July 30-330-CIG-James Rogers
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2019 SWCS International Annual Conference July 28-31, 2019 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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July 30-330-CIG-James Rogers
- 1. Incorporating Summer Cover- Crops into a Southern Plains Winter Pasture Stocker System James Rogers, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Pasture and Range Noble Research Institute jkrogers@noble.org
- 2. 1981-2010 Normal Rainfall Ardmore, Oklahoma 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. rainfall in inches
- 3. The cover crop concept is not new Yearbook of Agriculture, 1938 U.S. Department of Agriculture Crop Oklahoma Texas Beggarweed E Bur-clover R E Black-medic R E Alsike, Crimson clover R, E E Hop clover R, E -- Red, white clover E E Cowpeas R, E R, E Crotalaria intermedia -- E Austrian winter peas R, E R, E Sericea Lespedeza E E Stipulacea lespedeza R R Striata lespedeza R R Oats R E Rye, ryegrass R, E E Weeds -- -- Hairy vetch R, E R, E R = Recommended, E = Experimental
- 4. Introduction • Wheat is the major crop grown in Oklahoma. • 1,822,500 all purpose hectares planted in 2017. • Grain only • Dual purpose • Graze only • 1,174,500 hectares harvested for grain. • 2016 value $470,925,000. • Summer fallow is common production practice • Land is susceptible to wind and water erosion. • No biomass production. • Lost opportunity for additional revenue.
- 6. Objectives 1. Measure the impact of a summer cover crop (grazing cover) on winter pasture production. 2. Monitor change in soil (health, structure) and water use over time. 3. Evaluate the economics of incorporating a grazing cover crop into a winter pasture production system.
- 7. Study area Site history – • 40.5 ha. • Loam, silt loam soils • Historically • 20.25 ha. tillage • 20.25 ha. no-till Treatments - Five, 2-ha paddocks No-till winter pasture – no cover crop (NT) Five, 2-ha paddocks No-till winter pasture with summer cover crop (NTCC) Five, 2-ha paddocks Tillage winter pasture – no cover crop (Till) Five, 2-ha paddocks Tillage winter pasture with cover crop (TillCC)
- 8. Methods • Winter pasture planted in September • Rate – 129 kg/ha • Nitrogen top dress after emergence 67 kg N/ha. • NT burn down 2.3-3.5 L/ha glyphosate. • NT – 1590 John Deere NT drill. • Till - Conventional 1-2 passes offset disk. • John Deere 450 drill pulled behind a Brillion cultipacker. • Graze stocker cattle November-grazeout • 220 kg at turn out • Removed in mid-April or early May. • Target .405 hd/ha stocking rate. • Summer cover crop planted in April-May • Seeding rate 34 kg/ha. • Cover crop grazed in June-August • Usually July turnout • 290 kg • .32 hd/ha (take half leave half) Grazing Grazing Grazing Winter pasture Summer cover crop Winter pasture Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
- 9. What we are measuring • Biomass production • Winter pasture • Cover crop • Animal performance • Winter pasture • Cover crop • Water infiltration – 2x/yr • Soil bulk density – 2x/yr after cover crop and winter pasture • Soil moisture and temperature – 3 depths 7.6, 25, 61 cm • Soil microbial community (bacteria and fungi) • Soil carbon • Standard soil test • Haney test
- 10. Variety % by weight Kg/ha Iron & Clay Cowpeas 21 6.7 Grp. 7 Stonewall Soybeans 21 6.7 Sunn Hemp 10 3.4 Pearl Millet – “Tiff leaf III” 10 3.4 German Millet 7 2.2 Brown top millet 7 2.2 BMR Grazing Corn 14 4.5 Buckwheat 10 3.4
- 11. Variety % seeds Kg/ha Iron & Clay Cowpeas 14 24 Pearl Millet – “Tiff leaf III” 82 7.0 Okra 4 3.3 Crop %CP %ADF %NDF %TDN RFV Okra 20.6 23.3 30.4 69.5 216.2 Cowpeas 21.7 23.3 32.5 69.5 202.3 Crabgrass 6.46 34.8 64.8 56.7 88.7 Millet 5.83 35.2 66.6 55.9 86.0 Nutrient value July 26, 2018
- 12. Year 1 cover crop establishment NTCC planted on May 28-30, 2016 TillCC planted on June 14, 2016
- 13. NT
- 14. Till
- 15. Component separations from 2016 TillCC and NTCC paddocks. 0.58 0.15 0.26 cover crop litter other 0.11 0.46 0.43 cover crop litter other TillCC NTCC
- 16. 2016 summer cover crop production 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 7/29/16 8/3/16 8/8/16 8/13/16 8/18/16 8/23/16 8/28/16 9/2/16 Kg/Ha NTCC TillCC
- 17. 2016 Cover crop animal performance ADG kg Total Gain kg NTCC TillCC NTCC TillCC 1.29 1.01 36.3 28.0 SE .07 SE 1.91 Grazing days – 28 Change in value - +$7/hd
- 18. Wheat planted September 19, 2016 Drone Flight November, 2016
- 20. 2016-2017 winter pasture production following first summer cover crop 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 DMKg/ha NTCC NT TillCC Till
- 21. 2016-17 winter pasture animal performance ADG kg Total Gain kg NT NTCC Till TillCC Till NT No Cover Cover 1.37a 1.22b 1.41a 1.42a 193A 167B 189a 171b SE .05 SE 4.7 Grazing days – NT – 132 NTCC – 126 Till – 140 TillCC - 132
- 22. 2017 summer cover crop production No-till cover crops planted May 2, 2017 Till cover crop paddocks planted June 8, 2017 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 DMkg/ha NTCC TillCC
- 23. 2017 Cover crop animal performance ADG kg Total Gain kg NTCC TillCC NTCC TillCC 1.66b 2.10a 82 86 SE .16 SE 6.7 Grazing days – NTCC - 49 TillCC - 41
- 24. 2017-2018 winter pasture production following second summer cover crop 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 11/1/2017 12/1/2017 1/1/2018 2/1/2018 3/1/2018 4/1/2018 DMkg/ha NTCC NT TillCC Till
- 25. Treat. Stocking rate/ha Grazing days Gain kg/ha ADG (kg) Hay kg/ha 15% moisture NT 0.18 51 71 1.27 2967 NTCC 0.19 51 92 1.52 2473 Till 0.23 51 101 1.43 3042 TillCC 0.17 51 65 3.19 2896 SE 41 0.05 110
- 26. 2018 summer cover crop production NTCC planted on May 29, 2018 TillCC planted on June 13, 2018 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 2500 DMkg/ha NTCC TillCC
- 27. 2018-2019 winter pasture production following third summer cover crop 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 DMkg/ha NT NTCC Till TillCC All paddocks planted October 3-5, 2018
- 28. Soil bulk density 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 April, 2017 August, 2017 April, 2018 August, 2018 May, 2019 g/cm3 Soil bulk density 0-15cm profile NT NTCC Till TillCC
- 29. Water infiltration rate cm/hour 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 April, 2016 August, 2016 April, 2017 August, 2017 April, 2018 Infiltrationratecm/hr NT NTCC Till TillCC
- 30. 0-35cm soil moisture over time 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 1/11/16 4/10/16 7/9/16 10/7/16 1/5/17 4/5/17 7/4/17 10/2/17 12/31/17 3/31/18 6/29/18 9/27/18 %volumetric Till TillCC NT NTCC Summer Summer Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Spring Drought DroughtSummer
- 31. 2015 Baseline Solvita Soil Health Index Haney Total Organic C Organic Matter Traditional Nitrate Haney Total Nitrogen Treat. CO2 ppm SE SE C ppm SE % SE N ppm SE N ppm SE TillCC 51.14 7.00 9.28 1.02 204 5.24 1.94 0.07 6.68 2.95 26.40 3.37 Till 70.36 7.27 10.98 0.48 218 10.28 1.90 0.18 4.36 0.99 25.30 1.19 NTCC 70.52 13.26 11.97 1.31 242 9.25 2.24 0.12 14.56 3.98 38.74 3.37 NT 47.00 6.77 9.42 0.83 204 6.80 2.16 0.10 12.60 2.83 35.66 3.69 August 2018 Post Cover Crop Solvita Soil Health Index Haney Total Organic C Organic Matter Traditional Nitrate Haney Total Nitrogen Treat. CO2 ppm SE SE C ppm SE % SE N ppm SE N ppm SE TillCC 43.92 6.81 8.75 0..87 164 8.08 1.32 0.08 4.80 2.08 20.14 5.75 Till 49.62 13.46 9.06 1.02 165 3.58 1.24 0.05 21.00 3.52 29.12 3.90 NTCC 46.08 4.39 9.31 0.54 179 6.60 1.38 0.09 2.40 1.32 14.42 0.79 NT 39.82 3.50 8.38 0.32 162 5.26 1.36 0.07 14.60 2.42 24.58 1.39 N limiting?
- 33. Summary • Grazing summer cover crops as part of a wheat system is difficult. • Grazing days are limited. • Holding over multiple crop seasons will aid profitability. • Hay summer covers feed back onto winter pasture? • Add additional N to winter pasture and/or cover crops? • Currently established small plot study to answer • A good no-till system with good residue works. • We have soil losses with tillage and we lose time. • Understanding water in the systems is a challenge. • Seasonal variation in soil measurements are high. • Beyond a species mix 4 only 25%-30% of the components contribute. • 2018-19 cover crop mix – Cow peas, pearl millet, okra
- 34. Thanks!
Notes de l'éditeur
- The main objective of our study is that we want to know how growing a summer cover crop will affect the following wheat pasture crop. We also want to monitor soil moisture and soil health parameters over time.
- Our study area is 100 acres that for the last several years has been divided into 10, 10-acre paddocks that were randomly assigned to either tillage or no-till production practices. For the cover crop study we subdivided the paddocks in half and randomly assigned a cover crop treatment to one side or the other. The result is a 2 x 2 factorial design with tillage or no-tillage and summer cover crop or no cover crop treatments. Treatments are replicated five times.
- This is our time line for field operations and grazing. Wheat pastures and cover crops are grazed with stocker cattle.
- Variables that are being measured.
- This is our cover crop mixture. It is half warm season annual grass and half broadleaves. We may change it this year to half millet and half cowpeas.
- This is our cover crop mixture. It is half warm season annual grass and half broadleaves. We may change it this year to half millet and half cowpeas.
- Following winter pasture graze out the cover crops were established. A problem with double cropping cover crops following wheat pasture is timing. In no-till we can terminate the wheat and immediately plant the cover crop. In tillage moisture has to be right for tillage operations and planting. In year one no-till covers were planted the end of May but tillage cover crops were not planted until mid-June.
- These picture contrast no-till summer fallow and no-till cover crop. We had fairly dry conditions in the summer of 2016 and you can see in the picture that some of our no-till drill slots never closed which probably had an effect on stand emergence.
- These picture contrast tillage summer fallow and tillage summer cover crop. We have a tremendous problem with pigweed in our study area. I feel like we could plow 24 hours a day and not keep ahead of pigweeds in our tillage summer fallow areas.
- In our no-till summer cover crop areas we had a lot of pressure form summer annual volunteer grasses compared to tillage cover crop areas. You will note that the majority of forage in our no-till was volunteer or ‘other’. Very little of the actual planted cover crop contributed.
- No difference in cover crop production was noted between tillage systems. We did not fertilize the cover crops relying on residual fertility from the previous wheat crop and legumes in the mix.
- This is a picture of our cover crop study area after wheat was planted following a summer cover crop. If you look closely you can seed stand establishment differences between cover and no cover crop areas.
- Contrasting pictures of tillage no cover crop and no-till no cover crops paddocks at wheat winter pasture planting.
- Wheat pasture production was lower in paddocks that previously had a summer cover crop. The no-till system appears to be more affected than the tillage sytem.
- This is our second year cover crop production. Again we were able to the no-till cover crops planted ahead of the tillage cover crops.
- Here is the second year of wheat pasture production followed by summer cover crops. Overall production is way behind years past. Cattle were just turned out on Feb. 13 but at very low stocking rates ranging from 2 head on five acres to 4 head on five acres. Calves averaged 550 lbs at turn out. Tillage cover crop paddock production is extremely low. No-till does not seem to quite as affected by the cover crops. This is probablya moisture issue.
- Here is the second year of wheat pasture production followed by summer cover crops. Overall production is way behind years past. Cattle were just turned out on Feb. 13 but at very low stocking rates ranging from 2 head on five acres to 4 head on five acres. Calves averaged 550 lbs at turn out. Tillage cover crop paddock production is extremely low. No-till does not seem to quite as affected by the cover crops. This is probablya moisture issue.
- Infiltration rates were lower in the cover crop paddocks compared to the summer fallow paddocks. Remember however, that the cover crop paddocks were grazed and the lower infiltration is probably due to compaction from the cattle.
- Entering this study we felt that any production difference could be attributed to moisture effects from the cover crops. This we don’t feel like this is the case. Take a look at soil nitrate content difference post cover crop in the cover crop paddocks. The cover crops used up residual soil nitrate. The no-till wheat paddocks ran out of nitrogen halfway through the production period. We feel like we should have added additional nitrogen to the cover crop systems but we really don’t know how much nitrogen to add or the timing of when to add it.
- Picture of field activities. We are just now getting back some information on our soil microbial community. Tillage systems have higher numbers of bacteria but a narrow range of species. Of the species present, they are associated with higher levels of oxygen as a result of tillage. This type of bacteria is associated with the breaking down of organic material. In no-till there is a wider range of bacterial species but lower population numbers. We are still waiting on on information for fungi.
- Field shot of our group collecting water infiltration measurements at the end of the winter pasture grazing period.