An Assessment of Agoforestry's Role - Climate Change
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72nd SWCS International Annual Conference July 30-August 2, 2017 Madison, WI
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An Assessment of Agoforestry's Role - Climate Change
- 1. United States Department of Agriculture National Agroforestry Center Gary Bentrup, Michele Schoeneberger (retired) USDA National Agroforestry Center Toral Patel-Weynand Sustainable Forest Management Research 72nd SWCS International Annual Conference August 2, 2017 Madison, WI
- 2. United States Department of Agriculture National Agroforestry Center
- 3. United States Department of Agriculture National Agroforestry Center Playing with Loaded Dice 2013 2012
- 4. United States Department of Agriculture National Agroforestry Center Addressing Climate Variability & Change Searching for Synergistic Solutions Policymakers Farmers & Ranchers
- 5. United States Department of Agriculture National Agroforestry Center Synthesis of the Science Primary Contributors: 3 USDA Agencies 3 NGO’s 13 U.S. & Mexican Universities Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
- 6. United States Department of Agriculture National Agroforestry Center Forest Farming Riparian Forest Buffers Windbreaks Alley Cropping Silvopasture Special Applications
- 7. United States Department of Agriculture National Agroforestry Center Major climate change functions Agroforestry functions that support climate change adaptation Reduce threats & enhance resilience Alter microclimate to reduce impact of extreme weather events on crop production Alter microclimate to maintain quality and quantity of forage production Alter microclimate to reduce livestock stress Provide greater habitat diversity to support organisms (e.g., native pollinators, beneficial insects) Provide greater structural and functional diversity to maintain and protect natural resource services Create diversified production opportunities to reduce risk under fluctuating climate Facilitate plant species movement to more favorable conditions Assist in plant species migration through planting decisions Allow species to migrate to more favorable conditions Provide travel corridors for species migration
- 8. United States Department of Agriculture National Agroforestry Center Major climate change functions Agroforestry functions that support climate change mitigation Sequester C Accumulate C in woody biomass Accumulate C in soil Reduce GHG emissions Reduce fossil fuel consumption: o With reduced equipment runs in areas with trees o With reduced farmstead heating and cooling Reduce CO2 emissions from farmstead structures Reduce N2O emissions: o By greater nutrient uptake through plant diversity o By reduced N fertilizer application in tree component Enhance forage quality, thereby reducing CH4
- 9. United States Department of Agriculture National Agroforestry Center Human Dimensions of Agroforestry
- 10. United States Department of Agriculture National Agroforestry Center Change in climate Consequences for tree growth and health Higher average winter temperature Winter chilling requirements might not be met Reduction in winter mortality of insect pests Higher temperature in early spring Earlier budburst and increased damages by late frosts Increased frequency of drought Reduced growth rate and increased mortality Increased frequency of high or extreme temperature episodes Increased susceptibility to damaging effects of pests Increased frequency of floods Waterlogging of soils; killing of tree roots
- 11. United States Department of Agriculture National Agroforestry Center Adaptable Plant Materials Field evaluation trials https://www.trees4expenses.com Models Seed sourcing Bower et al. 2014; available at <www.fs.fed. us/wwetac/threat_map/SeedZones_Intro.html Natural Areas Journal 35(1):122-133 American Linden
- 12. United States Department of Agriculture National Agroforestry Center Current 2050 2080 1. Norway spruce (Picea abies) Eastern redcedar Pecan 2. Silver maple (Acer saccharinum) Pecan Eastern redcedar 3. Northern red oak (Quercus rubra) Hackberry Silver maple 4. Sugar maple (A. saccharum) White oak Hackberry 5. Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) Silver maple Sycamore 6. American linden (Tilia americana) Northern red oak White oak 7. Eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana) Sycamore Northern red oak 8. White oak (Q. alba) Sugar maple Sugar maple 9. Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) Norway spruce American linden 10. Pecan (Carya illinoinensus) American linden Norway spruce Ten tree species ranked in order of suitability for planting in the Chicago, IL area Red = no longer suitable based on climate envelope modeling Bell, A.C. 2014. Trees for 2050. Glencoe, IL: Chicago Botanic Garden. http://www.chicagobotanic.org/plantinfo/tree_alternatives.
- 13. United States Department of Agriculture National Agroforestry Center Case Study: Prairie States Forestry Project Images from U.S. Forest Service
- 14. United States Department of Agriculture National Agroforestry Center State Journal Register May 17, 2017 2o C increase could increase wind erosion by 15-18% Lee et al. 1996 Pu and Ginoux
- 15. United States Department of Agriculture National Agroforestry Center Windbreak Assessment & Research Crop Average yield increase (%) Potatoes 6 Dry beans 10 Maize 12 Soybeans 15 Tomatoes 16 Grass hay 20 Winter wheat 23 Barley 25 Raspberry 40 Snap beans 40 Millet 44 Strawberry 56 Assess crop yield benefits from windbreaks GIS mapping and monitoring of windbreaks Windbreak greenhouse gas estimation
- 16. United States Department of Agriculture National Agroforestry Center Trees Outside Forests Image-Based Inventory National Agroforestry Center Kearny County, KS North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, & Kansas High res. Output (1 m) Kansas completed
- 17. United States Department of Agriculture National Agroforestry Center Windbreak Assessment & Research Assess crop yield benefits from windbreaks GIS mapping and monitoring of windbreaks Windbreak greenhouse gas estimation
- 18. United States Department of Agriculture National Agroforestry Center Windbreak Education & Outreach National Windbreak Technology Training Great Plains Windbreak Action Plan
- 19. United States Department of Agriculture National Agroforestry Center Case Study: Coldwater Fisheries 62% estimated decline in coldwater fish habitat by 2100.
- 20. United States Department of Agriculture National Agroforestry Center Case Study: Washington CREP Image courtesy of WhatsUpStream.com
- 21. United States Department of Agriculture National Agroforestry Center Case Study: Southeast Silvopasture Shading has shown to increase forage quality by increasing protein content while reducing fiber. Cattle provided with shade reached their target body weight 20 days earlier Mitigate risk by providing short-term and long-term income sources. 2014 National Climate Assessmen Image courtesy of USDA National Agroforestry Cente
- 22. United States Department of Agriculture National Agroforestry Center Tools & Resources nac.unl.edu
- 23. United States Department of Agriculture National Agroforestry Center Gary Bentrup U.S. Forest Service gbentrup@fs.fed.us https://nac.unl.edu National Agroforestry Center Mitigation Adaptation
- 24. United States Department of Agriculture National Agroforestry Center Selected References Anderson, D.R. 1997. Corridor use, feeding ecology, and habitat relationships of black bears in a fragmented landscape in Louisiana. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee. 124 p. Beddington, J.R.; Asaduzzaman, M.; Clark, M.E. [et al.]. 2012. What next for agriculture after Durban? Science. 335(6066): 289–290. Cubbage, F., Balmelli, G., Bussoni, A., Noellemeyer, E., Pachas, A.N., Fassola, H., Colcombet, L., Rossner, B., Frey, G., Dube, F. and de Silva, M.L., 2012. Comparing silvopastoral systems and prospects in eight regions of the world. Agroforestry Systems, 86(3), pp.303-314. Dimitriou, I., G. Busch, S. Jacobs, P. Schmidt-Walter, and N. Lamersdorf. 2009. A review of the impacts of short rotation coppice cultivation on water issues. Landbauforschung Volkenrode 59:197–206 Feldhake, C.M., 2002. Forage frost protection potential of conifer silvopastures. Agricultural and forest meteorology, 112(2), pp.123-130. Hintz, D., 1984. Enhancing the wildlife values associated with windbreaks. USDA Soil Conservation Service Tech. Note 190-LI-4, p.10.. Kallenbach, R.L.; Kerley, M.S.; Bishop-Hurley, G.J. 2006. Cumulative forage production, forage quality and livestock performance from an annual ryegrass and cereal rye mixture in a pine-walnut silvopasture. Agroforestry Systems. 66(1): 43–53. Lee, J.J.; Phillips, D.L.; Dodson, R.F. 1996. Sensitivity of the U.S. corn belt to climate change and elevated CO2: II. soil erosion and organic carbon. Agricultural Systems. 52(4): 503–521. Mitlöhner, F.M.; Morrow, J.L.; Dailey, J.W. [et al.]. 2001. Shade and water misting effects on behavior, physiology, performance, and carcass traits of heat- stressed feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science. 79(9): 2327–2335. Morgan, J.A.; Mosier, A.R.; Milchunas, D.G.; LeCain, D.R. [et al.]. 2004. CO2 enhances productivity, alters species composition, and reduces digestibility of shortgrass steppe vegetation. Ecological Applications. 14(1): 208–219. Nearing, M.A.; Pruski, F.F.; O’Neal, M.R. 2004. Expected climate change impacts on soil erosion rates: a review. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 59(1): 43–50. Pu, B.; Ginoux, P. 2017. Projection American dustiness in the late 21st century due to climate change. Scientific Reports. 7:5553. Ricketts, T.H.; Regetz, J.; Steffan‐Dewenter, I. [et al.]. 2008. Landscape effects on crop pollination services: Are there general patterns? Ecology Letters. 11(5): 499–515 Rivest, D.; Lorente, M.; Olivier, A.; Messier, C. 2013. Soil biochemical properties and microbial resilience in agroforestry systems: effects on wheat growth under controlled drought and flooding conditions. Science of the Total Environment. 463(1): 51–60. Stamps, W.T.; Linit, M.J. 1998. Plant diversity and arthropod communities: implications for temperate agroforestry. Agroforestry Systems. 39(1): 73–89.
Notes de l'éditeur
- Long-lived aspect makes species selection pretty important.
- Key Findings Agroforestry species currently used in a specific region may not tolerate stresses brought on by future climate conditions, thus jeopardizing long-term benefits of these practices. Successful agroforestry practices may require the introduction of new species and/or cultivars that are better adapted to both current and future climatic conditions. Models, field evaluation trials, and seed sourcing will likely be required to develop suitable species and cultivars. Key Information Needs Better understanding of the impact of future climate conditions and interrelated stressors on agroforestry species. Improved modeling for predicting species suitability under future climatic regimes. Refined plant species options for agroforestry practices in different regions of the United States under climate change
- During the great "Dust Bowl" of the 1930's on the Great Plains, millions of acres of farm land were literally being blown away. In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt initiated the Prairie States Forestry Project to combat the severe soil erosion. For the next eight years, the U.S. Forest Service, working with the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) planted windbreaks throughout the Great Plains states of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Although WPA and CCC workers planted the trees and shrubs, landowners were responsible for their long-term care and maintenance of the windbreaks. Nearly 220 million seedlings were planted creating 18,600 miles of windbreaks occupying 240,000 acres on 30,000 farms (Williams 2005). The Prairie States Forestry Project represents one of the largest and most-focused efforts of the U.S. government to address an environmental problem and is considered by some as a potential model for an effective climate change strategy (Sauer 2010). Viewed by modern standards, the project was conceived, designed, and implemented in a short period of time and incorporated effective top-down and bottoms-up management styles.
- Healthy soils emphasis----no good if we don’t keep the soil in place. http://www.sj-r.com/news/20170517/dust-storm-fatality-identified-as-james-brunson-53-of-chatham http://www.weather.gov/ilx/May_17_Dust_Storm
- In 2013 the National Agroforestry Center initiated a Great Plains project to document the impact of windbreaks on crop yields under today’s farming practices. The project began without any funding and included federal, state and local partners in seven states. The basic premise was to contact producers and ask them for the data from their onboard GPS-based yield monitors that are now found on modern harvesting equipment. In 2015 NAC along with other USDA partners, including R2 USFS and NRCS, provided financial support to Kansas State University to accelerate the acquisition and analyzing of producer yield information. The NRCS is in the process of finalizing a grant of $115,000 to procure yield data from more producers and from a greater geographic area. The additional data will reduce the statistical variability and increase the regional relevance of this project. Kansas is working with other five other Great Plains states in this assessment.
- In 2013 the National Agroforestry Center initiated a Great Plains project to document the impact of windbreaks on crop yields under today’s farming practices. The project began without any funding and included federal, state and local partners in seven states. The basic premise was to contact producers and ask them for the data from their onboard GPS-based yield monitors that are now found on modern harvesting equipment. In 2015 NAC along with other USDA partners, including R2 USFS and NRCS, provided financial support to Kansas State University to accelerate the acquisition and analyzing of producer yield information. The NRCS is in the process of finalizing a grant of $115,000 to procure yield data from more producers and from a greater geographic area. The additional data will reduce the statistical variability and increase the regional relevance of this project. Kansas is working with other five other Great Plains states in this assessment.
- On February 7 – 9, 2017 the National Agroforestry Center teamed up with State forestry agencies to conduct a meeting in Manhattan, Kansas to develop a Great Plains Windbreak Action Plan. The 40 participants laid the foundation for a region-wide windbreak action plan. The goal is to enhance the use of windbreaks in supporting profitable and resilient farms and ranches and conserving natural resources across the region. Representatives from seven states, including State forestry and agriculture agencies, NRCS, ARS, and Forest Service, and two climate hubs, as well as the private sector identified windbreak-related needs and goals.
- Shade provided by riparian forest buffers reduces solar radiation received by a stream, leading to lower water temperatures. In the Tucannon River in WA, spring Chinook salmon runs hit a low of 95 fish in 1995 and juvenile salmonids were absent in lower reaches of the river. Since 1999, over 1,100 acres of riparian forest buffers and other restoration measures have been implemented, reducing summer water temperatures by about 10o F. Returning Chinook salmon adults have increased in number to 1,777 in 2015.