brief knowledge of types of disaster with some literature studies of natural disasters of national as well as international. this presentation contains the data of disaster under the heads, such as: types of disaster, date and year, areas affected, death toll, causes and reasons, pre disaster and post disaster measures such as relief, response, reconstruction consideration and techniques, planning and program for future prevention of disaster.

1. DISASTER RESISTANCE
ARCHITECTURE
PRESENTED BY:
SAKSHI JAIN
TAR1601019
IV YEAR VIII SEM

2. INTRODUCTION:-
A DISASTER IS A SERIOUS DISRUPTION OCCURRING OVER A SHORT OR LONG PERIOD
OF TIME THAT CAUSES WIDESPREAD HUMAN, MATERIAL, ECONOMIC OR
ENVIRONMENTAL LOSS WHICH EXCEEDS THE ABILITY OF THE AFFECTED
COMMUNITY OR SOCIETY TO COPE USING ITS OWN RESOURCES
DISASTERS ARE OF TWO TYPES:-
-MAN MADE DISASTER
-NATURAL DISASTER

3. MAN MADE DISASTER:- ANTHROPOGENIC HAZARDS ARE HAZARDS
CAUSED BY HUMAN ACTION OR INACTION.
EXAMPLE:- OIL SPILLS, NUCLEAR AND CHEMICAL ACCIDENTS,
TERRORISTS ATTACKS, MINING ACCIDENT, ETC.
NATURAL DISASTERS:- A NATURAL DISASTER IS A MAJOR ADVERSE
EVENT RESULTING FROM NATURAL PROCESSES OF THE EARTH;
EXAMPLES ARE FLOODS, HURRICANES, TORNADOES, VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS, EARTHQUAKES, TSUNAMIS, STORMS, AND OTHER
GEOLOGIC PROCESSES. A NATURAL DISASTER CAN CAUSE LOSS OF LIFE
OR DAMAGE PROPERTY, AND TYPICALLY LEAVES SOME ECONOMIC
DAMAGE IN ITS WAKE, THE SEVERITY OF WHICH DEPENDS ON THE
AFFECTED POPULATION'S RESILIENCE (ABILITY TO RECOVER) AND ALSO
ON THE INFRASTRUCTURE AVAILABLE.

4. TYPES OF DISASTER
NATURAL
DISASTER
ENVIRONMENTAL
DISASTER
POLLUTION
DEFORESTATION
DESERTIFICATION
PEST INFESTATION
EPIDEMICS
CLIMATIC
DISASTER
FLOODS
CYCLONES
STORMS
HURRICANS
MUD SLIDES
DROUGHTS
AVALANCHES
GEOLOGICAL
DISASTER
EARTHQUAKE
LAND SLIDES
TSUMANI
VOLANIC
ERUPTION
MAN-MADE
DISASTER
TECHNOLOGICAL
DISASTER
TRANSPORT
ACCIDENTS
STRUCTURAL
FAILURES
EXPLOSIONS
FIRES
INDUSTRIAL
CHEMICAL SPILLS
RADIATION
POISIONING
GAS LEAKS
COMPLEX
DISASTER
WAR
TERRORISM
CIVIL UNREST
INTERNAL
CONFLICTS

5. NATURAL DISASTER IS OF 3 TYPES:
ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTER
CLIMATIC DISASTER
GEOLOGICAL DISASTER
1.ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTER:-
AN ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTER OR ECOLOGICAL
DISASTER IS A CATASTROPHIC EVENT REGARDING
THE ENVIRONMENT DUE TO HUMAN ACTIVITY.
POLLUTION-
POLLUTION IS THE INTRODUCTION
OF CONTAMINANTS INTO THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
THAT CAUSE ADVERSE CHANGE. POLLUTION CAN TAKE
THE FORM OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES OR ENERGY,
SUCH AS NOISE, HEAT OR LIGHT.

6. DEFORESTATION-
• DEFORESTATION, CLEARANCE, CLEARCUTTING
OR CLEARING IS THE REMOVAL OF
A FOREST OR STAND OF TREES FROM LAND
WHICH IS THEN CONVERTED TO A NON-
FOREST USE. DEFORESTATION CAN INVOLVE
CONVERSION OF FOREST LAND
TO FARMS, RANCHES, OR URBAN USE.
DESERTIFICATION
• IT IS A TYPE OF LAND
DEGRADATION IN DRYLANDS INVOLVING LOSS
OF BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTIVITY CAUSED BY
NATURAL PROCESSES OR INDUCED BY HUMAN
ACTIVITIES WHEREBY FERTILE AREAS BECOME
INCREASINGLY MORE ARID .

7. INFESTATION-
• IT IS THE STATE OF BEING INVADED OR
OVERRUN BY PESTS OR PARASITES. IT CAN
ALSO REFER TO THE ACTUAL ORGANISMS
LIVING ON OR WITHIN A HOST.
EPIDEMIC-
• AN EPIDEMIC IS THE RAPID SPREAD
OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE TO A LARGE NUMBER
OF PEOPLE IN A GIVEN POPULATION WITHIN A
SHORT PERIOD OF TIME, USUALLY TWO
WEEKS OR LESS.

8. 2. CLIMATIC DISASTER
• CLIMATIC DISASTER IS THE CHANGE IN THE GLOBAL CLIMATE EXACERBATE
CLIMATE HAZARDS AND AMPIFY THE RISK OF EXTREME WEATHER
DISASTERS. INCREASE OF AIR AND WATER TEMPERATURE LEADS TO RISING
SEA LEVELS, SUPERCHARGED STORMS AND HIGHER WIND SPEEDS ETC.
FLOODS-
THEY ARE CAUSED WHEN WATER
OVERFLOWS FROM A WATER BODY.

9. CYCLONE-
• A CYCLONE IS AN AREA OF CLOSED,
CIRCULAR FLUID MOTION. IT HAS LOW
PRESSURE ON THE INSIDE AND HIGH
PRESSURE ON THE OUTSIDE.
STORM-
• A STORM IS A VIOLENT METEOROLOGICAL
PHENOMENA IN WHICH THERE IS HEAVY
RAIN, AND WIND DUE TO MOISTURE IN
THE AIR. HAIL AND LIGHTNING ARE ALSO
COMMON IN STORMS.

10. HURRICANE-
• IT IS A LARGE ROTATING STORM WITH
HIGH SPEED WINDS THAT FORMS OVER
WARM WATERS IN TROPICAL
AREAS. HURRICANES HAVE SUSTAINED
WINDS OF AT LEAST 74 MILES PER
HOUR AND AN AREA OF LOW AIR
PRESSURE IN THE CENTER CALLED THE
EYE.
MUD SLIDE-
• IT IS A TYPE OF LAND SLIDE IN WHICH
HEAVY RAINFALL CAUSED LOOSE SOIL
ON STEEP TERRAIN TO COLLAPSE AND
SLIDE DOWNWARD.

11. DROUGHT-
• IT IS A LONG PERIOD OF TIME IN WHICH A
CERTAIN REGION RECEIVES A SHORTAGE
OF WATER.
AVALANCHE-
• IT IS A SUDDEN AND DRASTIC DROP OF
SNOW

12. 3. GEOGICAL DISASTER
• A GEOLOGICAL DISASTER OCCURS WHEN NATURAL
GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES IMPACT ON OUR ACTIVITIES, EITHER
THROUGH LOSS OF LIFE OR INJURY, OR THROUGH ECONOMIC LOSS.
EARTHQUAKES-
IT IS THE RESULT OF A SUDDEN RELEASE OF
ENERGY FROM THE EARTH’S CRUST THAT
CREATES SEISMIC WAVES.

13. LANDSLIDE-
• A LANDSLIDE OR A LANDSLIP IS A MOVEMENT IN
THE GROUND AND A SHALLOW FLOW OF DEBRIS.
TSUNAMI-
• IT IS A SERIES OF WAVES IN A WATER BODY
CAUSED BY THE DISPLACEMENT OF A LARGE
VOLUME OF WATER, GENERALLY IN AN OCEAN
OR A LARGE LAKE.

14. VOLCANIC ERUPTION-
• IT IS A POINT IN WHICH A VOLCANO IS
ACTIVE AND RELEASES LAVA &
POISIONOUS GASES INTO THE AIR.
MAN-MADE DISASTERS
MAN-MADE DISASTERS ARE SPECIFIC EVENTS CAUSED BY HUMANS.
THESE ARE OF 3 TYPES:
1. TECHNOLOGICAL DISASTER
2. INDUSTRIAL DISASTER
3. COMPLEX DISASTER

15. 1. TECHNOLOGICAL DISASTER-
• A TECHNOLOGICAL DISASTER IS A EVENT THAT IS CAUSED BY EITHER
HUMAN ERROR IN CONTROLLING TECHNOLOGY OR A MALFUNCTION OF
A TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM.
• TECHNOLOGY BASED DISASTERS ARE AS SERIOUS AS NATURAL DISASTERS.
TRANSPORT ACCIDENT-
A "TRANSPORT ACCIDENT" IS DEFINED AS
AN INCIDENT DIRECTLY CAUSED BY THE
DRIVING OF A MOTOR CAR OR MOTOR
VEHICLE, A RAILWAY TRAIN OR A TRAM.

16. STRUCTURAL FAILURES-
• IT REFERS TO LOSS OF THE LOAD-
CARRYING CAPACITY OF A COMPONENT
OR MEMBER WITHIN A STRUCTURE OR
OF THE STRUCTURE ITSELF.
EXPLOSION-
• IT IS A RAPID INCREASE IN VOLUME AND
RELEASE OF ENERGY IN AN EXTREME
MANNER, USUALLY WITH THE
GENERATION OF
HIGH TEMPERATURES AND THE
RELEASE OF GASES.

17. 2. INDUSTRIAL DISASTERS
• THESE ARE CAUSED BY INDUSTRIAL COMPANIES, EITHER BY ACCIDENT,
NEGLIGENCE OR INCOMPETENCE. THEY ARE A FORM
OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT WHERE GREAT DAMAGE, INJURY OR LOSS OF LIFE
ARE CAUSED.
CHEMICAL SPILLS-
IT IS A DISASTER IN WHICH THE
UNINTENTIONAL RELEASE OF ONE OR
MORE HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES WHICH
COULD HARM HUMAN HEALTH AND THE
ENVIRONMENT.

18. RADIATION-
• A NUCLEAR AND RADIATION ACCIDENT IS DEFINED
BY THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY
AGENCY (IAEA) AS "AN EVENT THAT HAS LED TO
SIGNIFICANT CONSEQUENCES TO PEOPLE, THE
ENVIRONMENT OR THE FACILITY". EXAMPLES
INCLUDE LETHAL EFFECTS TO
INDIVIDUALS, RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPE TO
THE ENVIRONMENT, OR REACTOR CORE MELT.
POISONING -
• IT OCCURS WHEN PEOPLE DRINK, EAT, BREATHE,
INJECT, OR TOUCH ENOUGH OF A HAZARDOUS
SUBSTANCE (POISON) TO CAUSE ILLNESS OR DEATH.

19. 3. COMPLEX DISASTERS-
• IT IS A FORM OF HUMAN MADE EMERGENCY IN
WHICH THE CAUSE OF THE EMERGENCY AS WELL
AS THE ASSISTANCE TO THE AFFICTED ARE BOUND
BY INTENSE LEVELS OF POLITICAL
CONSIDERATIONS.
WAR-
• IT IS DEFINED AS A CONFLICT BETWEEN TO LARGE
GROUPS OF POPULATION, WHICH INVOLAVES
PHYSICAL FORCE, VIOLENCE AND THE USE OF
WEAPONS.

20. TERRORISM -
• IT IS, IN THE BROADEST SENSE, THE USE OF
INTENTIONAL VIOLENCE FOR POLITICAL OR
RELIGIOUS PURPOSES.
CIVIL UNREST-
• CIVIL DISORDER, ALSO KNOWN AS CIVIL
DISTURBANCE OR CIVIL UNREST, IS AN
ACTIVITY ARISING FROM A MASS ACT OF CIVIL
DISOBEDIENCE (SUCH AS A
DEMONSTRATION, RIOT, OR STRIKE) IN
WHICH THE PARTICIPANTS BECOME HOSTILE
TOWARD AUTHORITY, AND AUTHORITIES
INCUR DIFFICULTIES IN MAINTAINING PUBLIC
SAFETY AND ORDER, OVER THE DISORDERLY
CROWD

21.  Type of disaster : cyclone
 Date and Year : 29 October 1999
 Areas affected :
Thailand, Myanmar, Bangladesh, India (particularly Odisha)
 Death toll : 10086
 Magnitude : wind speed- 300kmPH
 Causes : Heavy rains in the upper catchment area as well as
unusual rainfall in different districts cause flood in all major
river systems of the state. The problem is further accentuated
when floods synchronize with high tides. During high tide, it
becomes difficult for the floodwater to enter into the sea
affecting the coastal areas heavily.
ODISHA CYCLONE :
 Relief :
 Initially relief was provided by the state government which
pressed into six choppers for air dropping of food packets to
the marooned people. “Operation Sahayata” carried relief
material to all the affected areas.
CASE STUDIES: NATURAL DISASTERS (NATIONAL & INTERNATIONAL)

22. • The federal government also considered the establishment of a Department for Natural Disaster Management to handle the
devastation caused by the cyclone
• he Canadian International Development Agency contributed C$150,000 (US$203,964) to the International Federation of the
Red Cross to aid the recovery effort.
• The Swiss Humanitarian Aid Unit allocated CHF 800,000 (US$779,666) to five Swiss relief organizations operating in India.
• Food aid worth A$300,000 (US$191,700) was sent by the Australian Government and delivered to approximately 1 million
people through the World Food Program.
• Other countries sent aid through their respective International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies branch.
• The Odisha Government made appeals to various non-governmental organizations as the government's relief supplies only
covered 40% of affected areas.
• In response to the storm's devastation, Oxfam prepared an initial aid package, including emergency water equipment worth
£250,000 (US$306,665) and 50,000 instant meals. Several members of the Action by Churches Together Alliance made
contributions to the post-cyclone relief efforts.
 Compensation of Rs. 75,000 per each dead person. A total of Rs. 21.03
crores from state disaster mitigation fund and Rs. 38.41 crores from
prime minister relief fund was spent in different districts.
 The United Nations in India instituted the UN House in Bhubaneswar
to provide assistance for restoring normalcy in the aftermath of the
super cyclone.
 RESPONSE :
• Prime Minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee announced the allocation
of ₹3 billion (US$69.3 million) to the Odisha state government,
supplementing an earlier allocation of US$59.5 million made towards
relief from the cyclone that struck the region earlier that October

23.  RECONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATION AND TECHNIQUES :
• Mamata Gruhas were built in villages where there was a large concentration of people who had been orphaned
and made destitute.
The objectives were:
(i) to ensure that the basic needs (food, shelter, clothing) for the survival of the target groups were met,
(ii) to meet their psycho-social and security needs and to build their confidence to survive, and
(iii) to facilitate a process where the target groups could be rehabilitated into the community. The 44 Mamata
Gruhas which were established in December 1999 supported by Action Aid provided shelter to 801 orphans and
children at risk, 638 widows, and 201 old people.
• RED CROSS :
• Reconstruction/renovation of Hospitals/ Red Cross Dispensaries
- In November 2000, the Hospital for Women & Children at Bherhampur and the Central Red Cross Blood Bank
were renovated, which are both operational now.
- The Hospital for Women and Children has a facility for neo-natal treatment, while the Red Cross Blood Bank at
Cuttack is a major institution of the Orissa State Branch, contributing more than 20,000 units of blood annually, the
highest for any Blood Bank in Orissa. In addition to the reconstruction of these two facilities, medical equipment
and medicaments were provided.
- The renovated dispensary at Panchutikiri in Bhadrak district was managed by the medical officer of the local Red
Cross by January 2001.
- The dispensary in Asan was also completed and handed over to the local Red Cross authorities in March 2001.
Similarly, the renovation of the third dispensary building at Tikarapanga in Kendrapara District was completed.

24. • Building materials for cyclone resistant / low cost housing
The plan entailed 367 low cost houses to be constructed and the task was given to the different agencies indicated below.
Thirty five houses remained incomplete during the autumn 2001, but as seven families had actually moved from the
Khurantatutha - 22 villages (point no 5 in the table below) only 28 houses in the Siali district were left to be completed.
End of November 2001, all the remaining houses to be constructed were completed. The Orissa State Branch decided to finalise
this project themselves by deputing a constructing engineer, arranging the required material from different sources and finalising
the houses with the help of villagers.
• Reconstruction of schools
At the end of April 2001 all planned school constructions were completed and handed over to the school authorities, all of which
are now operational.

25. DURING THE CYCLONE
AFTER THE CYCLONE

26. 2. UTTARAKHAND FLASH FLOODS : -
 TYPE OF DISASTER : FLOODS & LANDSLIDES
 DATE AND YEAR : 16 JUNE 2013
 AREAS AFFECTED : INDIA, UTTARAKHAND, HIMACHAL PRADESH,
UTTAR PRADESH, NEPAL, FAR -WESTERN DEVELOPMENT
REGION,MID-WESTERN DEVELOPMENT REGION
 DEATH TOLL : 5748
 CAUSES :
a. MELTING OF GLACIERS, BECAUSE OF GLOBAL WARMING HAS BEEN
OF THE REASONS. POLLUTION AND GLOBAL WARMING
ACCOUNTED FOR THE MELTING OF GLACIERS.
b. BUILDING OF HYDRO ELECTRICITY PLANTS AND INCREASE IN THE
INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES HAVE WEAKEN THE MOUNTAIN
CAUSING LAND SLIDES.
c. CURRENTLY 70 DAMS EXIST IN THE CHAR DHAM AREA ALONE.THE
DAM CONSTRUCTIONS INVOLVE BLASTING OF HILLS WHICH
INCREASE THE RISK OF LAND SLIDES.

27.  RELIEF :
a. THE ARMY, AIR FORCE, NAVY, INDO-TIBETAN BORDER POLICE (ITBP),
BORDER SECURITY FORCE, NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE
(NDRF), PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT AND LOCAL ADMINISTRATIONS
WORKED TOGETHER FOR QUICK RESCUE OPERATIONS.
b. SEVERAL THOUSAND SOLDIERS WERE DEPLOYED FOR THE RESCUE
MISSIONS.
c. ACTIVISTS OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS ARE ALSO
INVOLVED IN THE RESCUE AND MANAGEMENT OF RELIEF CENTRES.
d. HELICOPTERS WERE USED TO RESCUE PEOPLE, BUT DUE TO THE
ROUGH TERRAIN, HEAVY FOG AND RAINFALL, MANEUVERING THEM
WAS A CHALLENGE.
E. SPECIAL TRAINS WERE EMPLOYED BY THE GOVERNMENT ALL OVER
THE COUNTRY TO CATER THE NEEDS OF THE FLOOD VICTIMS.
 RESPONSE :
o SEARCH, RESCUE AND RELIEF OPERATIONS DURING UTTARAKHAND
DISASTER WAS THE MOST DIFFICULT OPERATION CARRIED OUT IN THE
INDIA’S RECENT HISTORY OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT.

28. o VARIOUS CENTRAL AND STATE LEVEL GOVERNMENT AND EVEN NON-GOVERNMENT AGENCIES PLAYED
SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN MAKING THIS OPERATION SUCCESSFUL DESPITE OF REMARKABLE, ODD SITUATIONS LIKE
DIFFICULT TERRAIN, ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS, DISRUPTED ROAD AND OTHER CONNECTIVITY.
o VARIOUS MINISTRIES/AGENCIES OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT., DEPARTMENTS/AGENCIES OF STATE
GOVERNMENT., GOVERNMENT OF OTHER STATES, NGOS, AND CORPORATE SECTORS, ALL HELPED IN CARRYING
OUT THE OPERATION.
 RECONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATION AND TECHNIQUES : THE STATE DISASTER MANAGEMENT
DEPARTMENT FORMED A TECHNICAL COMMITTEE WHICH CONSISTS EXPERTS FROM RELEVANT FIELDS, HAD
RAISED UP SERIOUS ENQUIRIES OVER THE RECONSTRUCTION WORK UNDERTAKEN AT KEDARNATH TOWN AND
RECOMMENDED THAT THE NEWLY DEPOSITED GLACIOFLUVIAL MATERIAL IN THE FORM OF BOULDERS AND
DEBRIS SHOULD NOT BE DISTURBED FOR AT LEAST A FEW YEARS.

29. • IN 2017, PRIME MINISTER NARENDRA MODI VISITED KEDARNATH AND
LAID THE FOUNDATION STONE FOR FIVE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS.
SOURCES SAID THAT THE STATE GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS WERE TOLD
TO DEVELOP KEDARNATH INTO A “SMART PILGRIMAGE CENTER”. THE
INFRASTRUCTURE UPGRADE, THE CONSTRUCTION OF 52-FOOT WIDE
APPROACH ROAD LAID WITH TILES AND THE RECENTLY BUILT GHAT ON
THE CONVERGENCE OF RIVERS MANDAKINI AND SARASVATI ARE ALL
PART OF THE AMBITIOUS PROJECTS.
• 151 KM NATIONAL HIGHWAYS, 3,788 KM STATE HIGHWAYS, 3,290 KM
MAJOR DISTRICT ROADS, 2,945 KM OTHER DISTRICT ROADS, 15,402 KM
VILLAGE ROADS, 1,623 KM BORDER ROAD ORGANIZATION'S ROADS
ARE BUILD
• 37 MOTOR ROADS-8,472.43 KM AND BRIDLE ROADS- 436.35 KM.

31. • PLANNING & PROGRAMMING MEASURES DONE FOR REDUCTION OF DISASTER IN NEAR FUTURE :-
• ACCORDING TO EXPERTS, THIS GHAT HAS RESTRICTED THE FLOW OF MANDAKINI AND INCREASED THE
RIVER’S VELOCITY WHICH COULD LEAD TO CATASTROPHIC DAMAGE TO LIFE AND PROPERTY — FOR
INSTANCE IF THE FLASH FLOODS SUCH AS THOSE WITNESSED IN 2013 ARE TO OCCUR IN THE REGION.
• SO FAR, MOST OF THE STUDIES PUBLISHED ON THE JUNE 2013 DISASTER IN UTTARAKHAND HAVE
ANALYSED THAT ALONG WITH CLIMATIC CONDITIONS, HUMAN-MADE FACTORS HAVE AGGRAVATED THE
DISASTER. EXPERTS FURTHER ADD THAT HUGE INFRASTRUCTURE GROWTH, ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATION AND GLACIAL MELTDOWN ALONG WITH TORRENTIAL RAIN WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE
MASSIVE DESTRUCTION.
• IT SEEMS OUR GOVERNMENTS ARE NOT READY TO LEARN FROM PAST MISTAKES AS THEY HAVE TIME AND
AGAIN IGNORED THE ADVICE AND CONCERNS OF EXPERTS AND RUSHED FOR RECONSTRUCTION BY GIVING
WAY TO THE AGENCIES THAT HAVE NO EXPERTISE IN URBAN PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION.
•

32.  TYPE OF DISASTER – NATURAL DISASTER
 LOCATION - MYANMAR
 DATE AND YEAR - 27 APRIL 2008 – 3 MAY 2008
 AREAS AFFECTED - BANGLADESH, MYANMAR, INDIA, SRI
LANKA, THAILAND, LAOS, CHINA
 DEATH TOLL - 1,38,366
 MAGNITUDE OR ANY SPECIFIC TECHNICAL DATA -
EXTREMELY SEVERE CYCLONIC STORM NARGIS WAS AN
EXTREMELY DESTRUCTIVE AND DEADLY TROPICAL
CYCLONE THAT CAUSED THE WORST NATURAL DISASTER
IN THE RECORDED HISTORY OF MYANMAR DURING EARLY
MAY 2008.
• HIGHEST WINDS : 3-MINUTE SUSTAINED: 165 KM/H (105
MPH) 1-MINUTE SUSTAINED: 215 KM/H (130 MPH)
• LOWEST PRESSURE : 962 HPA (MBAR); 28.41 INHG
CYCLONE NARGIS- TROPICAL CYCLONE, MYANMAR

33.  REASONS AND CAUSES –
• IN MAY 2008, MYANMAR (FORMERLY KNOWN AS BURMA)
EXPERIENCED ITS GREATEST NATURAL DISASTER, CYCLONE
NARGIS.
• THE TROPICAL SYSTEM, WHICH WOULD
BECOME NARGIS DEVELOPED FROM A LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM
IN THE BAY OF BENGAL DURING THE LAST WEEK OF APRIL. IT
BEGAN TO MOVE NORTHEASTWARD AND WAS DOWNGRADED
TO A TROPICAL STORM.
• THE DISTURBANCE GRADUALLY DEVELOPED FURTHER WITHIN
AN AREA OF LOW VERTICAL WIND SHEAR.
• THE SYSTEM SUBSEQUENTLY STARTED TO MOVE NORTH-
WESTWARDS UNDER THE STEERING INFLUENCE OF AN
ANTICYCLONE AND AN UPPER LEVEL RIDGE OF HIGH
PRESSURE.
• THE STORM TRACKED SLOWLY NORTHWESTWARD, AND
ENCOUNTERING FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS, IT QUICKLY
STRENGTHENED. DRY AIR WEAKENED THE CYCLONE ON 29
APRIL, THOUGH AFTER BEGINNING A STEADY EASTWARD
MOTION

34. RELIEF AND RESPONSE –
• INITIALLY THE RESPONSE OF THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT WAS APPALLING. THE
MILITARY JUNTA DID NOT WANT FOREIGN PEOPLE COMING INTO THE COUNTRY
AND DESTABILISING THEIR POLITICAL OPPRESSION, SO THEY REFUSED AID DESPITE
THE SCALE OF THE DISASTER. A FULL 6 DAYS AFTER THE STORM MADE LANDFALL
AND WITH THE GOVERNMENT WOEFULLY UNDERPREPARED AND UNABLE TO COPE,
THE MYANMAR GOVERNMENT REPRESENTATION FROM THE UNITED
STATES FORMALLY ASKED THE UNITED NATIONS (UN) FOR HELP.
• EVEN THEN, THE MYANMAR GOVERNMENT DID NOT ENDORSE INTERNATIONAL AID
AND PLACED HARSH RESTRICTIONS ON EVEN THE MOST BASIC FORMS OF
ASSISTANCE. IT WAS NOT UNTIL 9 MAY, A FULL WEEK AFTER THE CYCLONE MADE
LANDFALL, THAT THE JUNTA FINALLY GAVE INTO INTERNATIONAL PRESSURE TO
ACCEPT OUTSIDE AID. HOWEVER, THIS AID WAS LIMITED TO FOOD, MEDICINE AND
BASIC SUPPLIES, AND FOREIGN AID WORKERS REMAINED BANNED FROM THE
COUNTRY.
• FINALLY, ON 19 MAY, MYANMAR GRANTED MEMBERS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF
SOUTH-EAST ASIAN NATIONS ADMITTANCE INTO THE COUNTRY TO DELIVER AID.
AFTER NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN BAN AND THE MYANMAR HEAD OF STATE, THAN
SHWE, IT WAS DECLARED ON 23 MAY THAT OTHER INTERNATIONAL AID WORKERS
WOULD BE LET INTO THE COUNTRY - A FULL 3 WEEKS AFTER THE CYCLONE STRUCK.

35. RESPONSES WERE LARGELY FROM INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION
AND THROUGH INTERNATIONAL AID.
• ITALIAN FLIGHTS WERE ALLOWED TO ENTER ON 7TH MAY TO BRING
FOOD SUPPLIES.
• BANGLADESH – EMERGENCY AID AND AID WORKERS USED TO
DEALING WITH CYCLONES.
• INDIAN NAVY AND AIR FORCE SUPPLIED 140 TONNES OF TENTS,
BLANKETS AND MEDICINES. ON 8TH MAY THEY ALSO SENT 50
MEDICAL PERSONNEL AND SET UP 2 MINI HOSPITALS.
• THAILAND SENT US$100,000 IN SUPPLIES INCLUDING THIRTY
TONNES OF MEDICAL SUPPLIES AND TWELVE TONNES OF FOOD
SUPPLIES FROM THAI RED CROSS.
• THE UNITED KINGDOM GAVE ₤17 MILLION OF AID (APPROX US$33.5
MILLION) AND SENT AN INTERNATIONAL RELIEF TEAM TO HELP WITH
THE CO-ORDINATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL RELIEF EFFORT.
• THE UNITED STATES DONATED US$41,169,769 TO THE RELIEF
EFFORT, INCLUDING HELP FROM THE AMERICAN RED CROSS

36.  RECONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATION AND TECHNIQUES
• THE DEVASTATING WINDS AND STORM SURGE
DESTROYED HOMES, DEVASTATED LIVELIHOODS, AND
TOOK THE LIVES OF MORE THAN 150,000 PEOPLE.
ENTIRE COMMUNITIES WERE WASHED AWAY AND
FAMILIES RIPPED APART. CRC CONSTITUENTS
RESPONDED GENEROUSLY TO THE NEEDS IN
BURMA/MYANMAR WITH OVER $750,000 IN
DONATIONS TO CRWRC. CRWRC WAS ABLE TO SUPPORT
PEOPLE IN 30 VILLAGES THROUGH A RANGE OF
ACTIVITIES. CRWRC ALSO PROVIDED STAFF TO ASSIST
DURING THE EMERGENCY ASSESSMENTS AND THE
REHABILITATION PHASE. THE PROJECT HAS HELPED
PEOPLE REBUILD THEIR LIVES.
• IN THE MONTHS AND YEARS FOLLOWING NARGIS,
COMMUNITIES, SUPPORTED BY THE NATIONAL AND
INTERNATIONAL AID COMMUNITY, WORKED TO REBUILD
THEIR LIVES AND REPAIR THE DEVASTATION THAT THE
CYCLONE HAD CAUSED. HOMES WERE REBUILT, PADDY
FIELD WALLS REPAIRED, AND NEW FISHING BOATS
PURCHASED.

37. IMPACT:-
ECONOMIC IMPACTS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS SOCIAL IMPACTS
$10 BILLION WORTH OF DAMAGE RICE FIELDS WERE FLOODED ON
THE IRRAWADDY DELTA
THERE WAS A LACK OF FOOD, WATER FOR
SURVIVORS
MAJORITY OF THE POPULATION WORKED ON
THE FLOODED RICE FIELDS THEREFORE THEY
LOST THEIR HARVEST AND INCOME
THE 2008 AND 2009 HARVESTS OF RICE WERE
DESTROYED - THE UN’S FOOD AND
AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATION (FAO)
ESTIMATED THAT NARGIS IMPACTED 65% OF
THE COUNTRY'S PADDIES.
MANY CHILDREN WERE ORPHANED
DISEASES SPREAD WITH MANY SURVIVORS
DYING FROM DISEASE
50,000 PEOPLE ARE STILL MISSING
75% OF BUILDINGS COLLAPSED BUT ON THE
DELTA 95% COLLAPSED
STRONG WINDS UP TO 135MPH
• STORM SURGE OF 7.6M
• HEAVY RAINFALL
A DEATH TOIL OF AT LEAST 138 000 PEOPLE
HAS BEEN QUOTED, BUT ESTIMATES VARY
WIDELY, IT IS THOUGHT THAT 80,000 PEOPLE
COULD HAVE DIED IN THE TOWN OF LABUTTA
ALONE, MAKING THE 84,000PEOPLE DEATH
TOLL SEEM UNREALISTIC
1,163 TEMPLES WERE DESTROYED FLOODWATERS PENETRATED AN ESTIMATED
40-50 KM (24-31 MI) INLAND FROM THE
COAST. FARMLAND, LIVESTOCK, AND
FISHERIES WERE ALL DESTROYED.
IT IS ESTIMATED THAT AT LEAST 2.4 MILLION
PEOPLE WERE SEVERELY AFFECTED BY THIS
CYCLONE. STRUCTURAL DAMAGE
THROUGHOUT MYANMAR WAS EXTENSIVE,
CAUSING OVER A MILLION TO BECOME
HOMELESS AFTER THE EVENT.

38. 2010 CHINA FLOODS
 TYPE OF DISASTER – Natural Disaster
 LOCATION -North Korea
 DATE AND YEAR – 10 May – September 2010
 AREAS AFFECTED - 28 provinces, autonomous regions
and municipalities in the People's Republic of China;
 DEATH TOLL - 3,189+ dead, at least 1,056 missing
 REASONS AND CAUSES - Strong storms have
collapsed water reservoirs, overflowed rivers, caused
landslides and power outages and damaged
highways.
 RELIEF- The Chinese government helped with flood
relief efforts, rescue work and supplies following
flooding and landslides in many regions. Donations
from Chinese citizens also contributed to relief
supplies. On August 31, the Ministry of
Finance and Ministry of Civil Affairs allocated 2.01
billion yuan (295 million USD) to improve relief
efforts.

39.  RESPONSE - THE TOTAL DAMAGES FROM THE FLOODS WERE
ROUGHLY 83.8 BILLION YUAN AS OF JUNE 27, 2010, AND
OVER 275 BILLION YUAN (41 BILLION USD) BY AUGUST 8.BY LATE
AUGUST,16.5 MILLION HECTARES (41 MILLION ACRES) OF
FARMLAND WERE AFFECTED BY THE FLOODING, WHILE 2.09
MILLION HECTARES (5.2 MILLION ACRES) WERE COMPLETELY
DESTROYED.

40. GUATEMALA VOLCANIC ERUPTION 2018
 TYPE OF DISASTER – NATURAL DISASTER
 LOCATION - GUATEMALA
 DATE AND YEAR - 3 JUNE 2018
 AREAS AFFECTED - TOWNS AND VILLAGES OF EL RODEO, LAS
LAJAS, AND SAN MIGUEL LOS LOTES, IN ESCUINTLA, LOCATED
44 KILOMETRES (27 MI) FROM GUATEMALA CITY. SAN MIGUEL
LOS LOTES, A COMMUNITY 2 KILOMETRES (1.2 MI) NORTH OF
EL RODEO WAS COVERED WITH DEEP HOT ASH.
 DEATH TOLL - AT LEAST 190 PEOPLE KILLED AND 256 MISSING
 MAGNITUDE OR ANY SPECIFIC TECHNICAL DATA -
VOLCANIC ASH HAS SPREAD OVER A 12-MILE RADIUS
 REASONS AND CAUSES - THE FUEGO VOLCANO ERUPTION IS A
MAGMA-DRIVEN OR MAGMATIC ERUPTION.THE COLLAPSE OF
THESE CLOUDS CAUSES A DEADLY AVALANCHE OF HOT ROCKS,
GAS, AND VOLCANIC ASH THAT RACES DOWN THE
MOUNTAINSIDE IN A DEADLY PYROCLASTIC FLOW.

41.  RELIEF - ANIMALS SUCH AS DOGS, CATS,
CHICKENS, MONKEYS, DONKEYS AND OTHER
SPECIES WERE FOUND BY RESCUERS WITH
BURNS OR BLINDED BY THE ERUPTION.IN MANY
CASES URGENT VETERINARY CARE WAS
REQUIRED TO TREAT EYE INFECTIONS,
RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS, AND BURNS CAUSED
BY DUST, HOT ASH AND GAS FROM THE
ERUPTION. THERE IS ONE INSTANCE OF A
FAMILY'S DOG THAT SURVIVED AND LED
RESCUERS TO ITS OWNER'S HOME, IN WHICH
ALL HUMANS WERE DECEASED.
 RESPONSE
• WORLD VISION HAS WORKED IN GUATEMALA SINCE 1975, AND IN 1976 WE PROVIDED AID
AFTER A MAJOR EARTHQUAKE. IN 2017, WORLD VISION’S COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMS POWERED BY CHILD SPONSORSHIP HELPED IMPROVE THE LIVES OF MORE THAN
290,000 CHILDREN IN GUATEMALA.
• ALMOST FOUR MONTHS SINCE THE ERUPTION, WORLD VISION STAFF CONTINUE WORKING WITH THE
GOVERNMENT TO CARRY OUT THE NATIONAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN.
• WORLD VISION’S INITIAL RESPONSE INCLUDES:
• COORDINATING DELIVERY OF HUMANITARIAN AID — WATER, HYGIENE, CLOTHING, MEDICINE, COOKING
IMPLEMENTS, MOBILE SHOWERS AND TOILETS, CLEAN-UP KITS, AND PSYCHOSOCIAL HELP TO EVACUEES.

42. • ESTABLISHING CHILD-FRIENDLY SPACES WHERE CHILDREN
CAN BE SAFE AND PLAY WITH FRIENDS; STARTING JUNE 7,
WORLD VISION IS OPENING SPACES FOR CHILDREN AND
ADOLESCENTS IN THREE SHELTERS IN ESCUINTLA,
A COMMUNITY ABOUT 13 MILES FROM THE VOLCANO.
• ASSESSING DAMAGE AND NEEDS IN COMMUNITIES
WHERE WORLD VISION WORKS
• COORDINATING ITS RESPONSE WITH LOCAL AND
NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITIES AND
OTHER AID ORGANIZATIONS

43. RECOVERY-
• THE GUATEMALAN MOUNTAIN RESCUE BRIGADE WERE ALREADY SEARCHING FOR A MISSING PERSON WHEN
THEY SUDDENLY REALIZED THAT THE VOLCANO'S ACTIVITY HAD INCREASED. FIREFIGHTERS HAVE BEEN
DEPLOYED IN ORDER TO HELP EVACUATE RESIDENTS AND RECOVER BODIES.
• FAMILY MEMBERS WHO GREW TIRED OF WAITING FOR ORGANIZED EFFORTS BY THE GOVERNMENT
ORGANIZED THEIR OWN GROUPS OF RECOVERY OPERATIONS AND DEFIED POLICE ROADBLOCKS TO DIG AT
THE DEBRIS. A MEMBER OF A FIREFIGHTER SUPPORT ORGANIZATION STATED, "BASICALLY THERE'S NO HOUSES
LEFT, AND TO MY ASSUMPTION THERE'S NOBODY LEFT THERE... EXCEPT THE PEOPLE DOING THE SEARCH AND
RESCUE."
• A VOLUNTEER FIREFIGHTER ADDED
THAT THE GROUND WAS VERY
UNSTABLE AND THAT BREATHING
WAS DIFFICULT AND FIREFIGHTERS'
BOOT SOLES HAD BEEN TORN OFF
BECAUSE OF THE
HEAT.FIREFIGHTERS HAVE STATED
THAT AFTER 72 HOURS THE CHANCE
OF FINDING ANYONE ALIVE WOULD
BE NONEXISTENT.

44. RECONSTRUCTION & REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES: -
• Gricelda brought the children to collect shoes that
were donated to the shelter by a private company.
Felipe Neftaly and her nephews Alexander and Omar
were each able to get a pair, but there was no time for
celebration. They would have to stand in a new line
to get hygiene products and then in another line for
lunch.
• People across the country have donated food and
supplies to help the victims. But it’s not enough. The
Government of Guatemala is doing everything
possible to respond to the emergency, but the
complexity of the disaster has forced it to request
support from the international community.
• In the afternoon, the lines continued. Elmer
Quintanilla, Gricelda’s brother-in-law, wonders
whether in two weeks, with the World Football Cup
in full swing, they will still be remembered.
There is no as such reconstruction
measure taken by the government.
The post disaster management
system were governed by the NGOs
and red cross associations.
And the other private help were
provided to the homeless people by
making temporary shelters.

45. NAPAL EARTHQUAKE
• TYPE OF DISASTER:- NATURAL
• DATE AND YEAR :- 25 APRIL 2015
• AREAS AFFECTED :- NEPAL , INDIA , CHINA ,
BANGLADESH
• DEATH TOLL :- 8,857 DEAD IN NEPAL AND
8,964 IN TOTAL 21,952 INJURED 3.5 MILLION
HOMELESS
• MAGNITUDE :- 7.9 (MW) OR 8.1

46. • REASONS :-
• THE HIMALAYAN REGION IS ONE OF THE MOST SEISMICALLY ACTIVE IN THE WORLD, BUT
LARGE EARTHQUAKES HAVE OCCURRED THERE INFREQUENTLY. THE EARTHQUAKE AND
ITS AFTERSHOCKS WERE THE RESULT OF THRUST FAULTING IN A THIN EAST-WEST
REGION SPANNING ROUGHLY THE LENGTH OF THE HIMALAYAN RANGES. THE
EARTHQUAKE RELIEVED COMPRESSIONAL PRESSURE BETWEEN THE EURASIAN TECTONIC
PLATE AND THE INDIAN SECTION OF THE INDO-AUSTRALIAN PLATE, WHICH SUB DUCTS
(UNDER THRUSTS) THE EURASIAN PLATE. SUBDUCTION IN THE HIMALAYAS OCCURS AT
AN AVERAGE RATE OF 1.6–2 INCHES (4–5 CM) ANNUALLY AND THAT THE REASON FOR
THE EARTHQUAKE IN THE HIMALAYAN REGION.
• THE EARTHQUAKE TRIGGERED AN AVALANCHE ON MOUNT EVEREST, KILLING 21 MAKING
25 APRIL 2015 THE DEADLIEST DAY ON THE MOUNTAIN IN HISTORY. THE EARTHQUAKE
TRIGGERED ANOTHER HUGE AVALANCHE IN THE LANG TANG VALLEY, WHERE 250 PEOPLE
WERE REPORTED MISSING.

47. RELIEF :-
• BY ENFORCING THE ESSENTIAL SERVICES OPERATION
ACT, 1957, THE GOVERNMENT ENSURED THE SUPPLY
OF ESSENTIAL GOODS AND SERVICES TO THE
AFFECTED REGION. THE CENTRAL NATURAL DISASTER
RELIEF COMMITTEE (CNDRC) HAS BEEN
COORDINATING AND OVERSEEING ALL THE RESCUE
AND RELIEF WORKS.
• THE CNDRC DECIDED TO FORM A CENTRAL
COMMAND POST (CCP) HEADED BY HOME
SECRETARY. ALTERNATIVE PROVISIONAL
ARRANGEMENTS WERE MADE FOR THE SMOOTH
DELIVERY OF PUBLIC SERVICES RELATED TO
EDUCATION, HEALTH, JUSTICE, SECURITY AS WELL AS
ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES UNTIL PUBLIC SCHOOLS,
HEALTH INSTITUTIONS, COURTS AND OTHER
INFRASTRUCTURES OF PUBLIC IMPORTANCE
DAMAGED IN THE EARTHQUAKE ARE
RECONSTRUCTED. SIMILARLY, THE MINISTRY OF
FINANCE CALLED AN EMERGENCY MEETING WITH
THE AMBASSADORS/REPRESENTATIVES OF THE
DONOR COUNTRIES IN KATHMANDU.

48. • THE AMBASSADORS OR REPRESENTATIVES OF THE DONOR COUNTRIES
ASSURED THAT THEY WILL ASSIST NEPAL IN EVERY POSSIBLE WAY. THE
MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS REGULARLY BRIEFED THE DIPLOMATIC
COMMUNITY IN KATHMANDU ON THE ONGOING RESCUE AND RELIEF
OPERATIONS, AND URGED FOR ASSISTANCE IN SUCH HOUR OF GREAT
TRAGEDY.
• THE GOVERNMENT CONSTRUCTED TEMPORARY SAFE SHELTERS IN
SIXTEEN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE VALLEY. A CABINET-LEVEL DECISION
WAS TAKEN ON 30 APRIL 2015 ON THE VARIOUS RELIEF MEASURES,
SOME OF THEM WERE CHANGED/MODIFIED FROM TIME TO TIME TO
MAKE THEM MORE REALISTIC:
• CREMATION COST AND ASSISTANCE TO THE FAMILY OF VICTIMS:
FAMILY THAT HAS LOST ITS MEMBER IN THE EARTHQUAKE WILL GET
NPR 40,000.00 PER DEAD PERSON AS CREMATION COST, WHICH WAS
INCREASED FROM PREVIOUSLY STATED NPR 15,000.00 PER PERSON.
ADDITIONALLY, THE GOVERNMENT WILL PROVIDE A FIXED SUM OF
NPR 100,000.00 TO EACH FAMILY THAT HAS LOST ITS ONE OR MORE
MEMBERS (I.E. LOSING MORE THAN ONE MEMBER WILL NOT
MULTIPLY THIS AMOUNT).

49. RESPONSE & RECOVERY MEASURES: -
• THE UN QUICKLY ESTABLISHED THE “NEPAL
EARTHQUAKE 2015 FLASH APPEAL” FUND, WHOSE
GOAL WAS TO RAISE AN ESTIMATED $415 MILLION
FOR NEPAL’S EARTHQUAKE RELIEF. BY SOME TWO
WEEKS AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE, MORE THAN $330
MILLION HAD BEEN EITHER PROVIDED DIRECTLY OR
PLEDGED.
•
• INDIA, CHINA, AND SEVERAL OTHER COUNTRIES
QUICKLY RESPONDED BY SENDING IN AID AND
RESCUE TEAMS. THE DELIVERY OF RELIEF SERVICES
TO THE PEOPLE IN NEED DURING THE FIRST FEW
DAYS AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE OCCURRED,
HOWEVER, WAS COMPLICATED BY THE REMOTENESS
OF MANY VILLAGES FROM THE EXISTING
TRANSPORTATION NETWORK, CONGESTION AT
KATHMANDU’S INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, AND A
SHORTAGE OF HEAVY TRUCKS, HELICOPTERS, AND
OTHER VEHICLES CAPABLE OF TRANSPORTING
SUPPLIES.
HOUSING CONSTRUCTION

50. •RECONSTRUCTION & REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES: -
• TEMPORARY SHELTERS/REHABILITATION OF THOSE
RENDERED HOMELESS: THE GOVERNMENT IS
COMMITTED TO ENSURING THAT ALL THE AFFECTED
POPULATION IN THE CRISIS-HIT DISTRICTS GOT
TENTS/TARPAULIN AND OTHER BASIC ITEMS AND
MAKING NECESSARY ARRANGEMENTS FOR RESETTLING
THEM SAFELY. THOSE WHO WISH TO REPAIR THEIR
PARTIALLY DAMAGED HOUSES WILL GET A SUM OF NPR
25,000.00 PER FAMILY AS MAINTENANCE COST.
• AND THOSE WHO WISH TO REBUILD THEIR HOUSES ON
THEIR OWN WILL GET A RELIEF ASSISTANCE OF NPR
200,000.00 PLUS A CONCESSIONAL LOAN UP TO NPR
25,00,000.00 IN THE VALLEY AND NPR 15,00,000.00
OUTSIDE THE VALLEY AT JUST TWO PER CENT INTEREST
RATE UNDER "EARTHQUAKE VICTIM SPECIAL LOAN"
SCHEME.
MANAKAMANA TEMPLE CONSTRUCTION

51. • THE GOVERNMENT LATER DECIDED TO PROVIDE TIN-SHEETS
OR NPR 15,000.00 TO EACH AFFECTED FAMILY FOR
MANAGING A TEMPORARY ACCOMMODATION IN VIEW OF
THE COMING MONSOON. THIS AMOUNT TOGETHER WITH
ALL OTHER RELIEF AMOUNTS PREVIOUSLY PROVIDED WILL
BE DEDUCTED FROM THE RELIEF OF NPR 200,000.00 TO BE
PROVIDED TO THE VICTIMS LATER.
• REHABILITATION AND RECONSTRUCTION PLAN
BACKED BY THE NERF:
• AN APPROPRIATE PLAN OF LAND POOLING FOR
REHABILITATION IN THE AFFECTED AREAS WITH ADEQUATE
FACILITIES WILL BE IMPLEMENTED. SUCH A PLAN WILL
ENSURE THE BUILDING OF EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT
STRUCTURES WITH THE USE OF LOCAL
MATERIALS/RESOURCES AS WELL AS COST-EFFECTIVE
MEANS.
• THE GOVERNMENT HAS ANNOUNCED TO REBUILD ALL THE
DAMAGED STRUCTURES OF THE INDIVIDUALS, THE PUBLIC
HOUSES/INFRASTRUCTURES AND THE HERITAGES
DEVASTATED BY THE EARTHQUAKE IN ONE YEAR, TWO YEARS
AND FIVE YEARS RESPECTIVELY. SUCH A SCALE OF DAMAGE
CAUSED BY THE EARTHQUAKE REQUIRES A HUGE FUND.

52. • THE NATIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION (NPC) HAS RECOMMENDED A LOW-COST MODEL OF
HOUSES TO THE GOVERNMENT FOR NECESSARY APPROVAL. CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSES IN LARGE
SCALE AS WELL AS THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE COLLAPSED GOVERNMENT HOUSES AND THE
HERITAGES REQUIRES A HUGE FUND. SO, THE GOVERNMENT HAS DECIDED TO SET UP A NATIONAL
RECONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION FUND (NRRF) WITH AN INITIAL TARGET OF COLLECTING
US$ 2 BILLION.
• THE GOVERNMENT HAS ALREADY TRANSFERRED US$ 200.00 MILLION TO THE FUND AS SEED
MONEY. THE GOVERNMENT HAS ALSO URGED THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY TO MAKE
GENEROUS CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FUND. SIMILARLY, A POST-DISASTER NEED ASSESSMENT
(PDNA) IS BEING CONDUCTED AND THE AMOUNT REQUIRED FOR REHABILITATION AND
RECONSTRUCTION IS EXPECTED TO RISE AFTER THE DETAILED ASSESSMENT.
• A NATIONAL RECONSTRUCTION CONSULTATION COMMITTEE UNDER THE CHAIRMANSHIP OF THE
PRIME MINISTER HAS ALSO BEEN FORMED TO MAKE THE RECONSTRUCTION CAMPAIGN MORE
EFFECTIVE AND COORDINATED. THE COMMITTEE HAD ITS FIRST MEETING ON 26 AND 27 MAY
2015.