
 A portion of heat is rejected to hot storage (HS), which presents a water tank with
insulation. Into the tank, a heat exchanger of the internal coil type is integrated, which
separates brine and water.
Domestic hot water
Cold storage
 The preheating of domestic hot water (DHW) is done via heat rejection through
the hot storage tank.
 Cold storage (CS) is integrated as a cold brine buffer. On the one hand, it allows
preparation of the necessary cold in advance.

26. DIRECT CURRENT SOLAR AIR CONDITIONING

27. DIRECT CURRENT SOLAR AIR CONDITIONERS
 The DC solar air conditioners have been designed to make the best possible use of costly
solar photovoltaic panels.
 These air conditioners use less than half of the number of solar panels that would be
required by the same capacity standard AC-powered air conditioner of the same max
capacity running on solar panels through an inverter.
 The system is perfect for residential, commercial, telecom, portable classrooms or offices,
or remote facilities where conventional or generator power is costly and/or unreliable.
 Designing DC Solar Air Conditioner
 Solar or Wind Powered Air Conditioner system is designed to generate it’s own electricity
which is then used to power the system. In order to generate own power, we need solar
panels or a wind turbine, a charge controller and batteries.
 One reason that a DC Air Conditioner makes the best use of solar power is because there
is no loss associated with converting DC power from solar panels into AC power to run a
standard air conditioner.
 Using standard solar panels which produce native DC power, these air conditioners avoid
the inefficient addition of an "inverter" that converts solar DC current into AC current.

28.  Batteries are the energy bank to reserve energy. We can you use 4 x 12V
deep cycle gel solar batteries.
 Depending on the system selected and the hours of battery operation we
require, we can select the AH of your batteries.
 Here 48V DC brushless fan motors are used for both indoor and outdoor
units of solar air conditioners.
 DC brushless fan motors can greatly reduce energy consumption, and run
with super low noise.
 Plus, the use of a brushless permanent magnet motor driver provides a
variable frequency drive that allows the system to dynamically adjust its
capacity based on conditions.
 Solar charge controller protects the whole system and provides stable
power supply.
 We can connect 4 or 6 pieces 280W-300W solar panels to drive each solar
air conditioner. Both mono-crystalline and ploy-crystalline solar panels can
be accepted.

29. DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS OF AC DC HYBRID SAC
 Like all DC-Inverter air conditioners, the ACDC compressor runs on DC power
converted from AC power. But this special solar air conditioner can also accept DC power
directly from solar panels, without needing an inverter, controller, or batteries.
 The solar DC power directly replaces an equivalent amount of AC power from the
power company and can cut daytime energy costs for air conditioning or heating by 80-
90%.
 During the day, the ACDC can get most of it’s power from solar resulting in an
efficiency above SEER 35 when using two 230W solar panels.
 Max is 20amps at 39vdc solar. The unit can be connected with up to three 250W panels
up to 750 total Watts.
 The system is designed for hybrid operation with solar providing most of the energy
needed during daylight hours.
 This air conditioner must be connected to a 220V AC power source and is not designed
for off-grid operation.
 The unit uses as much solar energy as is available and any shortfall is obtained from
utility power with no need for batteries.
 Even when the sun is not shining at all, this ultra high-efficiency SEER 20 heat pump
will keep you comfortable and save you money using far less electricity than a normal AC
or heat pump unit of the same capacity.

30. Design specifications

31. INCLINATION OF SOLAR PANELS
 The angle and direction of installation will
effect the efficiency of solar collector.
 As a general rule if we are in the northern
hemisphere then the collector should face
south.
 The angle at which we mount the collector
should roughly correspond to the latitude of our
location.
 For Example, London, UK, has a latitude of 51
degrees North. The collector should therefore
face south at 51 degree angle.

32. MERITS
 Approx 50% of total electricity is used in
HVAC in both the residential as well as
commercial buildings.
 By reducing in electrical load by 50%,it can cut
150 million tones of Co2 by 2030.
 Eco friendly
 Economic savings
 Energy Efficient
 Government Subsidies

33. DEMERITS
 Heavy Initial Investment
 Long Pay Back Period
 Large Area Requirement
 Lack of Efficiency in Monsoon Season.

34. FUTURE SCOPE
 A good solution for decreasing the demand of fossil fuels and
removing electricity peaks is to use solar ac
 Countries that have effective policies for solar thermal energy such
as Greece ,Cyprus and Israel are today world leading in solar
energy use.
 Solar energy supplies 3% of Israel primary energy. Germany in
which solar energy only supplies 1% of the countries primary
energy.
 Countries like India, China, Japan, Indonesia are going to use this
in near future due to their hot humid weather conditions.
 The educational institutions, furnace regions, metro cities ,
industrial areas , universities and other locations can be selected for
the establishment of such energy centers where the waste heat can
be easily available and can be recycled after conversion to the
same system.

35. CONCLUSION
 Using solar energy as the power source of the
system it is proved to be feasible.
 Solar energy being a renewable source of energy
proved to be efficient as compared to using
electrical energy or steam at the same place.
 With the flow of R140 through the system , we
were able to use it in air conditioner and that too
with the help of renewable and non polluting
source of energy, i.e. Solar energy.