Tongue Development, Anatomy and Applied aspects

5. Umami or savory taste, is one of the five
basic tastes (together with sweetness,
sourness, bitterness, and saltiness)
It has been described as brothy or meaty
*UMAMI

7. DEVELOPMENT
4th week of IUL
1. EPITHELIUM
Anterior 2/3rd
• 2 lingual/lateral swelling 1st branchial arch
• 1 median/tuberculum impar swelling
• Foramen caecum (thyroid diverticulum)
Posterior 1/3rd
• Cranial part of Hypobranchial eminence - 2nd & 3rd
Posterior Most Part
• Caudal part of H.E (4th arch)
2. MUSCLES
• Occipital myotomes
3. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• Local mesenchyme

8. • These three swellings extend from the
mandibular arch and later form the
anterior 2/3 of the tongue
• The third pharyngeal arch probably grows
over the second one so that in the end the
second one has no mesenchymal
contribution to tongue formation
• The muscles of the tongue arise in the
floor of the pharynx in the occipital somite
region opposite the origin of the
hypoglossal nerve

9. PAPILLA OF TONGUE
Develop at 2 to 5 months post
conception
At 11 weeks post conception
Develop later and are not
complete until after birth
Gustatory cells start to form as
early as the 7th week post
conception, but taste buds are
not recognizable until 13 to 15
weeks

10. PHARYNGEAL ARCH NERVE INNERVATION
1st – Trigeminal N.
2nd – Facial N.
3rd – Glossopharyngeal N. Occipital myotomes – Hypoglossal N.
4th – Vagus (SLN)
6th – Vagus (RLN)
Occipital myotomes
(except the palatoglossus)

12. Apex
Body

13. Submandibular
duct
Plica fimbriata

15. There are four principal types, named
• filiform
• fungiform
• foliate
• circumvallate papillae

16. Filiform papilla
• Filiform papillae are minute, conical
projections which cover most of the
presulcal dorsal area, and are arranged
in diagonal rows that extend
anterolaterally, parallel with the sulcus
terminalis, except at the lingual apex
where they are transverse.
• They appear to function to increase the
friction between the tongue and food,
and facilitate the movement of particles
by the tongue within the oral cavity.
• No taste buds

17. Fungiform Papilla
• Fungiform papillae occur mainly
on the lingual margin but also
irregularly on the dorsal surface.
• They differ from filiform papillae
because they are larger, rounded
and deep red in colour, this last
reflecting their thin, non-
keratinized epithelium and
highly vascular connective tissue
core.
• Each usually bears one or more
taste buds on its apical surface

18. Foliate Papilla
• Foliate papillae lie bilaterally at the sides of the
tongue near the sulcus terminalis,
• Each formed by a series of red, leaf-like
mucosal ridges, covered by a non-keratinized
epithelium.
• They bear numerous taste buds.

19. Circumvallate Papilla
• Circumvallate papillae are large
cylindrical structures, varying in
number from 8 to 12, which form a V-
shaped row immediately in front of
the sulcus terminalis on the dorsal
surface of the tongue.
• Each papilla, 1-2 mm in diameter, is
surrounded by a slight circular
mucosal elevation (vallum or wall)
which is separated from the papilla by
a circular sulcus.
• Numerous taste buds are scattered in
both walls of the sulcus, and small
serous glands (of von Ebner) open
into the sulcal base.

27. Extrinsic Muscle
Genioglossus (safety muscle of
tongue)
Origin: Superior genial tubercle (mandible)
above the origin of geniohyoid
Insertion: Fan shaped radiated fibers insert
into mucous membrane of the tongue.
Lowest fibres passing down to the hyoid
body
Action:
Protrusion (safety muscle)
Bilaterally –Central part depression
Unilaterally – Diverges to the opposite side

32. 1. Dorsal lingual arteries supply
posterior part
2. Deep lingual artery supplies the
anterior part
3. Sublingual artery supplies the
sublingual gland and floor of
the mouth

35. NERVE SUPPLY
Occipital myotomes
(except the palatoglossus)
Palatoglossus is supplied via the pharyngeal plexus

36. • Tip - drain to submental nodes
• Sides -submandibular nodes
• Central lymphatics - drain to inferior deep
cervical nodes of either side
• Posterior part - drains directly and
bilaterally to superior deep cervical nodes
• The deep cervical nodes usually involved:
jugulodigastric and jugulo-omohyoid nodes

37. There are 13 possible or probable chemical
receptors in the taste
cells, as follows:
• 2 sodium receptors, (Salt)
• 2 potassium receptors,
• 1 chloride receptor,
• 1 adenosine receptor,
• 1 inosine receptor,
• 2 sweet receptors,(Sweet)
• 2 bitter receptors,
• 1 glutamate receptor,(Umami)
• 1 hydrogen ion receptor.(Sour)

39. vagus

43. Reflex zones
• Chinese medicine and Greek medicine consider a link
with the tongue, through its sense of taste, connect
various regions, or zones, with the different internal
organs of the body.
• Reflex zones are used in the art of tongue diagnosis,

55. Fissured tongue
Fissured tongue, also
referred to as
"scrotal tongue" or
"plicated tongue," is a
developmental
condition of unknown
etiology affecting the
tongue's dorsal surface.
Etiology:
Developmental condition of unknown etiology affecting the
tongue's dorsal surface. It is found in approximately
5% of tbe general population but is also a characteristic
of Down's syndrome and Melkersson - Rosenthal
Syndrome.
Treatment :
Toothbrush and commercially available effervescent
mouthwashes or diluted hydrogen peroxide rinses^ will
improve oral hygiene and minimize the inflammation.

56. Lingual thyroid.
The thyroid gland originates as a
midline endothelial outgrowth, when
this migration fails, persistent
thyroid tissue may he found in the
tongue. It generally appears as a
firm,
midline mass in the region of the
foramen caecum
Etiology:
Failure of migration of persistent thyroid tissue may
be found in the tongue. It generally appears as a
firm, midline mass in the region of the foramen
caecum
Treatment:
Unless there are symptoms, no treatment is
necessary. However, if the mass is causing functional
impairment, partial or total excision and thyroid
hormone supplementation may be necessary.

57. Lymphangioma
Lymphangiomas commonly
arise
from a proliferation of
lymphatic vessels and appear
at
birth.
Treatment:
Unless the lesion is causing
functional problems, no treatment is necessary.

58. Hemangioma
two types:
• congenital hemangioma,
• vascular malformation
Treatment
Small lesions may require no treatment, but those
causing functional problems, or that are at risk of injury
and causing profuse bleeding, require surgical
management.

59. Median rhomboid glossitis
Located in the midline of the
posterior dorsum.
Clinically, the lesion is
characterized as a smooth or
granular, red, flat, slightly
elevated or lobulated area located
just anterior to the
foramen caecum
Etiology
It is considered by many authors to be either a primary,
localized form of candidiasis, or that Candida albicans is
a secondary invader.
Treatment:
When candidiasis is suspected,
it should be treated with one of the antifungal
agents