#1243 Optical Devices student book Copyright by Genius Toy Taiwan Co., Ltd.

1. 01
Creative Ability
can be Learned
(v1.0)
Gigo Learning Lab’s complete series includes 20 individual packages, as well as five
school sets. The special features of Gigo’s Learning Lab are as follows:
1. Using GIGO’s “building block” construction-based curriculum, every class has
a ready-to-assemble model, and includes time designed to promote individual
creativity.
2. Promotes thinking outside-the-box of the traditional educational framework by
learning innovation through play!
3. We are all innately good at something, so we should take into account both individual
development and the ability to work as part of a team effort.
4. Course levels are designed from elementary to difficult, combining a life sciences-
based curriculum with applications from daily life.
5. Experiment using Gigo’s “building blocks”, which can be used over and over again,
saving both time and effort.
6. Comes with Gigo’s newly developed 3D Smart Manual, which makes learning how to
intelligently assemble each model easier than ever before.
7. Learning Lab’s Cloud Platform allows systematic recording of learning progress.
We hope that kids can enthusiastically learn scientific knowledge through fun hands-
on experience, developing their problem-solving abilities, as well as a positive attitude
towards science. Our mission is to help children apply their newfound knowledge to
daily life, furthering their innovational skills and abilities.
For any questions or inquires. please email to LL@mail.gigo.com.tw
02
Index
07. Shadow Imaging
08. Image and Vision
10. Monograph (2)
11. Focal Length of Convex Lens
Appendix: Learning Lab Packages
20. Monograph (4)
19. Application of Lenses IX
18. Application of Lenses III
17. Application of Lenses II
16. Application of Lenses I
15. Monograph (3)
14. Concave Lens Imaging
13. Focal Length of Concave Lens
12. Convex Lens Imaging
09. Interaction of Light and Shadow
04. Light Application
05. Monograph (1)
06. Light and Shadow
03. Optical Grating
02. Light Transmission
01. The Primary Color of Light
Parts List
Index
Education Philosophy 01 39
03 45
09 53
17 59
23 67
31 75
02 41
05 49
13 57
21 63
27 71
35 77

2. 03
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
Long Frame
Short Frame
Square Frame
Dual Rod
11-hole Rod
5-hole Rod
5-hole Dual Rod-III
3-hole Rod
3-hole Dual Rod
Bended Rod
Motor Axle
Cross Axle 3CM
Cross Axle 6CM
Cross Axle 7CM
Cross Axle 10CM
Rack 5CM
Rack 15CM
20T Gear
40T Gear
60T Gear
80T Gear
S Ring
3V Single Output Battery
Holder (AA Cell)
Eyepiece
Eyepiece Extension Tube
Objective Lens
Eyepiece Base
Projector Shaft A
Projector Shaft B
Optical Ring
Objective Lens Base
Convex Lens-40R
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
Concave Lens-40R
Convex Lens-300R
Convex Lens-170R
Fog Lens
Cube (Black)
Cube (Blue)
Cube (Red)
Cube (Yellow)
Cube (Green)
Convex (Yellow)
Convex (Red)
Triangle (Yellow)
Triangle (Blue)
Concave (Geen)
Concave (Yellow)
Cross Axle Fixer
Two-in-one Converter
Hinge
Worm Gear
90 Degree Adaptor-II
Axle
Loose Axle
L Connecting Peg
S Connecting Peg
Crank
LED
Base Grid Connector
Base Grid
Projector Film
Microscope Slide &
Cover Slip
Paper Card
Spanner
Parts L i st
04
1 2
x4
x3
3
x7
4
5
x3
8
7
x4
x3
x1
1310
11
12
x1
14
x6
x1
15
x1
5447
x1
x2 x1x2x2
48
x1
49
17
x1
18
x2 x1
19 20
x2
21
30
x2
31
x1
32
x2
33
x2
46
38 39 40 41
56
57
x1
58 59
x2 x2
60
23 24
25 26 27 28 29
x1 x1
x1 x1 x2 x6 x2
6261 64
x1
63
x1x1x1
6
x6
x6
x16
x2
9
x2
16
x1
22
x1
36 37
x1 x16 x18 x12 x18 x12 x3
34
x1
35
x2
55
x34 x13
42
43 44
x2
45 50 51 52 53
x4 x4 x4x4 x1 x2

3. Why can light form a rainbow
with multiple colors?
Parts List
In ancient times, people believed that white was the purest color while white
light was a monochromatic light that could not be decomposed. In 1558 A.D.
Giambattista della Porta conducted an experiment that made seven colors appear
when sunlight passed through glass. He explained that colors formed gradually
when white light passes through glass of different thickness and light would
remain naturally white. Although this concept was wrong, it provided Sir Isaac
Newton a chance to review it.
In 1666 A.D., Newton drilled a hole on the wall of a dark room to let sunlight enter
a prism and emit colorful light. The experiment didn’t prove anything except that
past experiments were correct.
Newton realized that it would be interesting to mix colors and turn them into
white light, but no one attempted to perform such experiment. And so, Newton
conducted his own experiment by letting different
colors of light enter another inverted prism
which recombined into original white light. The
experiment proved
that white light is
composed of many
colors.
Newton’s dispersion experiment using
a prism divided white light into seven main
colors; namely, red, orange, yellow, green, blue,
indigo and purple. We can conduct an inverse experiment by
drawing seven colors on a circular cardboard and inserting a rotation
axis in the middle of the board, which create a spinning top. We
can observe the rotation of the seven colors which turn white
despite the cardboard’s light weight and the top’s fast rotation.
The Primary Color of Light
01
Daily
Application
x1 x1
x1 x1
x2 x2 x2
x1
4
5
14
17
18
21
9 55
01
03
02
04
Brainstorming
S e s s i o n
05 06
Whipping
Top

4. 1 2 3自我
評量
組裝完成 實驗完成 創作完成
1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
Evaluation
Spin the top quickly and see if you can
make the color card on the top turn white.
Chang e t he to p’s c o l o r c ar d into
different colors and see the results
after rotation.
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
07 08

5. Why can we see different colors
of light in our life?
Parts List
After supper, Tony went to the living room and lifted the curtains on
the window. He noticed that the window glass looked like a mirror at
night and so he asked his Grandpa Rudolph about it.
Grandpa Rudolph answered that no medium was completely
transparent to light during transmission except vacuum. Some
amounts of light are reflected while others are absorbed by the
medium when light passes through it, and the
rest is refracted out.
When looking outside through a window
during the day, indoor light is partly reflected,
but light emitted from the outside is relatively
strong, thus it is not easy to see a reflection
when indoors. Similarly, when looking out the
window at night, the window glass usually
appears like a mirror.
Geometrical optics is a science that
explores the transmission of light in a medium and
object imaging rule based on rectilinear transmission
of light. A geometrical line showing the direction of light
transmission is used to represent light. One part of light is reflected and
the other one is refracted when there is an interface of two different media
during transmission. Light is reflected according to a specific direction when
emitted on a smooth surface to create a clear image. For example,
when irradiating a fog filter using light, light which passes through a fog
filter with parallel light would illuminate to different directions due to the
uneven surface, making the image dim.
02
Daily
Application
Light Transmission
Note: Please prepare some cellophane.
x2
x3 x1
x4
x4 x1
x12
x1
1 2 6
56
58
5 55
23
01
03
02
04
09
S e s s i o n
10
BrainstormingA d v e n t u r e
of Light

6. 1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
Evaluation
Please observe the color of light after
passing through different media.
How many different colors of light can
you get by matching three colors of
cellophane?
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
11 12

7. What different types of codes have
you seen?
Parts List
After Tony finished his dinner, Grandpa Rudolph took out two
transparent plastic boards and drew several black thin strips evenly.
Grandpa Rudolph gave one strip to Tony and asked him what it was.
Tony answered it was an optical grating.
Grandpa asked Tony to overlap the strip in his hand with the one on
the table, and to keep the small angled strips and move the optical
grating in his hand from left to right. Tony did them and found that
light indeed passed through a seam and formed a bright spot in
the suture of the black strips. With the staggered position of two
optical gratings, a dark region formed due to a mutual blocking of
light; thus, interlaced bright and dark
regions passed from the bottom to the
top. According to Grandpa Rudolph,
this phenomenon is called the Moiré
fringe.
A general product barcode consists
of parallel black and white lines of different
widths. This is for information purposes. The light
code mentioned here is not a product code. It is a bright and
dark matching game of light, which is different from physical grating
used in the interference phenomenon. It can also be applied to metrological
grating, This transmission-type metrological grating draws lines with equal
intervals on a long strip or round disk material. It utilizes light transmission
to conduct displacement measurement. For instance, an optical
mechanical mouse having a round disk grating inside, can rotate
with the movement of a mouse so as to measure its displacement.
03
Daily
Application
Optical Grating
x3
x2 x16
x13x1
x3 x1 x2x3 x1
x1x4x3
x17 x1 x10
x1
2
3
5
54
47
38
39
40 56
58
23
6
37
55
42
44
01
03
02
04
Brainstorming
S e s s i o n
13 14
Light Code

8. 1 2 3自我
評量
組裝完成 實驗完成 創作完成
1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
Evaluation
Observe whether the red brick bar can block
the image effectively after turning off the
light source.
Can you show the numbers by utilizing
the cooperation of model and light?
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
15 16

9. How do you communicate with
others in daily life?
Parts List
A warship had lost its way and while searching for directions, the
captain suddenly saw a flashing light in front of him. In order to avoid
collision, he commanded his crew to send a light signal to the other
party using Morse code and surprisingly, the latter responded with
the same signal.
Then the captain sent a message, "This is the captain, please
change your course." Since he was a high ranking officer, he hoped
that the other party would give way but instead, it responded, "This is
the coastguard, please divert your course". As the warship got closer,
the captain got really angry and threatened the other party which
then responded with a light signal and
message, "This is a lighthouse, please
divert your course." And with that, the
captain had no choice but to change his
course immediately.
M o r s e c o d e i s t h e m o s t b a s i c
cryptographic technology in the world. It
is composed of characters, figures and symbols
with short and long tones as well as a flashing light in
different rhythms. Given the simplicity of Morse code, people use it
during the war or in case of emergencies. For instance, people can send
distress signals or SOS using Morse code during marine disasters. With
the development of modern computer technologies, the navy, shore and
ship personnel should be familiar with Morse code even if it is not
commonly used. A warship can send signals to a consort when it
needs to keep its radio mute when performing a task.
04
Daily
Application
Light Application
3
4
5
13
11
48
18
59
60
x1
x1
x1
x1
x1
x2x4
x2
x3
x1
x2
x2
x7
x1
56
58
23
55
01
03
02
04
Brainstorming
S e s s i o n
17 18
Morse Code

10. 1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
Evaluation
Work with your partners and use the Morse
code meter and let the other party guess
your code.
Design a set of simple signal codes.
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
19 20

11. 1
01. Whipping Top
03. Light Code
02. Adventure of Light
04. Morse Code
Use the theory and model that you have learned to design a
set of flashing lights that are capable of changing colors.
05
21 22
S e s s i o n
Monograph
Model
Review
1
2
3
Model
Design
Model
Creation
Winner!
Design
Concept
My Artwork
Evaluation

12. When can we see our shadow?
Parts List
Ancient people were familiar with light and shadow that appeared on Earth but
they were unfamiliar with those found on the moon.
In 1609 A.C., Galileo Galilei placed a mirror at two ends of a long pipe to
create a telescope that faced the sky. At the beginning, Galileo made a
telescope with about 3 times magnification. With continuous improvement,
he made a telescope with 20 times magnification, providing him an enlarged
observation area to view stars that were magnified 400 times. This enabled
him to discover many extraordinary astronomical phenomena.
Galileo observed light and shadow on the moon. According to him, the moon
did not illuminate and the surface was uneven. Thus, he identified round
shapes where boundaries were high and extruded as annular mountains and
named flat and dark regions as the sea. Although
Harrington described the oldest moon surface,
Galileo was able to present the true appearance
of the moon through the appearance of light and
shadow, which significantly changed the image of
the moon in people's minds.
06
Daily
Application
Light and Shadow
If light encounters an opaque obstacle during transmission,
what forms behind the obstacle? A shadow forms behind
the object because light always travels in a straight line through
different homogeneous media when illuminating an opaque object. Have
you seen an eclipse? The biggest shadow seen all over the world is an
eclipse, because sunlight is blocked by the earth and the shadow
of the earth blocks the moon.
18
59
60
x1
x1
x2
x3
x1
x1x3
x2
x3
x1
x1
x3
x1
x1
x2
x2
x8
56
5823
55
1
4
5 8
7
54
41
6 9
53
01
03
02
04
Brainstorming
S e s s i o n
23 24
Shadow
Generator

13. 1 2 3自我
評量
組裝完成 實驗完成 創作完成
1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
Evaluation
Please observe the relationship of shadow
image when objects and the light source
are in different positions.
Can you calculate the height of the light
source according to the relationship between
the object’s height and shadow length?
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
25 26

14. Shadow play was one of the ancient forms of entertainment and folk
activity when media such as movie and television were not yet popular. It
is considered an intangible cultural heritage.
Shadow play is also called shadow puppetry or light shadow. It is a form
of storytelling which utilizes light to show animal silhouettes or shadow
puppets made of cardboard projected on a white screen.
The early shadow play figures were made of rough cattle hide with no
color. Later ones were made of parchment carved with various figures
and colored using a transparent material according to the appearance of
the characters in the story. Shadow figures
are controlled behind a screen during a
performance. There are music and songs
in the shadow play which is considered a
dramatic form of art
in many countries all
over the world.
How can we guess the original
shape of an object based on its
shadow?
Parts List
x1 x8
x1
x1
59
60
x2
x1
x2
x2
58
53
x1
23
2
19 40
20
01
03
02
04
Brainstorming
S e s s i o n
27 28
07
Daily
Application
Shadow Imaging
When the sun sets, we can easily
observe that our shadow becomes longer
and its shape becomes deformed. Although there
is a single color in shadow transformation, the change in
appearance is very interesting. Despite being dark, the shadow’s
visual image changes with the environment. For example, the shape and
size of a shadow would be different when the angle of light is different.
The size of a shadow would also be different depending on the
distance between the object and the light source.
Shadow
Transformer

15. 1 2 3自我
評量
組裝完成 實驗完成 創作完成
1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
Evaluation
Turn the model 90 degrees 4 times and
record the model’s shadow. Try to draw the
shape of the model.
Can you distinguish the shape of the
two models if their shadows are shown
together?
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
29 30

16. At the end of the 19th century, British photographer Eadweard
J. Muybridge from California, USA successfully captured every
movement in a horse race. He was able to take photos of running
objects using multiple cameras, and produced continuous images
outside a glass disk, then displayed them on animal experiment
glasses that he invented.
The projector was capable of displaying a moving image and could
control the rotation of a glass disk. The
lamp could project individual peripheral
images continuously and quickly on the
screen during rotation. The images appear
to be moving. This was
considered the earliest
modern film.
We always watch cartoons; do
you know the theory behind the
creation of animation?
Parts List
08
Daily
Application
Image and Vision
A horse race lamp is called a trotting
horse lamp. A lobed wheel is installed inside
a paper-made festive lantern with human and
horse figures drawn on the lantern. A candle or lamp
is lit under the lobed wheel where hot air rises and causes
cross-ventilation which enables the lobed wheel as well as the image
of the lantern to rotate. Even though the figure of the lantern did not reach
real visual effect, its concept kept on changing. At the beginning of the 19th
century, the thaumatrope was invented. It was considered an improvement
to the horse race lamp. The device was an open-type roller with figures
drawn inside and a hollow area with the same interval. It presented
dynamic images as they rotate when the roller is rotated manually.
60
x1x1
x2
x12 x2 x2
x2 x18 x12 x2
x2 x1 x2 x18
x1x1x2
x1
x10
56
58
23
55
7
9
x1
20
3 12
47
46
38
39
40
41
37
42
43
45
01
03
02
04
Brainstorming
S e s s i o n
31 32
Trotting
Horse Lamp

17. 1 2 3自我
評量
組裝完成 實驗完成 創作完成
1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
Evaluation
Attach the cellophane on the trotting horse
lamp and compare the images.
Try to create an interesting story in
relation to the trotting horse lamp.
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
33 34

18. How is film presented on the
screen?
Parts List
The term "film" which was coined by Thomas Alva Edison was a new
form of art. However, Edison had limitations as far as the concept of
film is concerned. It was the French Lumiere Brothers who improved
the concept and produced real films.
Their projector was equipped with a 35mm perforated film with traction
mechanism and blocking intermittent rotary motion mechanism that
closely matched. Light illuminated from a blocking mechanism like a
propeller blade that uses a shutter to lighten an image and perform
synchronous rotation as it utilized intermittent movement of the traction
mechanism, keeping it stationary when the film is lit. On the other
hand, the film is immediately advanced forward when it is dark.
The film image is vivid and in line with
visual perception. The retina of the eyes
lingers for about 1/10 second, and clear
dynamic images appear
on the screen.
09
Daily
Application
Interaction of Light
and Shadow
Inspired by Muybridge's invention,
Edison assigned his most brilliant personnel
Willian Kennedy Laurie Dickson to develop
the kinetograph. The kinetograph projector has an
incandescent bulb that illuminates using a rotation shutter
located underneath the film. It allows viewers to watch the film
inside the machine. It is used for personal viewing unlike the usual
movies that most people watch. The manual projector can make
images dim due to the rolling motion similar to a conveyer belt.
x2 x1 x2 x1 x1
x1 x1 x6 x2
x34 x1
x4
56
58
23
55
x2 x1 x1x6x6x1
x4
x5 x2
x4
x5x3
x2
20
1
2
3
4
5
8
7
10
14
4917
18
32
5724
27
28
29
6
52
61
x1
01
03
02
04
Brainstorming
S e s s i o n
35 36
Projector

19. 1 2 3自我
評量
組裝完成 實驗完成 創作完成
1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
Evaluation
Use an empty projector film and draw a
series of interesting figures that you will
present.
If the projector’s angle of projection
needs to be changed, how do you
modify the design?
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
37 38

20. 06. Shadow Generator
08. Trotting Horse Lamp
07. Shadow Transformer
09. Projector
Please use the theory and model that you’ve learned to
design a horse race lamp that is capable of changing the
shape of the shadow and movement.
10
2
S e s s i o n
Monograph
Model
Review
1
2
3
Model
Design
Model
Creation
Winner!
Design
Concept
My Artwork
Evaluation
39 40

21. Where can we see objects that
use convex lens?
Parts List
In class, the teacher talked about the ignition experiment using a
convex lens. A convex lens is placed under the sun and directly on top
of a newspaper. The distance between the lens and the newspaper is
adjusted to create a bright spot on the paper which would eventually
ignite and burn. The distance between the bright point and the centre
of the lens is called a focal length.
Tony knows that a convex lens can be used to collect light and
thermal energy from the sun, which could cause combustible materials
to reach ignition point. But he wasn’t sure if the lens becomes hot
when it collects light. And so Tony did his
own experiment on a weekend. He held the
lens and found that it was not hot because
o n l y t h e d i r e c t i o n o f
light transmission was
changed to gather light
from one point.
3
4
5 59
60
x1
x2
x2
x3
x1
x2
x2
x6
x1
56
58
23
x1
x2
7
9
x1
x2
x1
54
6
35
01
03
02
04
Brainstorming
S e s s i o n
41 42
11
Daily
Application
Focal Length of
Convex Lens
When light enters from one medium
to another one, it is deflected and does not
spread along its original direction. For glass-
type materials like a convex lens, light is deflected
because of the lens’ curve and convex centre with thin edge. The
direction of deflection is towards the thinner edge. The common convex
lens is round and thin at the edge and thick at the centre, thus light gathers
towards the centre to form a focal point which is the bright spot we see and
identify as the focus. This is the theory behind light collection using
a magnifying lens.
Collecting
Lens

22. 1 2 3自我
評量
組裝完成 實驗完成 創作完成
1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
Evaluation
Identify and record two focal lengths of the
convex lens.
Can you heat up an object by collecting
light using a convex lens?
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
43 44

23. How can you read a book if the
text size is very small?
Parts List
Tony placed a lens close to the newspaper to read the text. He gradually
increased the distance between the lens and the newspaper. He found
that the text was slowly magnified at first, and then it became distorted
and blurred. And when he slightly pulled away, instead of seeing the
image better, the image became smaller. So he asked his Grandpa
Rudolph why the magnifying lens was called as such when it actually
reduces the image of the object.
Granpa Rudolph answered Tony’s question carefully. He said that the
mystery of the magnifying lens would be uncovered if he could verify
that the enlarged object could be seen through a magnifying lens. The
magnifying function of a lens is just a
partial function. A magnifying lens is called
as such because elderly people place the
lens adjacent to
the newspaper to
magnify characters
so they can see
them clearly.
12
Daily
Application
Convex Lens Imaging
The lens used for magnifying real objects
is called a magnifying lens. You can view
enlarged objects through a lens by creating some
distance between the magnifying lens and the object. A
magnifying lens is mainly used for enlarging objects. It can be
used for correcting presbyopia and hyperopia. An object forms an image
behind the retina when people look at nearby objects. Thus, by wearing lenses
with the appropriate focal length, the image of nearby objects would form behind
the retina. However, a magnifying lens cannot magnify the visual angle.
For example, the four corners of a paper would remain at right angles no
matter how much they are magnified.
x1
9
x1
x1
x1
x1
x2
x1
x13
x7
56
55
x1 x2
x1x1
x2
x2
x2
x2
x3
1
2
3
5
8 17
18
32
57
6
x1
35
60
x1
13
11
54
19
51
01
03
02
04
Brainstorming
S e s s i o n
45 46
Magnifier

24. 1 2 3自我
評量
組裝完成 實驗完成 創作完成
1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
Evaluation
How many times can a magnifier enlarge
the text size?
If two magnifiers are used, will there be
a greater degree of magnification?
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
47 48

25. Where can we use concave lens
in daily life?
Tony thought that it would be very easy to measure the focal length of a convex lens
with the help of the sunlight but it would be difficult to measure the focal length of
a concave lens because the focal length of a concave lens couldn’t actually collect
light. Would it be possible to measure the focal length using sunlight?
Tony found some materials through the Internet and used these in his experiment.
He took a black round paper smaller than a concave lens and pasted it on the
concave lens. He enabled the central point of the round paper to coincide with that
of the concave lens. Moreover, he drew a circle with a radius two times greater than
that of the round paper which was in turn placed on a yellow paper. The concave
lens is illuminated by sunlight and the distance between the lens and the yellow
paper is adjusted to make the black round
shadow correspond to the circle on the yellow
paper. Hence, the distance between the lens
and the yellow
paper was the
focal length of the
concave lens.
Parts List
13
Daily
Application
Focal Length of
Concave Lens
The lens with a thicker edge but thin center
is called a concave lens. The straight line that
passes through the centers of the two curves is
called the optical axis of a lens. Light irradiates into the
lens through the optical axis. A straight angle does not deflect.
Light is dispersed because an oblique angle deflects and makes incident
light bounce after light parallel to the optical axis irradiates and passes through a
concave lens. If deflected light is collected clockwise in front of a concave lens and
the extension line can still gather light at one point on the optical axis, the point
is called the focus of a lens. It is also called a virtual focus because it is not the
convergent point of actual light. The distance between the focus and the
centre of a lens is called a focal length. The astigmatoscope is called as
such because its concave lens makes parallel light disperse outward.
3
4
5 59
60
x1
x2
x2
x3
x1
x2
x2
x6
x1
56
58
23
x1
x2
7
9
x1
x2
x1
54
6
33
01
03
02
04
Brainstorming
S e s s i o n
49 50
Astigmatoscope

26. 1 2 3自我
評量
組裝完成 實驗完成 創作完成
1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
Evaluation
Identify and record the focal length of a
concave lens.
Use the features of a concave lens to
design a tool capable of reducing the
glare of hard light
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
51 52

27. What other functions do eye
glasses for short-sighted control
have?
Parts List
Tony joined a field trip organized by the school. Upon seeing a scenic spot,
he was reminded of the new things he has learned about optics and wanted
to check how much he knows and understands about image formation using
a concave lens.
Image formation by a concave lens is simpler than using a convex lens
since a concave lens can only generate a magnified and erect virtual
image. In order to test this optical phenomenon, Tony borrowed a pair of
eyeglasses from a person with short-sighted. He did not wear them but only
held the glasses in his hand. He tried to
observe his surroundings through the
glasses and found that the image he saw
within the glass frame appeared small
whether he held
the eyeglasses
near or far from
his face.
14
Daily
Application Many people are afflicted with myopia due
to excessive use of 3C products (i.e. viewing the
screen for long periods) and bad reading habits that
put a strain on the eyes. Some of the causes of myopia
are long-term viewing of objects that are in close proximity and
spasm of accommodation, which cause the eyeball to elongate and the
retina to move backward in order to let remote images appear in front of the retina
after the eyeball begins to focus. This makes the image in the retina look blurred.
The traditional correction method in treating myopia is to wear concave lens to
reduce the focusing ability of the eyeball. This principle promotes the wearing of
eye glasses designed for people with myopia. This type of eye glasses
helps disperse light towards the retina to support eye focusing. People
who have myopia can still see objects clearly despite eye twitching after
wearing glasses.
Concave Lens Imaging
x4
x2
x1
x2
x2
4
7
10
33
50
01
03
02
04
Brainstorming
S e s s i o n
53 54
Glasses for
Short-sighted

28. 1 2 3自我
評量
組裝完成 實驗完成 創作完成
1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
Evaluation
Compare the difference of images when
the lens are changed.
Add a sunshade to the glasses for
short-sighted.
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
55 56

29. 11. Collecting Lens
13. Astigmatoscope
12. Magnifier
14. Glasses for short-sighted
Use the theory and model that you’ve learned to design
a pair of glasses with magnification and is capable of
correcting short-sighted.
15
3
S e s s i o n
Monograph
Model
Review
1
2
3
Model
Design
Model
Creation
Winner!
Design
Concept
My Artwork
Evaluation
57 58

30. People today tend to simplify
words or sentences. Can you
give examples of such cases?
Parts List
After visiting the observatory, Tony asked his Grandpa Rudolph about the
telescope. Tony wondered about optical theory in relation to the telescope
which was described by Galileo in his book, Sidereus Nuncius. The theory
did not agree with the concept of modern geometrical optics so why then
would Galileo try to improve other people’s inventions?
Grandpa Rudolph agreed that Galileo was wrong in his optical analysis of
the telescope. At that time, concave and convex lenses could observe and
magnify remote objects but with no significant effect. The lenses need to
be improved but how can they be modified?
Galileo needed to guess the lens first. He selected to modify the concave
lens. No one knew where his inspiration came from probably because
people used concave lenses to correct myopia and the telescope also had
a similar defect. Thus, Galileo dared to make
an assumption and carefully conducted his
experiment by to make a deep concave
lens to create a visible telescopic effect with
a curvature that
matches as well as
a partially convex
and deep concave
lens.
Application of Lenses I
16
Daily
Application It is not easy to distinguish a convex
lens from a concave lens without careful
observation. Guessing the lens through
observation is an easy way to get an answer. For
example, a lens whose centre is thick and edge is thin is a
convex lens; otherwise, it is a concave lens. Additionally, a convex
lens can collect light, while a concave lens can disperse light.
3
4
5
59
60
x4
x2
x1
x2
x2x4
x10
56
x2 x1
x1 x1 x10
7
x3 x1
6 33
32
34
35 55
52
01
03
02
04
Brainstorming
S e s s i o n
59 60
Guessing
the Lens

31. 1 2 3自我
評量
組裝完成 實驗完成 創作完成
1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
Evaluation
How to differentiate the diopter of the lens
Design a mechanism which can change
more than three different lens.
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
61 62

32. How many types of 3D display
techniques?
Parts List
We can see three dimensional images because of the eyeballs’
binocular disparity and mobile parallax. The discussion is mainly
about binocular disparity.
There is a horizontal distance of 6 to 7 cm between the left and
right eyes of a human being. This allows both eyes to receive
different images from different angles when watching an object and
deliver these images to the brain at the same time. The brain then
combines the different images to form a three-dimensional one.
The theory is easy to test. Fox example, put an object in front of
the nose. Place red and blue backgrounds on the left and right
sides, then look at the object with the
right eye closed and the left eye open,
and vice versa. Then, open both eyes
at the same time
and you will see
three completely
different images.
Application of Lenses II
17
Daily
Application Our brain’s binocular disparity automatically
generates 3D effects. The development of
different technologies such as glasses-worn type
and the naked eye-type enable people to see 3D images
while watching 2D images. The glasses–worn type technology,
i.e. 3D technology is introduced here. With the different technologies, 3D
glasses are classified into color filter glasses, polarized light glasses, and liquid
crystal shutter glasses. Regardless of the kind of glasses, all these allow both
eyes to receive different images. Therefore, if binocular disparity of static
images is placed in the glasses in advance, wearing them would enable
people to see 3D images.
x2
x1
x1
x2
59
x7
x1
x1 x1
x3
x2
x2
2
3
5
17
18
6
11
60
x2
x3
x2
7
x2
33
54
4
x1
15
20
56
01
03
02
04
Brainstorming
S e s s i o n
63 64
3D Glasses

33. 1 2 3自我
評量
組裝完成 實驗完成 創作完成
1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
Evaluation
Make a 3D image. Aattach red and blue
cellophane on the glasses respectively and
see if you can see 3D effects accordingly.
Do you know other 3D imaging methods
and principles? How do you design glasses
with the corresponding functions?
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
65 66

34. What objects do we need to
observe by using a microscope?
Parts List
This is not the first microscope in the world, but it is the most
famous one given its proprietor Robert Hooke, who utilized the
microscope to observe cells and discuss Hooke's Law (Springs).
Hooke improved and designed a composite
microsc ope c omposed of t wo c onvex
lenses. He further utilized the microscope
to conduct a series obser vations and
experiments. He wrote the results in his
book Microbial Diagram. He drew a flea
and a microscopic world
under a microscope
that people had never
seen before.
Application of Lenses III
x2
x1
x1
x1 x1
x1
x1
x1 x4 x1x27
x1
58
23 55
x2
x2
x4
x2
x6x1
x2
x6
x8
x4
x2
201
2
3
4
5
10
14
49
17
18
24 27
6
x1 x1
5425
26
62
63
22
50
32
01
03
02
04
Brainstorming
S e s s i o n
67 68
18
Daily
Application An optical microscope is a tool that
uses optical lens to magnify images. It
basically amplifies the incident light of an object
through two convex lenses from ocular and objective
lenses. But image formation by a convex lens does not have
significant effect. The object needs to be placed near the focus of
the convex lens for magnification, or it can be placed at a distance of about
one or two times of the focal length to obtain a magnified inverted image.
Therefore, in lens application and design, placing an object at a distance
of about one or two times the focal length of the first objective lens can
form a magnified and inverted image behind the convex lens. Placing the
other convex lens in position and leaving the focus of the second
lens behind the real image, i.e. the ocular lens, enables visual
magnification, which is the imaging theory behind the microscope.
Microscope

35. 1 2 3自我
評量
組裝完成 實驗完成 創作完成
1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
Evaluation
Please draw a picture which you observe
under a microscope.
Adjust the microscope according to
different magnifications.
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
69 70

36. What kind of tools or methods
c a n w e u s e t o s e e d i s t a n t
objects?
Hold a lens with both hands. Place a concave lens in front of your eyes
and a convex lens in front of the concave lens, then observe a distant
object and move the concave and convex lenses until the image becomes
clear. This is the principle behind the Galileo telescope, which has a
simple structure and image, but its disadvantages include a narrow view
and a low degree of magnification. The Galileo telescope is composed of
a concave lens as its ocular lens and a convex lens as its objective lens,
wherein the second focus of the objective lens coincides with the first
focus of the ocular lens. It illuminates near the second focus when parallel
light irradiating from a distant object enters the objective lens given the
light path of the concave lens. The distance between the objective lens
and the second focus is the focal length of the concave lens. Thus, the
light passing through the concave lens forms
infinite images. A rigid virtual image is viewed
through the ocular lens, and the magnification
is the quotient of the
focal length of the
objective lens which
divides the focus of
the ocular lens.
Parts List
Application of Lenses IX
Daily
Application
This is not the first astronomical
telescope in the world, but it is the most
famous one because Galileo created it. With
the improvement of Galileo’s technology, the gate of
modern astronomy was opened. The combination of lenses
is called a refracting telescope, which utilizes the convex lens of the
objective lens and ocular lens as two basic elements. When the ocular lens
is concave, it is called a Galileo telescope. When the ocular lens is
convex, it is called a Keplerian telescope.
x2 x1
x1
x1
x1
x1
x1
x1
x31
55
x1
x1x2
x1
x2
x4
x2
x2x1
x4
x7
x16
x6
x2
20
1
2
3
4
5
10
14
17
18 24
27
6
x1
54
25
63
22
50
33
x2 x2
5652
x2
7
30
31
16
34
01
03
02
04
Brainstorming
S e s s i o n
71 72
19 Telescope

37. 1 2 3自我
評量
組裝完成 實驗完成 創作完成
1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
Evaluation
Find out how long you can observe through
a telescope.
Change your telescope to a binocular
telescope.
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
73 74

38. 16. Guessing the Lens
18. Microscope
17. 3D Glasses
19. Telescope
Please use the theory and model that you’ve learned to
design a lens with more than two functions.
20
4
S e s s i o n
Monograph
Model
Review
1
2
3
Model
Design
Model
Creation
Winner!
Design
Concept
My Artwork
Evaluation
75 76

39. 77 7877 78
Learning Lab- Individual Packages Learning Lab- School Packages
30 mins/ session; 30 sessions/ package
50 mins/ session; 20 sessions/ package
40 mins/ session; 20 sessions/ package
#1230 Wonderful World1
#1249 Construction Set20
#1231 Theme Park2
#1232 Little Artist3 #1233 Fun Cube4
#1248 Basic Set19
#1245 Vibro & Gyro16#1244 Robot15
#1246 Programmable
Controller
17 #1247 S4A Interactive
Bricks
18
Creative World
Technology Explorer
Brick Contraption
40 mins/ session; 20 sessions/ package
#1238 Gas & Pneumatics9
#1240 Light & Solar Energy11
#1242 Chemical Battery13
#1234 Force &
Simple Machine
5 #1235 Motion &
Mechanism
6
#1236 Electricity & Circuit7 #1237 Electromagnetism
& Motor
8
#1239 Wind Power10
#1241 Liquid & Hydraulics12
#1243 Optical Devices14
Scientific Experiment
Target: age 2-6 (Kindergarten)
30 mins/ session;
120 sessions in total
Target: age 10+ (Jr. & Sr. High School)
50 mins/ session;
80 sessions in total
Target: age 7+ (Elementary School)
40 mins/ session;
100 sessions in total
Target: age 7+
40 mins/ session;
40 sessions in total
Target: age 7+ (Elementary School)
40 mins/ session;
100 sessions in total
#1250 Creative World Set
#1251 Scientific Experiment Set-
Power Machine
#1252 Scientific Experiment Set-
Green Energy
#1253 Technology Explorer Set
#1254 Brick Contraption Set
Creative Classroom