2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common lung disease.
Having COPD makes it hard to breathe. There are two main forms of COPD:
Chronic bronchitis, which involves a long-term cough with mucus.
Emphysema, which involves damage to the lungs over time.
3. Causes
Cigarette smoking
Air Pollution
Infections
Genetic Conditions
Symptoms
Attacks of morning cough during winter
Shortness of breath
Wheezing
Fatigue
Chest Pain
Weight Loss
6. These agents are antagonists of muscarinic receptors (i.e., M1, M2 , and M3 subtypes).
Blockade of these receptors in the smooth muscle of the airways inhibits the activity of acetylcholine,
which reduces cGMP levels to yield bronchodilation.
Ipratropium and Tiotropium: Ipratropium is considered a short-acting anticholinergic because its
effects last for 4-6 hrs.
both quaternary compounds and are minimally absorbed into systemic circulation upon inhalation.
common side effects of these two agents include dry mouth, nausea, and metallic taste.
Other potential side effects are tachycardia, blurred vision, urinary retention, and constipation.
3) Corticosteroids
Prednisone
Methylprednisolone
Budesonide
These drugs are improve lungs function.
Pills have more side effects than inhaled corticosteroids.
7. 4) Combinations
Short acting beta agonists + Anticholinergics (Albuterol+Ipratropium,Fenoterol+Ipratropium)
Long acting beta agonists + Anticholinergics
Long acting beta agonists + Corticosteroids
5) Methylxanthines
Theophylline
6) Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitors
Roflumilast and cilomilast
9. Respiratory Stimulants/Analeptics/Brainstem Stimulants
These drugs stimulate respiration and or sometimes used to respiratory failure
They may bring about temporary improvement in in respiration.
They have low safety margin and may produce convulsions.
Drugs for Treatment
Doxapram
Acts mainly on the brainstem and spinal cord and increase the activity of medullary
respiratory and vasomotor centres
Nikethamide
Picrotoxin (GABA receptor Antagonist)
Pentylenetetrazole
10. Referneces:-
1) Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology 8th Edition.
2) Essentials of Medical Pharmacolgy 8th edition by K.D Tripathi
3) https:/www.Wikipedia.org