solar energy is relatively cheap kind of energy that provide upportunities to the under develop countries.

1. Solar cell
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2. Contents....
 Definition …explanation ………..1
 History …………………………..2
 Types of solar cell…….………….3
 Structure of solar cell.……………4
 Working and construction of solar cell….5
 Material using for the production……….6
 Research in solar cell………………..….7
 Advantages and disadvantages …………8
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3. What is solar cell:
A device converting solar radiation into
electricity.
Solar power:
Solar power is the conversion of sunlight
into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics
(PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power.
Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or
mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of
sunlight into a small beam.
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4. History of solar cell
1839: Photovoltaic Effect Is
Discovered. French
scientist Edmond Becquerel
first discovered the
photovoltaic effect in 1839.
This process occurs when
light is absorbed by a
material and creates
electrical voltage. Most
modern solar cells use
silicon crystals to attain this
effect.
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5. Types of solar cell
•Amorphous Silicon solar cell (a-
Si)
•Concentrated PV cell (CVP and
HCVP)
•Crystalline silicon solar cell (c-
Si)
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6. Structure of solar cell
A solar cell is an electronic
device which directly converts
sunlight into electricity. Light
shining on the solar cell produces
both a current and a voltage to
generate electric power. This
process requires firstly, a material
in which the absorption of light
raises an electron to a higher
energy state, and secondly, the
movement of this higher energy
electron from the solar cell into
an external circuit. The electron
then dissipates its energy in the
external circuit and returns to the
solar cell.
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7. Working of solar cell
The main part of a silicon (Si) solar cell generating solarpower is formed
by two differently doped (n- and p-) silicon layers. A physical barrier is
created between them along the p-/n- junction, with electrons and holes
diffusing into regions of lower concentration.
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8. Research in solar cell
Nanocrystalline solar
cell
Thin film processing
Multi junction solar
cell
Polymer processing
Nano particle
processing
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9. Research in solar cell
Transparent
conductors
Silicon wafer-based
solar cell
Infrared solar cell UV solar cell
3D solar cells
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10. Research in solar cell
 Nanocryatalline solar cell:
These structures make use of some of the same thin-film light absorbing
materials but are overlain as an extremely thin absorber on a supporting
matrix of conductive polymer or mesoporous metal oxide having a very
high surface area to increase internal reflections
• Thin film processing:
Thin-film photovoltaic cells can use less than 1% of the expensive raw
material (silicon or other light absorbers) compared to wafer-based
solar cells, leading to a significant price drop per Watt peak capacity
• Multijunction solar cell
It represents a new class of solar cells with clear advantages in
performance, engineering design, operation and cost. Their
performance and cost effectiveness is constrained by growing the cells
in an upright configuration
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11. Research in solar cell:
• Polymer processing
The invention of conductive polymers may lead to the development
of much cheaper cells that are based on inexpensive plastics.
• Nano particle processing:
Experimental non-silicon solar panels can be made of quantum
heterostructures, e.g. carbon nanotubes or quantum dots, embedded
in conductive polymers or mesoporous metal oxides.
• Transparent conductors
Many new solar cells use transparent thin films that are also conductors of
electrical charge. The dominant conductive thin films used in research now
are transparent conductive oxides (abbreviated "TCO"), and include
fluorine-doped tin oxide (SnO2:F, or "FTO"), doped zinc oxide (e.g.:
ZnO:Al), and indium tin oxide (abbreviated "ITO").
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12. Research in solar cell
• Silicon wafer-based solar cell:
A large body of research is being done all over the world to manufacture
silicon wafer-based solar cells at lower cost and to increase the conversion
efficiencies without an exorbitant increase in production cost.
• Infrared solar cell:
Researchers at Idaho National Laboratory, along with partners at Lightwave
Power In. in Cambridge, MA and Patrick Pinhero of the University of
Missouri, have devised an inexpensive way to produce plastic sheets
containing billions of nanoantennas that collect heat energy generated by
the sun and other sources
• UV solar cells:
Japan's National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and
Technology (AIST) has succeeded in developing a transparent solar cell
that uses ultraviolet (UV) light to generate electricity but allows visible
light to pass through it
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13. Advantages & disadvantages
 Advantages
1…It uses renewable energy
source.
2…It produce electricity which
does not cause pollution.
3…It can be use in remote areas.
4…Reduce consumption of
fossil fuels in the production
of electricity.
5…Reduce production of green
house gases as CO2.
 Disadvantages
1…It uses a special grade of
silicon which is expensive.
2…Current produce in the form
on DC.
3…silver is use in the production
which is expensive metal.
4…Interfere with natural flow of
water.
5… Requires maintenance .
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14. References:
 Nohira T, Yasuda K, Ito Y (2003). "Pinpoint and bulk
electrochemical reduction of insulating silicon dioxide to
scon". Nat Mater. 2 (6): 397–401.
 Jump upJin X, Gao P, Wang D, Hu X, Chen GZ (2004).
"Electrochemical preparation of silicon and its alloys from
solid oxides in molten calcium chloride". Angew. Chem. Int.
Ed. Engl. 43 (6): 733–
6. doi:10.1002/anie.200352786. PMID14755706
 ^ Jump up to: "Sliver Technology Research at the Australian
National University”.
 Jump up M. A. Green, "Consolidation of Thin-film
Photovoltaic Technology: The Coming Decade of
Opportunity," Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and
Applications, vol. 14, pp. 383-392, August 2006.
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