this are the latest technologies used to transfer data in internet using this you can transfer data very easily be smart on the internet be protective in india for more information log in to saqlainmemon776@gmail.com find interesting things on this
3. W.A.P
WIRELESS
APPLICATION
PROTOCOL
WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) is a specification for a set
of communication protocols to standardize the way that
wireless devices, such as cellular telephones and radio
transceivers, can be used for Internet access, including e-mail,
the World Wide Web, newsgroups, and instant messaging.
While Internet access has been possible in the past, different
manufacturers have used different technologies. In the future,
devices and service systems that use WAP will be able to
interoperate.
The WAP layers are:
Wireless Application Environment (WAE)
Wireless Session Layer (WSL)
Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS)
Wireless Transport Layer (WTP)
The WAP was conceived by four companies: Ericsson, Motorola,
Nokia, and Unwired Planet (now Phone.com). The Wireless
Markup Language (WML) is used to create pages that can be
delivered using WAP.
4. EDGE (also known as Enhanced GPRS or
EGPRS)
• Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) (also known as Enhanced GPRS
(EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC), or Enhanced Data rates for Global
Evolution) is a digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data
transmission rates as a backward-compatible extension of GSM. EDGE is
considered a pre-3G radio technology and is part of ITU's 3G definition.[1] EDGE
was deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003 – initially by Cingular (now
AT&T) in the United States.[2]
• EDGE is standardized also by 3GPP as part of the GSM family. A variant, so
called Compact-EDGE, was developed for use in a portion of Digital AMPS
network spectrum.[3]
• Through the introduction of sophisticated methods of coding and transmitting
data, EDGE delivers higher bit-rates per radio channel, resulting in a threefold
increase in capacity and performance compared with an ordinary GSM/GPRS
connection.
• EDGE can be used for any packet switched application, such as an Internet
connection.
• Evolved EDGE continues in Release 7 of the 3GPP standard providing reduced
latency and more than doubled performance e.g. to complement High-Speed
Packet Access (HSPA). Peak bit-rates of up to 1 Mbit/s and typical bit-rates of
400 kbit/s can be expected.
5. HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data)
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data) is
essentially a new high speed implementation of GSM
(Global System for Mobile Communication) data
transfer. Four times faster than GSM, with a transfer
rate of up to 57.6Kbps, it achieves this speed by
allocating up to eight time slots to an individual user.
This speed makes it comparable to many fixed-line
telecommunications networks and will allow users to
access the Internet and other datacom services via a
GSM network.
6. MOBILE IP
• Mobile IP is an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard communications protocol that
is designed to allow mobile device users to move from one network to another while
maintaining their permanent IP address. Defined in Request for Comments (RFC) 2002, Mobile
IP is an enhancement of the Internet Protocol (IP) that adds mechanisms for forwarding
Internet traffic to mobile devices (known as mobile nodes) when they are connecting through
other than their home network.
• In traditional IP routing, IP addresses represent a topology. Routing mechanisms rely on the
assumption that each network node will always have the same point of attachment to the
Internet, and that each node's IP address identifies the network link where it is connected.
Core Internet routers look at the IP address prefix, which identifies a device's network. At the
network level, routers look at the next few bits to identify the appropriate subnet. Finally, at
the subnet level, routers look at the bits identifying a particular device. In this routing
scheme, if you disconnect a mobile device from the Internet and want to reconnect through a
different subnet, you have to configure the device with a new IP address, and the appropriate
netmask and default router. Otherwise, routing protocols have no means of delivering
packets because the device's IP address doesn't contain the necessary information about the
current point of attachment to the Internet.
• All the variations of Mobile IP assign each mobile node a permanent home address on its
home network and a care-of address that identifies the current location of the device within a
network and its subnets. Each time a user moves the device to a different network, it acquires
a new care-of address. A mobility agent on the home network associates each permanent
address with its care-of address. The mobile node sends the home agent a binding update
each time it changes its care-of address using Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). In
Mobile IPv4, traffic for the mobile node is sent to the home network but is intercepted by the
home agent and forwarded via tunneling mechanisms to the appropriate care-of address.
Foreign agents on the visited network help to forward datagrams. Mobile IPv6 was developed
to minimize the necessity for tunneling and to include mechanisms that make foreign agents
unnecessary.
7. GPRS
(General Packet Radio Services)
• General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) is a packet-based wireless communication
service that promises data rates from 56 up to 114 Kbps and continuous connection
to the Internet for mobile phone and computer users. The higher data rates allow
users to take part in video conferences and interact with multimedia Web sites and
similar applications using mobile handheld devices as well as notebook computers.
GPRS is based on Global System for Mobile (GSM) communication and complements
existing services such circuit-switched cellular phone connections and the Short
Message Service (SMS).
• In theory, GPRS packet-based services cost users less than circuit-switched services
since communication channels are being used on a shared-use, as-packets-are-
needed basis rather than dedicated to only one user at a time. It is also easier to
make applications available to mobile users because the faster data rate means that
middleware currently needed to adapt applications to the slower speed of wireless
systems are no longer be needed. As GPRS has become more widely available, along
with other 2.5G and 3G services, mobile users of virtual private networks (VPNs) have
been able to access the private network continuously over wireless rather than
through a rooted dial-up connection.
• GPRS also complements Bluetooth, a standard for replacing wired connections
between devices with wireless radio connections. In addition to the Internet Protocol
(IP), GPRS supports X.25, a packet-based protocol that is used mainly in Europe. GPRS
is an evolutionary step toward Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE) and Universal
Mobile Telephone Service (UMTS).
