Saman Chitsazian _ Fundamentals of programming samanch.github.io

2. Outlines
1
History
How did it all begin
2
Software
Program &
Programming
Section
1

3. Outlines
3
Languages
Programming
Language
4
Source Code
Translation Process
5
Commands
Types of
Programming
Commands

4. Outlines
6
Commands
Complex Commands
7
Exceptiions
Exception Handling
8
Turing
Turing Compeletness

5. Outlines
9
DATA
Types of DATA
10
DATA
Type Casting
11
DATA
Complex dATA
Structure

6. ‫تاریخچه‬
‫دارد‬ ‫ای‬ ‫پیچیده‬ ‫و‬ ‫طوالنی‬ ‫تاریخچه‬ ‫امروزی‬ ‫شکل‬ ‫به‬ ‫افزار‬ ‫نرم‬ ‫توسعه‬.‫افزار‬ ‫نرم‬ ‫امروز‬ ‫جایگاه‬ ‫که‬ ‫ندارد‬ ‫تعجبی‬
‫است‬ ‫تاریخ‬ ‫طول‬ ‫در‬ ‫بسیاری‬ ‫متعدد‬ ‫های‬ ‫گام‬ ‫حاصل‬.‫توسعه‬ ‫روند‬ ‫دنیا‬ ‫مختلف‬ ‫های‬ ‫گوشه‬ ‫از‬ ‫بسیاری‬ ‫رویدادهای‬
‫اند‬ ‫برده‬ ‫پیش‬ ‫را‬ ‫کامپیوتر‬.‫است‬ ‫داده‬ ‫رخ‬ ‫نویسی‬ ‫برنامه‬ ‫های‬ ‫زبان‬ ‫توسعه‬ ‫دنبال‬ ‫به‬ ‫افزارها‬ ‫نرم‬ ‫توسعه‬ ‫معموال‬.
‫اند‬ ‫یافته‬ ‫توسعه‬ ‫کامپیوترها‬ ‫و‬ ‫افزارها‬ ‫سخت‬ ‫موازات‬ ‫به‬ ‫نیز‬ ‫نویسی‬ ‫برنامه‬ ‫های‬ ‫زبان‬.
‫شد؟‬ ‫شروع‬ ‫کجا‬ ‫از‬ ‫قصه‬
‫قدیمیترین‬‫نمونه‬‫عملی‬‫از‬‫برنامه‬‫نویسی‬‫به‬‫سال‬1801‫در‬‫کشور‬‫فرانسه‬‫توسط‬‫شخصی‬‫بنام‬
‫جکارد‬‫برمی‬‫گردد‬.‫او‬‫یک‬‫دستگاه‬‫بافندگی‬‫طراحی‬‫کرده‬‫بود‬‫که‬‫می‬‫توانست‬‫اعمال‬‫خاصی‬
‫از‬‫بافندگی‬‫را‬‫که‬‫روی‬‫کارتهای‬‫سوراخ‬‫شده‬(Punched card)‫ثبت‬‫شده‬‫بودند‬‫به‬‫ترتیب‬
‫انجام‬‫دهد‬.‫این‬‫تکنولوژی‬‫اجازه‬‫تولید‬‫بافت‬‫های‬‫پیچیده‬‫و‬‫با‬‫کیفیت‬‫تر‬‫را‬‫به‬
‫کارگران‬‫معمولی‬‫می‬‫داد‬.‫اکنون‬‫به‬‫جای‬‫کارگران‬‫متعدد‬‫و‬،‫ماهر‬‫فقط‬‫یک‬‫نفر‬‫برای‬
‫مدیریت‬‫کل‬‫دستگاه‬‫کافی‬‫بود‬.‫روند‬‫تقریبا‬‫مشابهی‬‫نیز‬‫در‬‫خالل‬‫انقالب‬‫صنعتی‬‫در‬‫انگلیس‬
‫به‬‫وقوع‬‫پیوست‬.‫به‬‫دنبال‬‫استفاده‬‫از‬‫ماشینهای‬‫خودکار‬‫و‬‫کاهش‬‫نیروی‬‫کار‬،‫انسانی‬
‫جنبشی‬‫تحت‬‫عنوان‬‫لودیت‬‫ها‬‫به‬‫راه‬‫افتاد‬.‫این‬‫جنبش‬‫متشکل‬‫بود‬‫از‬‫افرادی‬‫که‬‫مخالف‬
‫توسعه‬‫تکنولوژی‬‫بودند‬‫و‬‫برای‬‫جایگاه‬،‫شغلی‬‫نان‬‫و‬‫رزق‬‫و‬‫روزی‬‫خود‬‫با‬‫تکنولوژی‬‫می‬
‫جنگیدند‬.‫در‬‫این‬،‫دوره‬‫برنامه‬‫نویسی‬‫به‬‫موازات‬‫ساخت‬‫ماشین‬‫های‬‫جدید‬‫توسط‬،‫پاسکال‬
،‫بابیج‬‫شوالتز‬‫و‬...‫توسعه‬‫می‬‫یافت‬.‫برای‬‫حل‬‫هر‬‫مشکلی‬‫یک‬‫ماشین‬‫جدید‬‫ساخته‬‫می‬‫شود‬
‫که‬‫چرخ‬‫دنده‬،‫ها‬‫سیم‬،‫ها‬‫میله‬‫ها‬‫و‬‫دستورات‬‫جدیدتری‬‫نسبت‬‫به‬‫قبل‬
‫داشت‬.
‫در‬‫سال‬1847‫یک‬‫ریاضیدارن‬‫انگلیسی‬‫بنام‬George Boole‫با‬‫ارائه‬‫جبر‬،‫منطقی‬‫ارتباط‬
‫میان‬‫علم‬‫ریاضیات‬‫و‬‫منطق‬‫را‬‫اثبات‬‫کرد‬.‫برای‬‫اولین‬‫بار‬‫او‬‫اثبات‬‫کرد‬‫که‬‫علم‬‫منطق‬
‫بیشتر‬‫بخشی‬‫از‬‫ریاضیات‬‫است‬‫تا‬‫فلسفه‬!‫این‬‫عمل‬‫که‬‫یک‬‫گام‬‫بزرگ‬‫در‬‫تفکر‬‫بشریت‬‫به‬
‫حساب‬‫می‬‫آید‬‫تقریبا‬‫صد‬‫سال‬(‫تا‬‫سال‬1940)‫طول‬‫کشید‬‫تا‬‫در‬‫محاسبات‬‫کامپیوتری‬‫به‬
‫کار‬‫گرفته‬‫شود‬.‫در‬‫دهه‬1940‫اولین‬‫کامپیوتر‬‫الکترونیکی‬‫ساخته‬‫شد‬.‫حافظه‬‫محدود‬‫و‬
‫سرعت‬‫بسیار‬‫پایین‬(‫به‬‫نسبت‬‫سرعت‬‫کامپیوترهای‬‫امروزی‬)‫از‬‫ویژگی‬‫های‬‫بارز‬
‫کامپیوترهای‬‫الکترونیکی‬‫اولیه‬‫بودند‬.‫در‬‫این‬‫سالها‬‫که‬‫به‬‫عصر‬‫اطالعات‬‫معروف‬،‫بود‬
‫اجرای‬‫برنامه‬‫ها‬‫در‬‫کامپیوترها‬‫مستلزم‬‫تنظیم‬،‫کلیدها‬‫سوییچ‬‫ها‬‫و‬‫اتصال‬‫سیم‬‫های‬
‫مختلف‬‫بود‬‫که‬‫منطق‬‫برنامه‬‫را‬‫مشخص‬‫می‬‫کردند‬.
2 1

7. Major Generations

8. WHY PROGRAMMING?
Software

9. WHY PROGRAMMING?
HARDWARE + SOFTWARE =
Body Soul

10. This is a subtitle. You can change it as you want. This is the subtitle. YouComputing
Layers

11. Layer 2
Layer 3
Layer 7
Layer 6
Soft Layers

12. Software Creation
= Prgramming

13. IDEA
PROGRMMING
COMPUTER
Need - JOB

14. Programming Language
Machine Language

15. Evolution Of Langueges
MACHINE LANGUAGE
0 & 1 String typing or Panched
Cards used by String Engeeniers
and Specialists
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
Code madules and Registry
Instructions. Label Instructions
Math Tools
HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES
Multi-Functional Proccenig tools
Object oriented languages And so
many other ....

16. High Level Languages
C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE01
C++ PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE02
C# PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE03
JAVA PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE04
PHP PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE05
C C
C
C
F#
C
C
C
C
F#
F#
C#
PascalC# C#
C#
C#
C++
C++
C++
C++
C++Pascal
Pascal
JAVA
JAVA
JAVA
JAVA
PHP
PHP
PHP
R
C
Fortran
Fortran
VB
VB
VB
VB
C++
F#

17. PROGRAM LIFE CYCLE
APP
SOURCE
CODE
FINAL APPLICATION
End of the process – The
app is ready to use in
multipile machines
NEED TO IDEA
UML Design and forming
the first idea of the need.
BACK TO THE MACHINE
Translate to machine
language for point structure
of the hardware
SECOND COMPILE
Machine read’s the code
and do the task by the
program
WRITING CODE
Forming the syntax part of
the programming and ligical
design.
PRE-PROCESSING
Debug – Analysis –
Normalization & ...

18. ONLINE , OFFLINE , COMBINED
Translation
process

19. Translation Methods
PHP C , C++
Java Script
MATLAB C#
JAVA
Online OfflineInterpreter Compiler
Intertermediatlanguage

20. Programs
Instructions (Commands)
MainTypes of
programming commands

21. Programming Commands
MainTypes
Do Something
As Defined Before
With Parameters
Operation Call
I/O Operation
Calculate
HOW
WHERE
......

22. Programming Commands
MainTypes
variable declaration
Memory Assign
Value Assign
Defenition
Assignment
No Operational
Feedback

23. Programming Commands
MainTypes
Do Something
Return
Announce The
Result
Return

24. Programming Commands
MainTypes
Jump
Repeat
Conditional
Expantions
Goto

25. Combined
CONDITIONAL INSTRRUCTION , LOOPS,
EXPANTIONAL CONDITION ...
Complex
Commands

26. Programming Commands
MainTypes
{ ... }
Simplications
Code Block

27. Code Block
Programming Commands
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n, i, flag = 0;
printf("Enter a positive integer: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=2; i<=n/2; ++i)
{
// condition for nonprime number
if(n%i==0)
{
flag=1;
break;
}
}
if (flag==0)
printf("%d is a prime number.",n);
else
printf("%d is not a prime number.",n);
return 0;
}
{
....
....
....
}

28. Programming Commands
MainTypes
Do something on
A Condition(s)
IF / Switch
Decision making
& Expantions

29. IF Statement
Programming Commands
Condition(s)
True False Else
Do Instruction # Skip Statement Do Instruction #
...
...
...
Go to Else

30. SWITCH Statement
Programming Commands
Conditions
Case [n] Case [n] Case [n]
Do Instruction # Do Instruction # Do Instruction #
...
...
...
......

31. Programming Commands
MainTypes
Do something
Over & Over
On a Condition
FOR / WHILE
Repeat & loop

32. FOR Statement
Programming Commands
START
CONDITION
(HOW MANY UNTIL X) TERMINATE
DO THE
INSTRUCTIONS
FALSE
TRUELOOP
BREAK

33. While Statement
Programming Commands
START
WHILE
CONDITION = TRUE
TERMINATE
INSTRUCTIONS
ELSE
CONDITION = FALSE
DO
CHECK
AGAIN
BREAK

34. For / IF / ...
Operation call
Code Module
For Operations
Code Module
For Instructions
like IF/For/While
Under The Hood

35. EXCEPTION
HANDLING
ERROR CONTROLING & MANAGEMENT

36. While writing the code and before compiling the source
codes. Most compilers can detect these type of errors.
Syntax Error
While compiling the code. Lack of information and data.
Inaccessibility of computer sources such as hardware.
CompileTime Error
While Running the code. Lack of data and devices or
software Smooothing platforms and runtime helpers.
RunTime Error
Type of Exceptions
While Running the code. Miss calculations. Developer
errors and user miss use. Mathemthics error & exceptions.
Logical Error (BUG)

37. Try { } – Catch { }
Try {
Do Instructions as defined
}
Catch {
Instructions while an ERROR happend
}

38. TURING
WHAT MAKES A PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE COMPLETE
COMPLETENESS

39. Requirements for the completeness of a programming language
01
Order Of
Execution
02
Condition
Expantion
Selection
03
Repeat
Loop
04
GOTO

40. Program Requirements

41. Types of
DATA

42. Types Of Computing DATA
NUMERICAL DATA01
LOGICAL DATA02
TEXT DATA03

43. NUMERIC
DATA

44. Types Of DATA
N , R , I , Z , Q , C
Numeric :

45. LOGICAL
DATA

46. Types Of DATA
True , False – 0,1
Logical :

47. STRING
DATA

48. Types Of DATA
Char , Char String
String :

49. Type
CASTING

50. Type CASTING
I = UnsignedN c I c Z c Q
Z = Signed
Q = Floating Point

51. { 0 ... 255 } 256 = 2^8 byte = uint8
{-128 ... 127} 256 = 2^8 sbyte = int8
{0 ... 2^16 -1} 2^16 INT (uint16)
{-2^15 ... 2^15 -1} 2^16 INT (int16)
Type CASTING

52. COMPLEX
DATA Structre

53. VARIABLE
Used to store and lable information
to be referenced and manipulated
in a computer program.
01
FUNCTION – SUB ROUTINE
Functions are "self contained" modules
of code that accomplish a specific task.
Functions usually "take in" data, process
it, and "return" a result.
02
ARRAYS
Functions are "self contained" modules
of code that accomplish a specific task.
Functions usually "take in" data,
process it, and "return" a result.
03
STRUCTURE
Structure is a collection of variables of
different types under a single name.
04
CLASS
In object-oriented programming,
a class is an extensible program-code-
template for creating objects, providing
initial values for state (member
variables) and implementations of
behavior (member functions or
methods).
05
COMPLEX DATA Structre

54. VARIABLE
Used to store and lable information
to be referenced and manipulated
in a computer program.
01
COMPLEX DATA Structre

55. FUNCTION – SUB ROUTINE
Functions are "self contained" modules
of code that accomplish a specific task.
Functions usually "take in" data, process
it, and "return" a result.
02
COMPLEX DATA Structre

56. ARRAYS
Functions are "self contained" modules
of code that accomplish a specific task.
Functions usually "take in" data,
process it, and "return" a result.
03
COMPLEX DATA Structre

57. STRUCTURE
Structure is a collection of variables of
different types under a single name.
04
COMPLEX DATA Structre

58. CLASS
In object-oriented programming,
a class is an extensible program-code-
template for creating objects, providing
initial values for state (member
variables) and implementations of
behavior (member functions or
methods).
05
COMPLEX DATA Structre

59. THANKS
SAMAN CHITSAZIAN
FOR YOUR
TIME