Indian Railways Surveying (RECT, PECT and FLS)

1
Types of Surveys
for Railway
Projects
RECT, PECT,FLS
(Source: Engg. Code)

2
We will discuss
– Types of Surveys
– TOR; Guidelines cum checklist for survey
works
– Preparation of survey reports

RAILWAY SURVEYS
Reasonsforlayinganewrailwayline
 Strategic consideration:
Sometimes it becomes essential to join two points by
a railway line for strategic purposes so that in case of
emergency, the army can be transferred from one
point to the other.
 Linking of trade centres:
Two trade centres may not be linked up by a railway
line. In such cases, a new railway line is proposed
between two such trade centres.
3

RAILWAY SURVEYS
Connecting port with the interior of the
country:
A port is sometimes not connected with
the interior of the country. In such cases,
it becomes essential to have a new
railway line joining the port and the trade
centres of the interior of the country.
4

RAILWAY SURVEYS
Shortening existing route:
A route exists between two points. But if it
is possible to shorten the existing route, a
new railway line is to be laid.
5

RAILWAY SURVEYS
Laying of a branch line:
It becomes necessary sometimes to lay a branch
line to an existing main line to develop certain
other cities on the proposed branch line. The new
branch line will serve as feeder line for the existing
main railway line.
Undeveloped area:
A new railway line is laid to develop an area
which may be rich in mineral resources or other
natural wealth like timber resources. 6

RAILWAY SURVEYS
Gauge Conversion:
Under Uniform gauge policy
Doubling:
if Saturation of traffic on existing track.
Yard Remodellings
Passenger Terminals
7

Factors influencing the proposed
route:
Cost:
Should be minimum
Is composed of:
{capital cost of the project + maintenance cost
+ renewal expenditure + working expenses}
The route should be so selected as to bring the
sum of all these costs to a minimum.
8

Factors influencing the proposed
route:
II. Safety:
 The available passenger and goods traffic
should be transported safely,
 Route should be so laid as to have
minimum chances of train accidents
III. Speed:
 Route should be so selected as to have
reasonable speed of trains.
9

RAILWAY SURVEYS
In Engineering Code
 Ch. II- Modes of investigation of Railway Projects.
 Ch. III- Traffic Survey
 Ch. IV- Engineering Survey- Reconnaissance,
Preliminary and Final location surveys
 Ch. V- Engineering Survey- Project Reports
10

RAILWAY SURVEYS
Various surveys are carried out:
1)RECT: Reconnaissance Engineering
cum Traffic Survey
2) PECT: Preliminary Engineering
cum Traffic Survey
3) FLS: Final Location Survey
11

12
Decision to undertake Survey
• Railway Administration have no power to
undertake Surveys on their own.
• It is to be included in the sanctioned Budget.
(Blue Book)
• The project Investigator should be supplied by
the Railway Administration with terms of
reference.

13
Terms of Reference (TOR)
(Para 209 of Engg.Code)
• Category of line including type of rolling stock
to run
• Speed, ruling gradient, curvature
• ROB/RUB, LCs,
• Station types, layouts, other traffic facilities
• Signalling systems
• Electrification or otherwise
• Nature and scope of investigations Page
17

14
R E C T
(RECONNAISSANCE ENGINEERING CUM
TRAFFIC SURVEYS)
Reconnaissance Survey :
• Rough and rapid investigations of an area with a view
to determine the technical feasibility and approximate
cost of one or more routes.
• With the help of contoured Survey of India maps and
other available material without a more careful
investigation of the field

15
Reconnaissance Survey :
• With the use of only those instruments that will rapidly
give approximate distances and heights such as
prismatic compass, clinometer and similar
instruments.
• Where suitable aerial Photographs are available, field
investigations by instruments can be considerably
avoided/dispensed with
RECT

16
RECT
 Follow -Terms of Reference unless cost is very
high.
 Select - shortest possible route.
• station sites considering population,
importance of nearest village/ town/ city/
industry etc.
• best possible sites for stations, crossings
and bridges/tunnels.

17
Collect
• latest revenue rates obtained from collector/
Tehsildar /Registrar/ Land records office – to
work out land cost.
• rainfall records of the area and discharge records
of big rivers.
• detail of availability of labour, construction
material and possible route of their movement
RECT

18
• Electrical crossings details i.e.
– Chainage
– Voltage
– Height of lowest conductor
– Height of tower
– Distance of tower from centre line.
– Types of tower (Terminal or suspension)
• Telephone wire crossings details i.e.
– Chainage
– Height of the wire
– Distance of pole from centre line.
– Height of the pole
RECT

19
• Underground cables details i.e.
a) Voltage
b) Chainage
c) Depth
d) Type of cable
e) Purpose/function of cable
RECT

20
 Carry out –
quick soil investigation by trail pit at few important
locations for design of foundations etc.
• General Idea
• No laboratory tests
• Other Surveys, topological maps, geological
• Visual Inspection
• Behaviour of existing structures
• Prospective Borrow Area - Soil & Blanket
RECT

21
Provide
• Land width as per paras 821 to 836 of Engg. code
• Waterways, span/foundation type and arrangement,
based on the data collected.
• ROBs / RUBs on State /National Highways.
• Blanketing material as per the extant instructions.
• Sub banks on high banks of over 6 m height.
• 50 m. minimum length of straight between reverse
curves

22
• Avoid :
 acquisition of fertile land/ forest area/ wild life
sanctuaries
 cuttings and tunnels on curves
 sags in cuttings
 sharp change of gradient on curves
 stations on curves
RECT

23
Prepare - following maps/plans
(i) General Map : Scale about 20/25 km = 1 cm
(ii) Index Map : Scale about 2.5 km = 1 cm
(iii) Index Plan : Scale about 500 m = 1 cm
& sections (Horizontal, on topo sheet)
Scale about 10 m = 1 cm
(Vertical)
(iv) Station yard diagrams and junction arrangements.
(Generally in A4 size)
plan
Sec
RECT

25
PECT
PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING CUM
TRAFFIC SURVEY
Preliminary Survey
• This consists of a detailed instrumental examination of
the rout / or routes selected as a result of
"Reconnaissance" in order to obtain a close estimate
of the probable cost of the projected line, under this
survey.
• However, staking out of the alignment with a theodolite
is not required

26
In addition to the items covered for
Reconnaissance Engineering cum Traffic Survey,
additional guidelines are to be followed:
PECT
PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING CUM
TRAFFIC SURVEY

27
Soil Survey/Investigation
• Geological investigation/Survey in hilly terrain.
• Sampling at about 500 m interval
• May be for alternative alignments too
• Sub-surface soundings
• Auger Sampling normally, SPT may be done.
• Normally no undisturbed samples
• Bore log from disturbed samples
• Split spoon sampler
• Mechanical Analysis & Index Properties
PECT

28
Carry out
• Traversing of one or more routes. Stone Pillars to be left
on ground at suitable intervals and important locations.
• Level (Longitudinal and cross) on important locations at
suitable intervals on the route. TBMs to be left at suitable
intervals and important locations.
• Plane Table survey for station yards and rivers on U/S and
D/S side of proposed bridge upto sufficient distance.
PECT

29
Prepare
 Estimate- as close as Detailed Estimate for Final
Location Survey (Para:E-415 & 416)
 Report- (Techno-Economic Survey Reports) in the form
as for RECT (Para:E-555)
 Maps/Plans- as for RECT with following additional plans:
Detailed plan and section (as for FLS with details
collected in PECT survey)
Scale: 50 m to 1 cm (Horizontal),
5 m to 1 cm (Vertical)
(5 Km line on each sheet with plan above the section on the
same sheet)
PECT

30
Important aspects needing close
scrutiny at this stage
• Station building, if it is in high bank area-suitability of
foundation
• Tunnels
• Deep cuttings
• Borrow areas for sub grade and blanketing
PECT

31
PREPARATION OF RECT & PECT
SURVEYS REPORT
• Survey Reports based on Preliminary Engineering cum
Traffic Survey (also called Techno-Economic Survey
Report) and
• Survey report based on Reconnaissance Engineering
cum Traffic surveys (also called feasibility report)

32
in the form of the following chapters
• Introduction (Para E-557)
• Traffic projections (Para E-558 to 561)
• Analysis of Alternatives (Para E-562)
• Characteristics of the project area (Para E-507)
• Standard of construction (Para E-508 to 522)
• Route selection/Project description (Para E-523)
Survey Report (para E-555)

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• Project engineering, estimation of cost and
construction schedule. (Para E-525 to 538)
• Electrical chapter
• S & T chapter
• Mechanical chapter
• Cost Phasing and investment schedule (E-542 & 543)
• Financial Appraisal (Para E-575)
• Recommendations

34
Estimate
Work out detailed P way cost of one Km
length (in form E-553) and abstract cost of line
(in form E-554)and junction arrangements as
per latest P.way rate list circulated by Railway
Board.

35
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
 OBJECT OF INVESTIGATION AND BACKGROUND
- Object of Investigation
- History of past investigation
- Govt. order for carrying out investigation
 PROGRAMME AND METHODOLOGY OF INVESTIGATION
- Organisation for investigation, ( studies made, work
accomplished during the field season in brief narrative form.)
- Method adopted for selection of major obligatory points.
- Selection of alignment
- Choice of design of important river crossing
- Important station sites
 SPECIAL FEATURES :- If any ,like investigation of various
alternatives for a major river crossings, traversing of deep ravines,
difficult hilly terrains , marshy areas requiring special stabilization
studies,

36
CHAPTER II TRAFFIC PROJECTIONS
• TRAFFIC PROJECTION- a commodity wise analysis of
traffic growth for 30 years @ 5 years
• ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CAPACITY - Analysis with
reference to master charts for doublings, occupation charts
of platform lines, washing /stabling lines etc. and road/water
transport for new lines.
• OPTIMISATION OF EXISTING FACILITIES - Possibility of
improving the line capacity with improved signalling, higher
speeds, heavier/longer trains, change of traction etc. for
doubling gauge conversions etc. For terminal facilities
reducing the servicing time of rakes, occupation of platforms
etc. and for new lines, if existing transport can meet the
requirements.

37
CHAPTER III ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
• ALTERNATIVE SCHEMES - with approx cost, normal time
for execution
• COMPARISION OF SCHEMES - with merits/demerits and
other considerations
• FINANCIAL RETURNS - Financial Returns of important
Schemes

38
CHAPTER –IV CHARACTERISTICS OF
PROJECT AREA
• TOPOGRAPHICAL OUTLINE OF THE AREA .
• GEOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE COUNTRY likely to
affect the alignment Stability of line, cost of construction
working expenses
• CLIMATIC AND RAINFALL CHARACTERISTICS
• ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS like presence of
corrosive factors, pollution, etc. which may affect the
design and maintenance of bridges and structures.
• PLANNING OF OTHER AGENCIES FOR IMPOUNDING
RIVERS IN PROJECT AREA IF ANY

39
• EXISTING MEANS OF COMMUNICATION
• OUTLINE OF CIVIL ADMINISTRATION OF THE AREA.
• INTERFERENCE IN THE CHOSEN ALIGNMENT :-
extent to which railway works would interfere with
existing Military cantonment, buildings, rifle ranges,
camping grounds, etc. Opinion of local Military
authorities and how their objection can be best met
with.
CHAPTER –IV CHARACTERISTICS OF
PROJECT AREA

40
CHAPTER –V STANDARD OF CONSTRUCTION
(Terms of reference on which cost of Project is based)
• GAUGE:-
• CATEGORY OF LINE :- speed potential, maximum Axle
Load , Loading Standard of Bridges and basis for
adopting the same.
• RULING GRADIENT ,maximum length and Tonnage of
goods train catered for
• CURVES :- sharpest adopted, basis for adoption and
its Impact on the speed.
• P.WAY :- Rail section, welding proposed, sleepers and
its density.
• BALLAST :- Type of ballast and Cushion .

41
• ROAD CROSSING :- Standards adopted for Level
crossings & grade separated crossings.
• STATIONS :- Spacing of stations in case of new
lines, provision made for future intermediate stations
and scale of facilities contemplated at stations.
• RESIDENTIAL ACCOMMODATION :- The scale and
extent to which included.
• STATION MACHINERY:- Brief indication of Engine
changing arrangement watering stations and water
supply augmentation arrangements
• SERVICING AND MAINTENANCE FACILITY :- like
repairs shop etc.
• SIGNALLING AND TELECOM:- Standard of
Signalling and scale of communication facilities.
• TRACTION :- Type of traction proposed .
CHAPTER –V STANDARD OF CONSTRUCTION

42
CHAPTER VI- ROUTE SELECTION/PROJECT
DESCRIPTION
• VARIOUS ALTERNATIVE ROUTES :- relevant information
and data of routes examined
• GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF EACH ALIGNMENT
SURVEYED :- fixed point or zero point, selection of
junction and other stations on the alignment, short
descriptions of river crossings.
• ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES :- of various alignment,
reasons for selecting the final alignment.
• TOTAL LENGTH OF ROUTE SELECTED:- Length in
every State, Division and District and length of sections
proposed ( for estimating purposes)
• EXTENSIONS:- Branches and other extensions of the
proposed lines which are likely to be needed in the near
or distant future.

43
• SITE - Availability of land, use patterns, suitability of site for
future needs.
• ENVIRONMENT - Climatic conditions, rainfall
characteristics, pollution etc. communication facilities,
availability of water activities/settlements nearby.
• FACILITIES TO BE PROVIDED – User department-wise
facilities to be provided.
• EQUIPMENTs AND CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS :-
Equipments provided under scheme and required during
construction.
DESCRIPTION

44
• LABOUR AND MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS :
organisational structure envisaged for execution, staff to
operate facilities after commissioning the project and
facilities such as housing etc. required for such staff.
(tabulated details in Appendix)
• SPECIAL PROBLEMS ; problems likely to be faced during
construction such as in land acquisition, movement of
materials, foundation , housing etc. (Risk management)
DESCRIPTION

45
CHAPTER VII PROJECT ENGINEERING
(Related to Project Management; scope including methods,
specification, organization and Problems/ obstructions/
uncertainties)
PROJECT ENGINEERING :-
• Information and data to understand the scope and
extent of project and assist in formulating strategy for
execution and management
• Information under each main head of the estimate of
cost be furnished with rates, and their basis

46
• PRELIMINARY EXPENSES :- Cost of surveys already
carried out and proposed for future be given.
• LAND :- Width of land provided for single or double
line, difficulties in acquiring the land, due to important
buildings, religious/archeological; structures, Military
rights, other special causes, (rates of land obtained from
Civil Authorities as Appendix, tabulated details in
Appendix)

47
• FORMATION :-
 formation width and side slopes in banks and cuttings
 method of construction of earth work, compaction,
blanketing material, provision of sub bank
 supporting information on soil investigation and results
of core drilling wherever necessary
 provision for turfing or other protection for banks and
cuttings and for repairing them and for topping banks
with selected material
 sections of tunnels, retaining walls, side drains etc.

48
• BRIDGES:-
 List of various types of Bridges,(tabulated details in
Appendix) difficulties expected, special methods and
materials proposed for construction, special
arrangements for strengthening of existing bridges,
for GC, extension of existing bridges
 Method of transporting of girder components,
arrangements for erection and launching of girders

49
• P.WAY :-
 Possible location of Stores Depots with problems to
be encountered if any
 Nature of ballast, source of supply quantity per metre
provided
 Minimum distance provided between reverse curves
and method for laying out transition curves and
vertical curves

50
• STATIONS, BUILDINGS, RESIDENITAL QUARTERS ;-
 Scale of facilities provided at various stations, any
special architectural treatment that may be needed in
the case of important buildings.
 Location of administrative and other offices,
residential quarters, institutes etc.
• STATION MACHINARY :-
 Running sheds and workshop facilities
 Watering arrangements
 Sand humps, derailing switch, fouling marks etc.
 Signaling and interlocking
 Others: (tabulated details in Appendix)

51
• ROAD CROSSINGS : type of Level crossing planned with
diversion of roads contemplated if any, difficulties likely to
be encountered in the execution of grade separated road
crossings. (tabulated details in Appendix)
• EQUIPMENTS :- separately for:
Signaling
Communications including telegraphs, train control
and microwave etc;
Electrification of stations.
Electric traction if proposed.

52
• ROLLING STOCK : Whether provided in the cost,
-If yes, full particulars regarding the number and type of
engines and other rolling stock
• SPECIAL PROBLEMS :
 Special problems likely to be encountered during
execution with possible solutions
 Areas needing special attention

53
• PROJECT ORGANISATION:
 Organisational structure required for execution
 Proposed headquarters of the project manager and
other const officers
 Plans for providing housing for staff , temporary office
buildings. (tabulated details in Appendix)
 Availability of water for construction and its suitability
for drinking purposes
• RATE ANALYSIS : (to be given in Appendix)
 An analysis of principal rates and reasons for
adopting the same in the estimation of cost for girders
or steel works rates per span and per tonne

54
• STATISTICAL INFORMATION(E-539):
• For purpose of comparison and for the benefit of top
management
• Land rate per hectare
• Earthwork in banks rate per 10 m3
Earthwork in cuttings overall average rate per 10 m3
• Lined tunnels – rate per metre length
• Unlined tunnels – rate per metre length
• Major bridges - rate per metre length
• Minor bridges – rate per metre length
• Track (rails, sleepers and fastenings) laid in position –
cost per km

55
• STATISTICAL INFORMATION(E-539):
 Main line - cost per km.
 Running loops – cost per km.
 Sidings – cost per km.
 Points and crossings per set.
 Ballast cost (laid in track per km.)
 Service buildings – cost per sq. metre.
 Staff quarters - cost per sq. metre
 Total cost of signalling per crossing station of 2 and 3
lines.

56
• ESTIMATION OF COST
Methodology adopted in computation of quantities
for earthwork, bridges and buildings.
• INVESTMENT SCHEDULE:-Target and schedule for
various years of construction/phases

57
• TABULATED DETAILS (E-544):
 Curve abstract (Form E-547)
(along with details of curves)
See Annexure for formats for these details
 Gradient abstract (Form E-548) (along with list of
gradients)
 Bridge abstract (Form E-549)
(along with list of major, minor and ROB/RUB bridges)
 Important bridges (Form E-550)
 Station Machinery (Form E-551)
 Station and station sites (Form E-552)

58
 List of Electrical telephone wire and
 Underground cable crossings
 List of level crossings
 Details of land to be acquired if any, (chainage wise)
 List of Structures to be dismantled
 List of staff required, department wise
 List of quarters provided.
 List of Signal/Sign Boards posts etc,
 List of GTS benchmarks.

59
CHAPTER VIII- COST ,PHASING AND
INVESTMENT SCHEDULE GUIDE
• COST :- Cost of the project department wise and
methodology adopted to arrive at
• PHASING :- If phasing required during construction, extent,
type with reasons and investment levels for such phasing
• INVESTMENT SCHEDULE :- completion period and
department wise annual investment during this period

60
CHAPTER IX- ELECTRICAL CHAPTER
To be given by Electrical department (in Hq)
CHAPTER X-SIGNAL AND TELECOMMUNICATION
CHAPTER
To be given by S & T department (in Hq)

61
CHAPTER XI-MECHANICAL CHAPTER
To be given by Mechanical department (in Hq)
CHAPTER XII- FINANCIAL APPRAISAL
Financial appraisal of various alternative schemes
examined. Presented by Finance department (in HQ).
CHAPTER XIII- RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion and recommendations with cost and Rate Of
Return (in HQ).

62
COVERING NOTE
 Object of proposed survey and circumstances leading to it
 Past performance, present status of traffic movements and
future projections
 Salient features of proposed scheme
 Cost and investment pattern
 If any estimate submitted earlier, comparison therewith
 Explanation for any material modifications as compared to
earlier sanctioned estimate
 Summary of financial appraial and brief description of
benefits that will accrue from the scheme
 Recommendations of the Railway

63
ARRANGEMENT OF DOCUMENTS:
 Covering note
 Index
 Project report, followed by ‘List of Drawings’
 Appendices to Project report

64
FINAL LOCATION SURVEY (FLS)
• Post investment decision Survey
• To prepare working details with accurate costing.
• RECT or PECT Survey reports are available for
reference.
• However in few cases Railway Board may direct to
carry out FLS directly. In such cases guidelines given for
RECT/PECT surveys should also be kept in view during
FLS.
• Alignment finally selected during a survey should be fully
staked on the ground with a theodolite and/or Electronic
Distance Measuring Instruments, the report should be
fuller and detailed plans and sections should be submitted.

65
• Follow -Terms of Reference strictly.
• Select - Most economical alignment proposed in RECT/
PECT survey reports.
• Provide - Alignment on ground with good Theodolite or
Electronic Total station.
Pegs at 20 m interval and large pegs (duly numbered) at every
100 m (Para:E-427)
Masonry pillars at 500 m intervals, and at tangent point of
curves, crossings, bridges/tunnels etc.
Transition curves for change of curvature.
Bench marks at every km. along the line (near the toe of
proposed bank) and at sites of major bridges, ROB/RUB etc.
Temporary Bench marks should be put up at suitable intervals
taking fly levels from nearest GTS.

66
SOIL SURVEY
• Sampling at about 200 - 300 m interval. Bore holes to
be drilled (upto 20 m depth in soils other than rock and
5 m in rock)
• Detailed Investigations – May be at very close intervals
particularly at
• Bad Soil Locations
• Location of Important Structures
– Major Bridges
– High Banks
– Deep Cuttings

SOIL SURVEY
• Undisturbed Soil Samples
• Engineering Geologist may be hired, if needed in hilly
areas. Assistance of an officer of Geological Survey of
India may be sought.
• Water table Data and seasonal variations
• Additional tests like shear strengths, consolidation, vane
shear, free swell etc.
• Sources of Soil and Blanket Material
67

68
Carry out
 Plane table survey of station Yards (Para:E-231) and rivers
requiring waterway of 110 sqm or more, on U/S and D/S side
(para E-224 & 225).
 Geological characteristics investigation for stability of line,
slopes, tunnels etc. in hilly terrain.
 Levels at 50 m intervals (longitudinal) and 20 m intervals
(cross). Intervals can be reduced depending upon the
undulations on the ground.
Collect
 Information about Railway affecting works in the vicinity of
projected line i.e. bunds, bunded streams, irrigation works
(para:E-424).
Prepare
 Notes in the field regarding ground and other information
derived from personal enquiry and observation. (Para:E-250)

69
Plans/Sections
 General Map, scale 25/20 km to 1 cm.
 Index Map, scale 2.5 km to 1 cm.
 Index Plan and section scale
500 m to 1 cm (Horizonatal)
 Detailed plans and section scale
50 m to 1 cm(Horizontal)
(The plan in each case to be above the section on the same
sheet. Details of all features within 300 m on either side to be
shown on the plan)

Details to be shown in plan (E-454)
• Rivers requiring waterway of 12m or upwards
• Important roads with heir bridges
• Canals, Large tanks, bunds, bunded streams
• Outlines of all towns / villages
• Boundaries of states, Local administration, Districts
• Hill peaks and important features of country
• Survey of India stations
• Camping grounds, Rifle ranges
• Reserve forest
• Industrial Units( Existing/ Under construction)
70

71
• Plans of station yards and junction arrangements,
scale 10 m to 1 cm (Para:E-468, 469, 471)
• Detailed drawings of structures (Para:E-473 & 474)
• Additional details in plan to be shown within 300 m
on either side of the line (Para:E-454)
Details to be shown in plan (E-454)

72
Detailed Estimate
Giving Details of the cost of construction under various
heads of capital and other works expenditure
classification (Para:E-553 Detailed Estimate to be
submitted to Dy. CE (C) Plg.)

73
Other Important aspects
• Desirable to involve local people while carrying out FLS
• Land width demarcation
• Scrutinize Section register and Bridge registers in Doubling
and GC surveys
• Take photographs of existing Bridges, deep cuttings and
high banks
• Vediography of whole section in GC & doubling
• Desirable to use few standard spans
• Existing waterways should not be obstructed
• Avoid level crossings even in Doubling & GC
• Bridges & tunnels in straight
• Problems likely to be encountered and possible solutions, if
any

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PREPARATION OF PROJECT REPORT
(FOR FINAL LOCATION SURVEY)
Report based on Final location Survey is called
Project report. The Project report should comprise
of the following chapters.
• INTRODUCTION
• CHARACTERISTICS OF PROJECT AREA
• STANDARDS OF CONSTRUCTION.
• ROUTE SELECTION
• PROJECT ENGG, ESTIMATION OF COST AND
CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE
• ELECTRICAL CHAPTER
• S & T CHAPTER
• MECHANICAL CHAPTER
• CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
• FINANCIAL APPRAISAL

75
• The contents of the above chapters are already given in
the chapters for Survey reports for RECT/PECT surveys.
The same may be followed for Project report for Final
Location Surveys.

Indian Railways Surveying (RECT, PECT and FLS)

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