2. 01
The most fundamental task of management is planning. It is
the basic managerial function. Before doing something, the
manager must formulate an idea of how to work on a
particular task.
• "Planning bridges the gap where we are to where we want to go.
It makes possible for things to occur which would not otherwise
happen." Koontz and O'Donnell
• "Planning is a mental predisposition to do things in orderly way,
to think before acting and to act in the light of facts rather than
guesses. Urwick
• " Planning is deciding in advance what is to be done in future.
Koontz
• To plan is to produce a scheme for future actions, to bring about
specific results at specified cost, in a specified period of time. It
is a deliberate attempt to influence, exploit, bring about, and
control the nature, direction, extent, speed and effects of
change. C.L. Hudson
3. 02
• Planning is the selecting and relating of facts and the making
and using of assumptions regarding the future in the
visualization and formulation of proposed activities believed
necessary to achieve desired results. George R. Terry
Purpose and Planning
It helps us to know how to be there in a market and how to
improvise our business.
It helps in forecasting the future, makes the future visible to
some extent.
It bridges the gap between where we are and where we want
to go.
It is a blue print of business growth and a road map of
development.
It helps in deciding objectives both in quantitative and
qualitative terms.
It is setting of goals on the basis of objectives and keeping in
mind the resources.
It is cost effective and needed for effective control.
4. 03
Planning is Necessary-
To focus on the objectives or goals of the
organization.
To offset uncertainty and to prepare for the
happening in the future.
To select the best possible course of action.
To provide mere for evaluation of performance.
To co-ordinate the all operations
of an organization.
5. 04
The main feature of planning are as follows -
1.Primary Function of management- Planning is
the basis or foundation of the management
process. To execute other functions of
management effectively, planning is essential.
There is nothing to organize, one to actuate and
no need to control without planning.
2.Goal Orientated- Planning is not an end in itself.
It is associated with the goals of the
organization. Planning has no meaning unless it
contributes in some positive way to the
achievement of desired goals.
6. 3 Future Oriented- Planning is a process of looking
ahead. It is concerned with anticipating the future
course of action. It is evaluation and analysis of
future before the situation actually occurs. It is
the means of bridging the gap to the future.
Therefore, forecasting is the essence of planning.
4 An Intellectual or Rational Process-Planning is a
process of orderly thinking. It requires a mental
disposition of thinking before doing and acting in
the light of facts, rather than guesses. It requires
an ability to visualize the future and involves
processes of perception, analysis and thought.
7. 5 Pervasive Function-Planning is the function of all
managers in all type of organizations. It is the
function of each and every manager irrespective
of the level and area of his operation, although the
character and type of planning may vary with
his formal power.
6 Involves Choice-Planning is essentially choosing
among alternative courses of action. There is no
need for planning if there is only one way
of doing something.
7 Integrated and Interdependent activity-Planning
co-ordinates the activities of various departments
Lower-level plan serves as a component part of
master plan prepared at the top level of
the organization.
8. 8 Direct Towards Efficiency-
The efficiency of plan is measured by how much it
contribute to achievement of objectives of
organization.
9 It follow a systematic and routinized procedure.
10 It is a Participative activity.
11 It provide direction for the members of an
organization.
9. 05
1. Focus on Objective and results.
2. Basis of Success.
3. Coping with change and reducing uncertainty and Risk.
4. Proper utilization of resources.
5. Provide basis for Direction.
6. Motivation for innovation and creativity.
7. Establishes Co-ordination.
8. Help in decision-making.
9. Help in Decentralization.
10. 10. To gain efficiency and economy in operation.
11. Mean of control.
12. Improve healthy competition.
13. Creates forward looking attitudes in managers.
14. Helps to offset complexity of business and stay on track.
15. Help in managing Crisis.
16. Promotes motivation and growth and development.
11. 06
Principle of Contribution to objective- Each plan and
derivative plan must contribute toward the achievement of
desired goals of organization.
Principle of efficiency of plans- Every plan should he
efficient. The efficiency of a plan is measured by the
amount it contribute to objectives minus the costs and
other undesirable consequences involved in the
formulation and operation of that plan.
Principle of Primacy Planning- Planning is the primary
requisite of other managerial functions because without
setting the goals to be reached and line of action to be
followed, there is nothing to organize.
Principle of planning premises- The plans must be
developed on the basis of thorough understanding
of organization.
12. Principle of Timing- When plans are structured,
timing must be adhered to in the
execution of these plans.
Principles of alternatives- Plans of varying areas
early so potentialities for achieving the desired
goals should be m or adjust the identified.
Principles of commitment- Logical planning
should plans cover a time period necessary to
forecast the fulfilment of promises and
commitment made by the planner.
Principles of competitive strategies'- The plans
should always be formulated in the view of the
policies of the rivals or competitors.
13. 06
Principle of Documentation-Plan should always
be documented so that all the concerned are
fully committed to the implementation of the
program.
A. Strategic plans- these plan involves determining
the direction in which an organization should
heeded.
o It involves following activities:-
Development of philosophy of the organization.
Formulation of policies and realistic objective.
Allocation of resources in terms of priority.
14. B. Operational plans- These plans are tactical
plans Charted to support implementation of the
strategic plans.
o These involves:-
• Planning for a few months to one financial year.
• Focus on short range actions and adhere to
planned schedules and budgets.
A. Standing plans-These plans are designed to
deal the issues that managers face repeatedly.
These tend to remain fixed for long periods of
time. Example of standing plans are policies,
rules and procedures.
15. B. Single use plans:- These plans deal with unique,
novel or non-repetitive problems to fit a
specific situation. They are usually replaced
after use. Example of single use plans are the
programs, projects and budgets.
1. Long Range Plans:-These plans cover a period
of more than five year and usually referred to
as strategic plans.
2. Medium term or intermediate plans:-These
plans usually cover a period of one to five year.
These plans are more detailed and specific
than long-range plans.
16. 3. Short term plans or operational plans:-These
plans usually prepared for period up to one year.
These are more specific and detailed plans.
1. Corporate or business plans:- these are the
plans which focus on the entire organization.
2. Divisional or functional plans:- the plans are
formulated various department or division of
the organization.
3. Group or sectional planning:- these plans are
formulated for specific groups or sections
within a department or division to implement,
17. Functional plans. These plans are also known as
unit plans.
Examples:- The advertising section may prepare
plan to execute the sales plans of the
organization.
Group or Sectional Plans
(unit plan)
Departmental or divisional plans
Business Plans
18. 1. Specific plans:- These are clearly defined plans
which have no freedom for interpretation. These
plans have fixed goals with no ambiguity
2. Directional Plans:-These plans are loosely guided.
These plans provide the general guidelines but do
not lock the managers for specific courses
of action.
3. Contingency Plans:-These plans are formulated
to deal with alternative courses of action to be
implemented if events disrupt a planned course
of action. These plans are also helpful in
emergency situation like strike or
economic change.
19. 07
They include mission or purpose, objectives and or
strategies.
Mission or purpose is a primary and overall objective
of an organization.
It is the basic function or task of an organization
which is assigned to it by society.
It provides directions and guidelines for development
of an organization's philosophy, objectives, policies,
procedures and standards Vision is defined in the
form of contribution of an organization
at societal level.
20. The philosophy flows from the purpose/mission
statement and delineates the set of values and
belief's that guide all actions of
the organization.
Goals are the desired end results towards which
all organizational efforts are directed.
Objectives are concrete and specific statements
of the goals that become the standards against
which performance can be measured.
The objectives must be SMART (Specific.
Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time
bounded.) Objectives in the organization
form a hierarchy.
21. According to Andrew Szilagyi, strategy is "a
comprehensive and integrated framework that
guides those choices that determine the nature
and direction of the organization's activities
towards goal achievement.
It reflects broad concepts of organizational
operations.
It is the method through which the objectives
are achieved in the light of environmental
forces
It involves a choice of particular actions or
activities.
22. It involves a choice of particular actions or
activities.
Policies are plans in the form of general
statements or understandings, which provide
guidance in decision making towards the
achievement of objectives.
• They secure uniformity in performance.
• They prevent bad action and promote the quality
of executive action.
• Policies have at least as many levels as
organization.
• Policies are related to different functions.
• Examples:- Personnel policy,drug storage policy.
23. Procedure are customary, method of guiding
actions.
It is a planned sequence of steps for performing
repetitive activities in uniform manner.
Methods are formalized and standardized ways of
accomplishing repetitive and routine jobs.
A method is more limited in scope than a
procedure because it is concerned. with a single
operation while procedure involves a series of
steps to be taken.
• Rules are prescribed guides for conduct or
action.
• They are established authoritatively and
enforced rigorously. Eg- No SMOKING
24. They include programmes, budgets, quotas,
schedules and standards Programmes.
Programme is a comprehensive plan of
integrated actions designed to implement the
policies and to achieve the objectives.
Programme is a comprehensive plan of
integrated actions designed to implement the
policies and to achieve the objectives.
A budget is a plan of the expected results of a
given future period in numerical terms.
A budget is generally prepares for one year.
25. Quota is a set goal for activities.
It is a limit fixed on the amount or units of sales,
production, profit, services or other activities.
A schedule is a time table for work.
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