2. Strategic and integrated approach that encompasses the
policy and regulatory frameworks for analysing and
managing relevant risks to human, animal and plant life
and health, and associated risks to the environment.
Covers
Food safety
Zoonoses
Introduction of animal &
plant diseases & pests
Introduction & release of LMOs
Introduction & management of invasive alien species
What is Biosecurity ???
3.
Biosecurity- measures taken to reduce the risk of
spread of animal disease on farms (Defra, 2005).
Is a holistic term which encompasses policy and
regulation to protect agriculture, food and the
environment from biological risk (FAO,2003).
In context of agriculture…
4.
Globalization
New agricultural production and food processing
technologies
Increased trade in food and agricultural products
Increasing travel and movement of people across
borders
Advances in communications and global access to
biosecurity information
High dependence of some countries on food imports
Biowar
Factors influencing
biosecurity
5.
Irish potato famine- Phytophthora infestans (1845)
Karnal bunt of wheat- Tilletia indica (1996, US)
Wheat stem rust -Puccinia graminis tritici (E. Africa)
Benagl famine- Pyricularia oryzae (1943)
Swine Fever in 1997 cost The Netherlands (Whiting 2003).
The Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) outbreak in 2001 UK
(Thompson et al. 2002).
Avian Influenza outbreak in Netherlands (Harder &
Werner 2006).
Screwworm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax inAfrica in 1988
(Lindquist et al. 1992).
Is there any need ???
6. At global level..
FAO (1945)
WTO agreement SPS Agreement (1995)
IPPC (1951)
Codex Alimentarius Commission (1961)
CBD (1992)
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety for LMOs (2000)
Office international des épizooties (OIE, or World Organization
for Animal Health) (1924)
Regulatory organizations
7.
In India,
Agricultural Bio-security Authority of India
Import & export of plants, animals & related products
preventing introduction of quarantine pests & post-
entry quarantine
Constitution of India- Article 21 fundamental rights.
The right to health
The right to a healthy environment
The right to pollution-free water and air
Protection against hazardous industries.
9.
Bio-exclusion: preventing the introduction of disease
to farm
Bio-containment : prevent the spread of disease from
farm to farm and within the farm.
Isolation
Sanitation
Disinfection
Basic components
10.
Quarantine of an organism or group of organisms to
prevent the introduction or spread of infectious disease
Farm should be established farther from public roads
Testing of a sample prior to bringing them onto the facility.
Isolation or separation from other populations for a period
of time
Sampling and proper treatment.
Reduction or elimination of infectious pathogens.
Disease prevention strategies.
Isolation
11.
Sapota mealybug,
Exallomochlus philippinensis
Intercepted at:
Bangalore International Airport
Commercial consignment is Rambutan
(Nephelium lappaceum) fruits.
Imported from Thailand.
Known only from Philippines.
Identified by NBAII
Action taken:
The samples were destroyed.
The spread of this pest was prevented to
Sapota orchards in S. India, Maharastra and
Gujarat; area under this fruit (40 thousand
hectares) was saved from devastation
A possible loss of 3000 crores prevented.
12.
Invasive mealy bug under surveillance
Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi
Introduced already on papaya, guava,
chrysanthemum, etc.
• considered as serious on papaya.
Action taken:
Predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
was recorded to feed on this
mealybug.
The predator could be used if the
scale assumes pest proportion.
NBAII and AICRP (BC) are in a state
of preparedness in case of flare-up.
13.
Procedures reduce the numbers of disease causing
organisms present within a given system
Good overall system maintenance and cleanliness to
reduce environments that will favour pathogens and
parasites
Sanitation
14.
Prevent or reduce the spread of disease causing
organisms from one system to another.
Disinfect all equipment prior to being re-used.
Restrict access to authorized persons only.
Ensure that all vehicles have been cleaned and
disinfected prior to arrival at site.
Disinfection
16.
Must control hazards of
biological, chemical and physical origin in imported
food
food produced domestically
food that is exported.
Documentation of high levels of food-borne disease.
Food controls based on good hygienic (1/3 people -
microbial food-borne diseases being zoonotic).
Food safety
17.
Focus on ….
Significant changes in food production and processing on
a global scale.
Shift in primary responsibility for food safety from the
competent authority to industry with government
assuming an oversight role.
More vociferous involvement of consumers.
Consumer perceptions and fears reflected in more
stringent regulatory requirements, including labelling.
18.
Refers to infectious diseases that can be transmitted
naturally between wild or domestic animals and
humans.
Zoonoses may be bacterial, viral, parasitic, or may
involve unconventional agents.
Being a public health problem,
prevent the efficient production of food of animal
origin
create obstacles to international trade in animal
products.
Zoonosis
20.
Concerns import, domestic and export health
controls.
Import controls are designed to prevent introduction
of hazards pathogenic to animals during trade in
Animals
animal genetic material
animal products
feedstuffs & biological products.
Animal health
21.
Application of regulatory controls to protect plant health
Also covers threats to wild plants.
Due to environmental issues, must manage plant pests
that primarily affect other organisms and ecosystem.
Plant health can be adversely affected by different types
of pests
plants themselves
pathogenic organisms - injurious to plants or plant products
Plant Health
22.
Regulatory bodies…
FAO plays an important role in biosecurity through IPPC
Technical support is provided through the IPPC and
International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures
ISPMs: prevent the introduction and spread of plant pests and
promotes phytosanitary measures for their control.
NIPHM
Plant Health Management
Biosecurity and Incursion Management
Rodent Pest Management
Pesticide Management
23.
International treaty
Coordinated, effective action to prevent introduction &
spread of pests of plants and plant products.
Provides a framework &forum- international cooperation,
harmonization and technical exchange between
contracting parties.
Deposited with the DG of FAO since its adoption in 1951
Protect sustainable agriculture and enhance global food
security through the prevention of pest spread
Protect the environment, forests and biodiversity from
plant pests
IPPC
24.
Facilitate economic & trade development through
the promotion of harmonized scientifically based
phytosanitary measures
Four annual themes for IPPC community (2015) to
promote on an annual basis specific aspects
2016- Plant Health and Food Security
2017- Plant Health and Trade Facilitation
2018- Plant Health and Environmental Protection
2019- Plant Health and Capacity Development
25. Plant Quarentine Act, 1912
Destructive Insects and Pests Act, 1914
Insecticide Act, 1968
National Plant Protection Training Institute -12 divisions
Directorate of Plant Protection Quarantine and storage
87 Sub offices
29 Central Integrated Pest Management Centres
35 Plant Quarantine Stations
2 Regional Pesticides Testing
29 Locust Control Stations
Locust Warning and Control unit
Plant Protection Division.
Pest /Disease Surveillance Division.
Biological Control Unit.
Storage Unit & Rodent Control Unit.
Pesticide Monitoring Unit.
Planning and Coordination Unit.
Documentation Unit.
In India….
26. Due to biotechnology, likely to have adverse environmental
impacts –
affect the conservation & sustainable use of biodiversity
risks to human health
Regulatory requirements covering the safe transfer, handling
and use of LMOs are a new focus point
Although international guidelines on safety of foods derived
from GMOs are being developed, its still a continuing issue due
to public concern.
Rapid proliferation of new gene technologies
LMOs
27. Credible & effective controls for LMOs to maximize
the benefits of while minimizing associated risks
Development of detailed national strategies for
conservation and protection of the environment.
Increasing “public good” regulation for sustainable
use of biological resources.
Inclusion of local communities in decision-making.
Need to focus on….
28.
These are plants, animals, pathogens and other
organisms that are non-native to an ecosystem, and
which may cause economic or environmental harm or
adversely affect human health.
Adversely impact biodiversity,
decline /elimination of native species through
competition, predation transmission of pathogens
disruption of local ecosystems & ecosystem functions
exacerbate poverty and threaten development-impact
on agriculture, forestry, fisheries and natural systems
Invasive alien species
29.
Protection of biodiversity in terms of the variability
among living organisms
Introduction, control or eradication of invasive species
that threaten ecosystems, habitats or other species
Strategic emphasis on prevention of introductions, rather
than eradication/mitigation/containment
There are calls from governments and other stakeholder
groups (special interest groups, NGOs)
There is a need of…
30.
Global issue that requires
Collaboration among governments, economic
sectors, NGOs & international organizations
Policymakers
Consumers
Educators, youth & recreationists.
31.
Intensification of broader aspects
Development of detailed national strategies for
conservation and protection of the environment.
“Ecosystem approaches” to minimizing spread.
Increasing “public good” regulation for sustainable
use of biological resources.
Cross-sector cooperation between environmentalists
and agriculturalists at both the government and
private sector level
Strategies to minimise risk…
32.
Management of biological resources to ensure
sustainable agriculture while maintaining full
biological diversity of genetic resources.
Organisms produced by modern biotechnology also
may threaten the plant environment
out-crossing to create more aggressive weeds
upset the ecological balance and decrease biodiversity
Environmental protection
33.
Efforts made …
2018 -IPPC year of Plant Health & Environmental
Protection
Conservation or protection of natural ecosystems
Protection of food security & improved livelihoods
Sustainable plant production through the protection
of the environment& biodiversity in both natural
and agricultural production systems.
34.
Increasing number of new and emerging pathogens
Increasing availability of sophisticated diagnostic
tools for epidemiological surveillance.
More attention to traceability systems.
Greater focus on emergency preparedness and
response.
Changing epidemiology of disease due to confluence
of animals and people in intensive farming
situations.
Future trends….
35. Goal is to prevent, control or manage risks to life & health
Toolkit advocating strategic & integrated approach as a holistic
concept
Direct relevance in meeting consumer expectations
Safety of their food supply
Preventing & controlling zoonotic aspects of public health
Ensuring the sustainability of agriculture
Safeguarding terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments
Protecting biodiversity.
Conclusion
36.
India urgently needs a national agricultural biosecurity
system to strengthen the ability to prevent pandemics.
This will help safeguard the income and livelihood
security of farm and fisher families.
M.S. Swaminathan
Thank you