Good topic for the master seminar

1. WELCOME

2. Presented by:
SANDEEP KUMAR
ID No.- p/17352
M. Sc. FORESTRY (AGROFORESTRY)

3. Introduction
Carbon sequestration
Carbon pool in forest
Carbon stock of Indian states
Plantation forestry as a option for carbon stock
Indian scenario in plantation forestry
Potential area of plantation in India
Advantages of plantation
Case studies
Conclusion
CONTENTS

4. INTRODUCTION...
• The greenhouse gases cause global warming, in which
carbon dioxide (CO2) alone account for 60% share.
• Plant act as a sink for carbon dioxide (CO2) by
absorbing it through photosynthesis process and
naturally storing it as biomass.
• Continuous growth of plant also increased the carbon
stock and different plant species have different capacity
of carbon sequestration. Mukherjee., 2014
Khurana., 2012

5. Contd...
 The deforestation contributes about 5.9 Gt carbon
dioxide (CO2) in the world.
 Global surface temperatures have increased by 0.8°C
since the late nineteenth century, and 11 out of the 12
warmest years on record have occurred since 1995 .
 In India 0.4 to 0.6 0C temperature increased in last 100
years.
Lisa et al., 2014
Rodel et al., 2008
IPCC., 2007

6. Contd...
 Carbon sequestration activities can help prevent
global climate change by enhancing carbon storage
in trees and soil.
 Afforestation and plantation activities are an
important approach to mitigate global warming.
 Long rotation species has long carbon locking period
compared to short rotation species.
Sreejesh et al., 2013
Yosef et al., 2017
Khurana., 2012

7. Carbon sequestration
• The Concept of Carbon Sequestration emerged in
1980s due to consequences of steadily increasing
level of Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
• Carbon sequestration is one of the major tool for
reducing anthropogenic carbon emission.
• Carbon sequestration is the process through which
agriculture and forestry practices remove carbon
dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere.
Herzog et al., 2006
Khurana et al., 2012
Herzog et al., 2006

8. Definitions
Carbon sequestration: Carbon sequestration is
the process of capture and long term storage of
atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) to mitigate
global warming and to avoid dangerous impact
of climate change.
Carbon sequestration: Carbon sequestration is
the process of extraction of the atmospheric
carbon dioxide (CO2) and storing in a terrestrial
or aquatic body for a long period of time.
Dhanwantri et al., 2012
Bolin et al., 1996

9. Type of carbon sequestration
Carbon sequestration in an ecosystem are mainly
through three forms:
1. Terrestrial Carbon sequestration.
2. Geological Carbon sequestration.
3. Ocean Carbon sequestration.

10. World wide potential storage
capacity of carbon dioxide reservoirs
Herzog et al., 2006
Sequestration option World wide capacity (GtC)
Terrestrial 10 GtC
Coal seams 10-100 GtC
Depleted oil and gas reservoirs 100 GtC
Deep saline formation 100 – 1,000 GtC
Ocean 1,000 – 10,000 GtC

11. Carbon cycle in ecosystem

12. CARBON POOL
Carbon Pool: Carbon pool are major components of an
ecosystem that can either accumulate or release carbon, i.e. a
reservoir where sequestered carbon is stored.
FSI., 2017
CARBON POOLS IN FOREST
Gupta., 2013

13. Different carbon pool in forest
POOLS DESCRIPTION
Living
Biomass
Above Ground biomass
(ABG)
All living biomass above the soil including
stem, stump, bark, branches, seeds and foliage.
Bellow Ground
Biomass (BGB)
Roots of all plants and living organisms
Dead Organic
Matter
Dead wood Including all non living woody biomass such as
dead woods, dead roots and stumps larger than
or equal to 10 cm in diameter are also includes.
Litter Includes all non-living biomass with a diameter
less than a minimum diameter chosen by the
country (for FSI 5cm).
Soil
Soil Organic Matter
(SOM)
Includes organic carbon in mineral and organic
soil (including peat) for specific depth chosen by
country (for FSI 30cm).
FSI., 2017

14. Carbon stock in different pools
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
31.59
9.87
1.92 0.43
56.19
carbon stock (in %)
ABG- Above Ground Biomass, BGB- Bellow Ground Biomass, SOM- Soil Organic Matter
FSI., 2017

15. Forest and Carbon sequestration
 Forest vegetation and soils constitute a major
terrestrial carbon pool with the potential to absorb
and store carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere.
 The world’s forests store more than 650 billion tonnes
of carbon, 44% in the biomass, 11% in dead wood &
litter and 45% in the soil.
 Deforestation and forest degradation are still very
much challenging the living beings on earth due to
the increased production of greenhouse gases.
Lal., 2005
Kaul et al., 2010
Mandal et al., 2016

16. Forest type wise carbon stock (per ha) in India
carbon stock (in tonnes) Tropical Wet Evergreen Forest
Tropical Semi-Evergreen Forest
Tropical Moist Decidous Forest
Littorial and Swamp Forest
Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest
Tropical Thorn Forest
Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest
Subtropical Broadleaved Hill Forest
Subtropical Pine Forest
Subtropical Dry Evergreen Forest
Moutane Wet Evergreen Forest
Himalayan Moist Temprate Forest
Himalayan Dry Temprate Forest
Sub-Alpine Forest
Moist Alpine Forest
Dry Alpine Forest
Plantation/Tree Outside Forest
152.12
FSI., 2017

17. Total carbon stock of world forest,
1990-2010
category Carbon stock (Gt)
1990 2000 2005 2010
Carbon in biomass 299.22 293.84 291.29 288.81
Carbon in dead wood 34.06 33.17 32.96 32.90
Carbon in litter 38.85 38.74 38.82 38.98
Carbon in soil 300.42 295.07 293.23 291.66
Total carbon stock 672.57 660.83 656.32 652.37
GFRA., 2010

18. Countries reporting the greatest
forest area gain (2010-2015)
S. No. Country Annual forest area gain
Area (000 ha) % of 2010 forest
area
1 China 1542 0.8
2 Australia 308 0.2
3 Chile 301 1.9
4 USA 275 0.1
5 Philippines 240 3.5
6 Gabon 200 0.9
7 Lao People’s Democratic Republic 189 1.1
8 India 178 0.3
9 Viet Nam 129 0.9
10 France 113 0.7
FSI., 2015

19. Carbon Stock of Indian States
NAME OF STATE FOREST
AREA (sq
km)
FOREST
COVER (sq
km)
CARBON
STOCK OF
STATE FOREST
(million
tonnes)
% OF TOTAL
FOREST
CARBON OF
THE COUNTRY
Andhra Pradesh 37,258 28,147 262.69 3.71%
Arunachal Pradesh 51,407 66,964 994.53 14.04%
Assam 26,832 28,105 176.85 2.50%
Bihar 6,877 7,299 55.39 0.78%
Chhattisgarh 59,772 55,547 560.98 7.92%
Delhi 102 192 0.98 0.01%
Goa 1,225 2,225 19.02 0.27%
Gujarat 21,647 14,757 110.69 1.56%
FSI., 2017

20. Contd...
NAME OF STATE FOREST
AREA (sq
km)
FPREST
COVER (sq
km)
CARBON
STOCK OF
STATE FOREST
(million
tonnes)
% OF TOTAL
FOREST
CARBON OF
THE COUNTRY
Haryana 1,559 1,558 12.41 0.18%
Himachal Pradesh 37,033 15,100 175.78 2.48%
Jammu & Kashmir 20,230 23,241 274.92 3.90%
Jharkhand 23,605 23,553 222.88 3.15%
Karnataka 38,284 37,550 475.08 6.71%
Kerala 11,309 20,321 255.88 3.61%
Madhya Pradesh 94,689 77,414 695.66 9.82%
Maharashtra 61,579 50,682 493.02 6.69%
Manipur 17,418 17,346 143.09 2.02%
Meghalaya 9,469 17,146 155.84 2.20%
Mizoram 5,641 18,186 95.04 1.34%
FSI., 2017

21. Contd...
NAME OF STATE FOREST
AREA (sq
km)
FPREST
COVER (sq
km)
CARBON
STOCK OF
STATE FOREST
(million
tonnes)
% OF TOTAL
FOREST
CARBON OF
THE COUNTRY
Nagaland 8,623 12,489 125.06 1.76%
Odisha 61,204 51,345 452.91 6.40%
Punjab 3,084 1,837 16.04 0.23%
Rajasthan 32,737 16,572 89.66 1.27%
Sikkim 5,841 3,344 48.53 0.69%
Tamil Nadu 22,877 26,281 229.33 3.24%
Telangana 26,904 20,419 184.97 2.61%
Tripura 6,294 7,726 63.41 0.90%
Uttar Pradesh 16,582 14,679 125.13 1.77%
Uttarakhand 38,000 24,295 284.66 4.02%
West Bengal 11,879 16,847 163.20 2.30%
FSI., 2017

22. Carbon stock of Indian Union
Territory
NAME OF UINION
TERRITORY
FOREST
AREA (sq
km)
FPREST
COVER (sq
km)
CARBON STOCK
OF STATE
FOREST (million
tonnes)
% OF TOTAL
FOREST
CARBON OF
THE COUNTRY
Andaman and
Nicobar Islands
7,170 6,742 115.07 1.62%
Chandigarh 35 21 0.20 0.003%
Dadra & Nagar
Haveli
204 42 1.42 0.02%
Daman & Diu 8 20 0.09 0.001%
Lakshadweep - 27 0.16 0.002%
Puducherry 13 54 0.45 0.01%
Total (India) 767391 707803 7029.01 -
FSI., 2017

23. Change in carbon stock of Indian forest
between 2015 and 2017 (Million tonnes)
COMPONENTS CARBON STOCK
IN 2015
CARBON STOCK
IN 2017
NET CHANGE IN
CARBON STOCK
ANNUAL
INCREASE IN
CARBON STOCK
Above ground
biomass
2220 2238 18 9.00
Bellow ground
biomass
695 699 4 2.00
Dead wood 29 30 1 0.50
Litter 131 136 5 2.50
Soil organic
carbon
3969 3979 10 5.00
Total 7044 7082 38 19.00
FSI., 2017

24. Forestry practices to increase carbon
sequestration
• Reforestation.
• Afforestation.
• Preservation of forest land.
• Adoption of agroforestry practices.
• Establishment woody biomass plantations.

25. Plantation forestry as an option for
carbon stock
• Tree plantations established both within and outside the
forest area constitute a very important part of forest
resources.
• Improve land management could result in sequestration
of carbon.
• Young plantation can sequester relatively larger
quantities of carbon while a mature plantation can act as
a reservoir.
• In addition, production from plantation forests may
relieve pressure on timber extraction from natural
forests, and thus contribute to forest conservation.
Jamnicka et al., 2014
Jamnicka et al., 2014
Sreejesh et al., 2013

26. Contd...
• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) has recognized the importance of
plantation forestry as a greenhouse gases mitigation
option, as well as the need to monitor, preserve and
enhance terrestrial carbon stock.
• Globally, the annual planting rate is 4.5 million ha,
with Asia and South America accounting for 89%.
• The carbon stock could increase from 8.79 GtC in
2006 to 9.75 GtC by 2030 an increase of 11%.
Fang et al., 2007
Streck & Scholz., 2006
Updegraff et al., 2004

27. Ten countries with greatest planted
forest area, 1990-2010
GFRA., 2010

28. Indian scenario in plantation forestry
• About 36 million ha of degraded and non-forest
lands have been afforested during the period 1951
to 2002.
• According to National Afforestation and Eco-
development Board (NAEB) of the Ministry of
Environment and Forests of the Government of
India, the cumulative area under forest plantations
upto 2005–2006 was 42.17 million ha.
FSI., 2011
Kaul et al., 2010

29. Contd...
• In India 2.68 billion trees outside forests
contribute to an additional national average tree
carbon density of 4 Mg C/ha in non-forest area, in
comparison to an average density of 43 Mg C/ha
in forests.
• However, there is a large variation in the carbon
sequestration potential of different plantation
species depend on site quality and rate of growth.
Kaul et al., 2010

30. • India has a total geographical area of 328.2 M ha with a
cultivated area of 141 M ha.
• Agroforestry practices have potential to store abundant
amount of carbon and also provide fuel & fodder fruits,
fibers and organic fertilizers.
• In India based on land capability classification nearly
96.40 mha of land are degraded lands.
• Such a mix of forestry options with land capability can
enhance the sequestration potential by 78 million tones of
additional carbon per year by the year 2020.
SAC & ISRO., 2016
Potential area of plantation in India
Lal., 2000
SAC & ISRO., 2016
Bijalwan et al., 2015

31. Categories of wasteland in India
S. No. Wastelands Category Area (in sq. Km.)
1. Snow covered 55,788.49
2. Barren rocky area 64,584.77
3. Sand/costal 50,021.65
4. Land affected by salinity/alkalinity 20,477.38
5. Gullied or ravinous land 20,553.35
6. Upland with or without scrub 1,94,014.29
7. Water logged area 16,568.45
8. Steep sloping area 7,656.29
9. Shifting cultivation land 35,142.20
10. Mining/Industrial wasteland 1,252.13
11. Degraded/pasture/grazing land 25,978.91
12. Degraded forest land 1,40,652.31
13. Degraded land under plantation crop 5,828.09
Total 6,38,518.31
NWDB., 2018

32. Potential area for plantation in India
state name
Total Geographical
Area(ha)
Total Degraded land Total Degraded land
Change
(%)
2003-05
Area(ha)
2003-05
Area(%)
2011-13
Area(ha)
2011-13
Area(%)
Andhra Pradesh 16020500 2267728 14.16 2298758 14.35 0.19
Arunachal Pradesh 8374300 136686 1.63 153933 1.84 0.21
Assam 7843800 572215 7.30 716596 9.14 1.84
Bihar 9416300 659539 7.00 694809 7.38 0.38
Chhattisgarh 13519200 2176388 16.10 2211153 16.36 0.26
Delhi 148300 73514 49.57 89868 60.60 11.03
Goa 370200 186458 50.37 192973 52.13 1.76
Gujarat 19624400 10077455 51.35 10261641 52.29 0.94
Haryana 4421200 314583 7.12 338964 7.67 0.55
Himachal Pradesh 5567300 2141366 38.46 2394240 43.01 4.55
Jammu & Kashmir 22223600 7538814 33.92 7969607 35.86 1.94
Jharkhand 7971600 5418657 67.97 5498726 68.98 1.01
Karnataka 19179100 6940943 36.19 6951000 36.24 0.05

33. Kerala 3885200 370512 9.54 379587 9.77 0.23
Madhya Pradesh 30825200 3771853 12.24 3804315 12.34 0.10
Maharashtra 30771300 13348604 43.38 13825935 44.93 1.55
Manipur 2232700 593093 26.56 601959 26.96 0.40
Meghalaya 2242900 478825 21.35 494880 22.06 0.71
Mizoram 2108100 95873 4.55 187453 8.89 4.34
Nagaland 1657900 642304 38.74 786678 47.45 8.71
Odisha 15570700 5321903 34.18 5304114 34.06 -0.12
Punjab 5036200 93115 1.85 144653 2.87 1.02
Rajasthan 34223900 21625604 63.19 21526512 62.90 -0.29
Sikkim 709600 78482 11.06 78749 11.10 00.04
Tamil Nadu 13006000 1516660 11.66 1543898 11.87 0.21
Telangana 11484000 3658482 31.86 3598856 31.34 0.52
Tripura 1048600 327202 31.21 437128 41.69 10.48
Uttar Pradesh 24092800 1835263 7.62 1528997 6.35 -1.27
Uttarakhand 5348300 581241 10.87 648253 12.12 1.25
West Bengal 8875200 1682181 18.95 1733931 19.54 0.59
Contd...
SAC & ISRO., 2016

34. Factor determining carbon
sequestration in forest plantation.
 Site quality.
 Protection against fire, disease and pest
infestation.
 Silvicultural Management practices.
 Species adaptability.
 Rate of growth.
 Spacing.

35. Advantage of plantation
• Carbon sequestration
• Reduce pressure on natural forest
• Soil conservation
• Reclamation of degraded land
• Employment opportunity
• Aesthetic value

36. Case studies

37. Case study 1
• Study area: Bharathiar university campus
Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu). The study sites are located
near the food hills of Marudamalai, Western Ghats.
• Plantation: 1. Pure (Eucalyptus) plantation-
cover 2.5 ha area & Altitude is 1584 ft asl.
2. Mixed plantation- cover 2.0 ha
area & altitude is 1591 ft asl.
Carbon Stock Sequestered by tree plantations
in Coimbatore, India.
Pragasan & Karthick., 2013

38. Contd...
Tree density of Eucalyptus and mixed plantation
Pragasan & Karthick., 2013

39. Contd...
Above ground and bellow ground biomass of
Eucalyptus and mixed plantation
Pragasan & Karthick., 2013

40. Contd...
Above ground and bellow ground Carbon stock
of Eucalyptus and mixed plantation
Pragasan & Karthick., 2013

41. Case study 2
• Study area: the study in Karimganj, Hailakandi and
Cachar districts, falls within the range of Himalayan
foothills and the Barak River Basin of Assam.
Ecosystem carbon sequestration through restoration
of degraded land in Northeast India
Brahma et al., 2018
Study area

42. C biomass, SOC and ecosystem C Stock Of predominant
land use of Northeast India
Contd...
Brahma et al., 2018

43. Biomass C, SOC, and ecosystem C sequestration rate after
progressive land use changes in northeast India
Contd...
Brahma et al., 2018

44. • Study area: The second industrial city that located
12 km south of Riyadh city, capital of Saudi Arabia.
Case study 3
Carbon sequestration by the terrestrial soil-plant
system in a heavily polluted area of Riyadh city
Saudi Arabia
Riyadh
Al-Qahtani., 2018

45. • Plantation Species: 1. Calotropis procera- Shrub reaching
2.5 to 6 m in height, with a deep taproot, 3-4 m deep.
2. Phragmites australis- Perennial
grass growing up to 4 m height with an extensive rhizome system.
Contd...
Calotropis procera Phragmites australis
Al-Qahtani., 2018

46. • Plantation purpose: Plants growing in the nearby
industrial area for the purpose of maintain temperature and
carbon sequestration.
• Total organic carbon content (g/g) of Calotropis procera
Contd...
0.433
0.248
0.064
0.454
0.313
0.071
0.492
0.349
0.086
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Shoot Root Soil
Carboncontent
Location 1 Location 2 Location 3
Al-Qahtani., 2018

47. •Total organic carbon content (g/g) of Phragmites australis
0.336
0.246
0.025
0.381
0.267
0.029
0.423
0.351
0.032
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
Shoot Root Soil
Carboncontent
Location 1 Location 2 Series 3
Contd...
Al-Qahtani., 2018

48. • Study area: Seven sites of Nilambur forest division,
Kerala.
• Age of plantation trees: 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 and 50
years
Case study 4
Carbon Sequestration Potential of Teak (Tectona grandis)
Plantations in Kerala
Sreejesh et al., 2013

49. Mean biomass of Teak plantation at different age
Contd...
Sreejesh et al., 2013

50. Plantation level carbon sequestration (t/ha)
Contd...
Sreejesh et al., 2013

51. Conclusion
• Carbon sequestration is one of the major tool for
reducing anthropogenic carbon emission.
• Carbon stocks in the existing forests and
plantations are one of the important terrestrial
carbon sink.
• Carbon sink in terrestrial ecosystem can be
increased by increasing the plantation rate of
woody vegetation.