KALINA CYCLE

1. Kalina Cycle
By
S. SAI KIRAN
ROLL NO.:32343
REGD NO.:1301105296
GUIDED BY:- Mr A.K.DAS

2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• History
• What is Kalina cycle?
• Simple Kalina cycle
• Why Kalina cycle?
• Comparison between Rankine and Kalina cycle
• Different Kalina cycles
• Benefits of ammonia-water fluid properties
• Environmental aspects of ammonia and Kalina cycle
• Flexibility of Kalina cycle
• Application
• Conclusion
• Reference

3. INTRODUCTION
• In thermodynamics, the Carnot cycle has been described as the
most efficient thermal cycle possible.
• The Kalina cycle is the most significant improvement in the steam
power cycle since the advent of Rankine cycle in the mid 1800s.
• The century old Rankine cycle which uses water as working fluid is
the real world approach to the Carnot cycle, and it has been
widely used to generate electrical power.

4. HISTORY
• The technology is the creation of Dr. Alexander Kalina, a Russian
scientist.
• He left a high position in Soviet Union 30 years ago to come to US.
• Formed Exergy Inc. to develop and commercialize an advanced
Thermodynamic Cycle.
• 1993, General Electric signed an agreement with Exergy for a world
wide exclusive licensing rights to use the technology for combined
cycle systems in 50 MW to 150 MW range.
• GE and Exergy working on a combined cycle plant that will operate on
an overall efficiency of 62%.

5. WHAT IS KALINA CYCLE?
• The Kalina cycle is principle a modified Rankine cycle.
• It uses a working fluid comprised of at least two different components,
typically water and ammonia.
• The ratio between these components varies in different parts of the
systems to decrease thermodynamic irreversibility
• Ammonia-water mixture improves system thermodynamic efficiency
and provides more flexibility various operating conditions.
• As plant operating temperatures are lowered the relative gain of the
Kalina cycle increases in comparison with the Rankine cycle.

6. SIMPLE KALINA CYCLE
• The pump pressurized the saturated liquid (5) which is leaving from
the condenser and it is sent in to the high temperature recuperator
(6).
• The liquid takes off the heat from the two phase dead vapour (3).
• The pressurized hot liquid (sub-cooled state) enters (1) into the
vaporizer where the liquid is converted in to vapor (2) by utilizing
the latent or sensible heat of the hot source (1s-2s).
• The saturated vapor (2) from the vaporizer is expanded in the
turbine up to its condenser pressure.
• The two phase mixture after giving a part of it’s latent heat to the
incoming liquid (4) enters in to the condenser, where cooling water
enters (1w), takes away all the heat available in the two-phase
mixture, and leaves at higher temperature (2w).
• The saturated liquid is pressurized in the pump and the cycle
repeats.

7. `

8. WHY KALINA CYCLE?
• Generate 10%-50% more power than conventional more power
than steam power generation technologies.
• Have lower capital costs due to smaller heat exchanges and no
heat transfer oil loop.
• Are unmanned or minimally supervised and have lower plant
auxiliary loads.
• Lower demands for cooling water and cooling infrastructure.
• Minimal downtime for maintenance.

9. COMPARISION BETWEEN RANKINE & KALINA CYCLE
• In a typical Rankine cycle power plant a pure working fluid , water or in case organic
Rankine cycle, lower molecular weight organic compounds is heated in a boiler and
converted into high pressure, high temperature vapour which is then expanded
through a turbine which generate electricity in a closed loop system.
where as
• The Kalina cycle utilizes an ammonia-water mixture as a working fluid to improve
system thermodynamic efficiency and provide more flexibility in various operating
conditions.
• As plant operating temperatures are lowered the relative gain of the Kalina cycle
increases in comparison with the Rankine cycle.

10. Efficiency of Kalina cycle is higher than Rankine cycle because:
• Mean temperature of heat addition of Kalina cycle is more than Rankine cycle
• Mean temperature of heat rejection of Kalina cycle is less than Rankine cycle.
• Area under T-S diagram of Kalina cycle is more than Rankine cycle.

12. DIFFERENT KALINA CYCLES

13. • KCS 1 is preferable for smaller units (below 20 MW total output, about 8 MW
bottoming cycle).
• Later KCS 6 was developed with 10% efficiency improvement over KCS 1.
• KCS 6 is preferable for larger units (above 20MW total output).
• KCS 6 intended as bottoming cycle for a gas turbine based combined cycle
provides highest efficiency of all the Kalina cycles.
• KCS 5 is particularly applicable to direct (Fuel) fired plants.
• KCS 11 is most applicable for geo thermal temperatures from about 120 –
200⁰C.
• KCS 34 and KCS 34g are suitable for temperatures below 120⁰C.
• For lower temperature systems, KCS 34 is most suitable for combined power
production and downstream district heating applications, while KCS 34g is
suited for smaller size plants.

14. BENEFITS OF AMMONIA-WATER FLUID PROPERTIES
• Lighter component (Ammonia) allows efficient waste heat.
• Mixture has variable boiling and condensing temperatures.
• Molecular weights of ammonia and water are similar.
• Standard material can be used. Carbon steel and standard high
temperature alloys are acceptable for handling ammonia. Only use
of copper and copper alloys are prohibited in ammonia service.
• Ammonia is readily available and relatively inexpensive.

15. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF AMMONIA & KALINA CYCLE
 Ammonia:
• Bio-degradable
• Used extensively as a fertilizer
• Neutralize acidic pollutants in the air.
• Fire and explosion hazards are very low.
 Does not contribute to:
• Global warming (near zero GWP)
• Smog
• Depletion of ozone layer (zero ODP)
 Higher efficiency conserves:
• Fossil fuels
• Water (for condenser)

16. FLEXIBILITY OF KALINA CYCLE
Ammonia-water concentration can be readily changed to give optimum
efficiency if:
• Heat source changes
• Cooling temperature changes
When ammonia-water mixture is heated the more volatile ammonia tends to
vaporize first then pure water. As the ammonia concentration of the remaining
liquid decreases, saturation temperature rises. The working fluid is split into
streams with different concentrations, providing a great deal of flexibility with
which to optimize heat recovery and allowing condensation at a pressure
greater than atmospheric.

17. APPLICATIONS
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION:
• Cement industry
• Glass industry
• Petrochemical industry
• Steel industry
• Thermal power pants
RENEWABLE ENERGY:
• Geothermal energy
• Solar thermal energy
• Ocean thermal energy
• Biomass

19. CONCLUSION
• The Kalina cycle was developed in order to replace the previously
used Rankine Cycle as a bottoming cycle for a combined-cycle energy
system as well as for generating electricity using low-temperature
heat resources. Generally speaking, the Kalina cycle has a better
thermodynamic performance than the Rankine cycle and organic
Rankine cycle .
• The Kalina cycle has a family of configurations used in different fields.
Electricity generation from geothermal ,solar thermal ,waste heat,
biomass are some successful application of the Kalina cycle so far.

20. REFERENCE
• Xinxin Zhang, A review of research on the Kalina cycle ,
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012) 5309–531

21. THANK YOU
Any Queries..?