L'intervento di Fabrizio Pilo (DIEE, Università degli Studi di Cagliari) in occasione dell'evento "Vehicle-to-Grid: l'integrazione della mobilità elettrica nelle microreti" che si è tenuto il 24 ottobre 2019 a Cagliari.

1. Vehicle-to-Grid:
l’integrazione della mobilità elettrica nei sistemi elettrici
Prof. Fabrizio Pilo, Ph.D.
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica ed Elettronica
Università degli Studi di Cagliari
Vehicle-to-Grid:
l'integrazione della mobilità elettrica nelle microreti
24 ottobre 2019 - ore 9:00
Manifattura Tabacchi, piano primo sala 202
viale Regina Margherita 33 - Cagliari
INCONTRO
09:00 Registrazione partecipanti
09:30 Apertura lavori e introduzione alla mobilità in V2G
Mario Porru (DIEE, Università degli Studi di Cagliari)
09:45 Vehicle-to-Grid: l’integrazione della mobilità elettrica nei sistemi elettrici
Fabrizio Pilo (DIEE, Università degli Studi di Cagliari)
10:20 Car sharing elettrico aziendale e tecnologia V2G: il progetto pilota dell’IIT
Massimiliano Gatti (IIT, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia di Genova)
11:00 Coffee break
11:15 SUN2CAR: Sharing energetico per mobilità elettrica 100% rinnovabile
Matteo Atzori (Sun2Car)
11:30 Progetto Poseidon: microreti e mobilità elettrica in aree portuali
Alessandro Serpi (NEPSY)
11:45 Microrete di Macchiareddu: ottimizzare la gestione dell’energia con l’integrazione dei veicoli elettrici

2. • XX secolo caratterizzato da sistemi di
conversione energetica
• Sistema elettrico (circa 117 GW in
Italia)
• Converte energia chimica, nucleare,
potenziale gravitazionale in energia
elettrica
• Sistema trasporto leggero (circa 2.400
GW)
• Converte energia chimica dei combustibili
in energia meccanica
Introduzione
Cagliari , 07/10/2019
• XXI secolo caratterizzato
• Sistema elettrico
• Spostamento del settore elettrico
verso le rinnovabili
• Sistema trasporto leggero
• Automobile elettrica
• Convergenza per ragioni tecniche
ed economiche dei due settori

3. The Smart Grid
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9Polish Alternative Fuels Association | pspa.com.pl
Source: Authors’ compilation
emissions and
.
Global e-Sustainability Initiative, the smart grid technology
makes it possible to reduce CO emissions in the power
.
Base year
High:
15%CO reduction
Additional income = 0.8 t rillion USD
reliability

4. 10 Polish Alternative Fuels Association | pspa.com.pl
available to hybrid vehicles (Plug- in Hybrid Electric Vehicle;
Vehicle; .
ELECTRIC VEHICLE IN THE SMART GRID
as electricity storage devices
STORAGE
OF ELECTRICITY
FOR EV
Il veicoio elettrico nella smart grid
Cagliari , 07/10/2019

5. • FER (RES) in crescita continua
• Impulso alla mobilità elettrica
• FER impattano la stabilità del
sistema
• Adeguatezza e Sicurezza
• Problemi a mantenere il parco
tradizionale
• Veicoli elettrici sono una
sorgente di flessibilità
Fonti rinnovabili e transizione energetica
Cagliari , 07/10/2019
sione europea, in data 8 gennaio 2019, la proposta di Piano nazionale integrato per l'energia e il
er gli anni 2021-2030 .
abelle seguenti – tratte dalla Proposta di PNIEC - sono illustrati i principali obiettivi del PNIEC al
u rinnovabili, efficienza energetica ed emissioni di gas serra e le principali misure previste per il
imento degli obiettivi del Piano. Gli obiettivi risultano più ambiziosi di quelli delineati nella SEN 2017.
Fonte: PNIEC 2018
unicato stampa del MISE evidenzia che i principali obiettivi del PNIEC italiano sono:
percentuale di energia da FER nei Consumi Finali Lordi di energia pari al 30%, in linea con gli
ttivi previsti per il nostro Paese dalla UE;
quota di energia da FER nei Consumi Finali Lordi di energia nei trasporti del 21,6% a fronte del
% previsto dalla UE;

6. Penetrazione dei VE
Cagliari , 07/10/2019
• 1 Milione di VE nel 2018 in circolazione in
Europa
• Auto elettriche (+61%) e ibride (+38%),
• Meno dell’1% del totale circolante.
13PRELIMINARE PER DISCUSSIONE
Mobilità Elettrica Ipotesi di Scenario
Fonte
1Scenario SEN
Roma
Veicoli
Elettrici [mln]
Il livello di
penetrazione degli EV
nel mercato al 2030 è
stimato in 4 - 6,2
milioni
Il consumo di elettricità
dei veicoli elettrici
potrebbe variare tra 4 e
16 TWh
1,8 GW
TERNA
Sviluppo
4,2
TERNA
Base
1,6
Media
Ambros.
Lower,
Middle e
Upper
3,5
Media Ambros.
Accelerated,
ST DG
6,5
0,4
1,2
SEN
5
Il valore della potenza di picco stimata1,
per la sola mobilità elettrica nel
perimetro di Roma Città Metropolitana.
2,5 mln Ad uso
privato
33.000 Ad uso
pubblico
Infrastrutture di
ricarica 0,4 GW
2,2 GW
Ad uso
privato
Ad uso
pubblico
Scenari nazionali Scenari Locali
0,2
0,7
0,4
0,6
La crescente diffusione della mobilità elettrica genera impatti importanti sulle reti di distribuzione in termini di energia e picco di
potenza aggiuntivi rispetto alla previsione di domanda da utenze «classiche» al 2030
Gli scenari futuri richiedono ai distributori di definire nuove modalità di gestione della rete
per prevenire gli impatti previsti dallo sviluppo della mobilità elettrica

7. • Domanda globale da 6TWh a 1800 TWh
(2040)
• 30 Milioni = + 65 TWh
• 8,5 GW cicli combinati a gas naturale
• 5 GW di FV
• 3 GW di eolico
Impatto sul sistema elettrico
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14 Polish Alternative Fuels Association | pspa.com.pl
.
can also supply electricity needed by distribution systems
roads, will entail the growth in electricity demand by
. This raises concerns whether
the current electric power system will be able to cope with
the increased power demand
storage and system services.
Plan for the Development of Electromobnility in Poland. Energy for the Future.
POWER GRID
Energy
generation
Energy
demand
POWER GRID
Energy
generation
Energy
demand

8. • Ricarica Immediata – Anche nota
come Dumb Charging
• ToU Based Charging – Ricarica si
alloca in periodi in base a
specifiche tariffe giornaliere
• RTP – Based Charging – Ricarica
si modifica e si adatta in base al
prezzo dell’energia in real time
Politiche di ricarica
Cagliari , 07/10/2019
20
Figure 5.4: Daily arrival times at home and at work for countries without time shift (l) and
corresponding charging profile of Germany as example (r)
As driving patterns differ across the European countries, the determined charging profiles
are shifted according to their daily activity [11]. This results in a shifted participation in
travel that is modelled by a shift of charging profiles. Based on information from a time
use survey [11], countries were clustered in two groups, one including all countries with
similar activity patterns than in France and one with countries featuring activity patterns
being shifted by one hour forward compared to the French reference13
, cf. Table 5.1.
Table 5.1: Time shift of each country
No time shift Time shift of minus one hour
Belgium, Switzerland, Cyprus,
Denmark, Estonia, Spain,
France, Greece, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Malta, Norway,
Portugal, United Kingdom
Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria,
Germany, Czech Republic, Finland, Croatia,
Hungary, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro,
Republic of Macedonia, Netherlands, Poland,
Romania, Serbia, Sweden, Slovakia, Slovenia
For countries with similar daily activities as France, the charging profile remains the same
as the one generated from the data given in Figure 5.4. For other countries with a start of
activities approximately one hour ahead (e.g. Germany), the generated charging profile is
shifted forward by one hour.
5.4. TOU-BASED CHARGING
ToU-based charging is defined by the preferred charging during prior specified, static low
price periods given by so-called time-of-use-tariffs (ToU). In this study, ToU-periods are
determined based on the hourly marginal electricity costs in the base scenario for each
country. The base scenario is a scenario without any adaption of EV charging. For the
determination of the ToU-periods, seasonal as well as weekly effects are considered by the
differentiation of summer and winter as well as weekday and weekend day. First, the mean
value for every hour of a day for e.g. a weekday in summer is determined. Using the 50%-
quantile, twelve hours of the days are classified as low price and the remaining twelve
hours as high price periods. The resulting mean values for the marginal costs and the 50%-
13
Independent from this correction, the METIS model takes into account the different time zones.
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Arrival at Home Arrival at Work
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
BEV home BEV work
PHEV home PHEV workTesto
21
Figure 5.5: Mean values of one day for marginal cost in EUCO30 in 2030 scenario
Assuming that it is more desirable to charge EVs as early as possible and in a situation,
where the arrival time coincidences with a low price period, the EV is charged until the
daily charging hours are reached or a high price period begins. If the arrival time
coincidences with a high price period, the charging begins in the next low price period. In
Figure 5.6, the derivation of the charging profiles from the ToU-tariffs is illustrated for
France as example. An illustration of ToU-based charging patterns across all countries is
provided in the Annex, Section 9.2.2
Figure 5.6: Charging profile France for winter and summer in EUCO30 in 2030 scenario
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
DE FR Quantile DE Quantile FR
/MWh
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Friday Saturday
Winter Summer
hours 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
sum, wd 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
sum, we 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
win, wd 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
win, we 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
0 1Low price period High price period

9. FLEXIBILITY AND DECENTRALISED CONTROL
DUMB CHARGING
EV Set Number of EVs Tin Tout SOCin SOCout
1 41 (70% of tot Evs) 18:00 7:00
30% 100%
2 18 (30% of tot Evs) 17:00 23:00
Aalborg , 01/10/2019 Prof. Fabrizio Pilo

10. EV Set Number of EVs Tin Tout SOCin SOCout
1 41 (70% of tot EVs) 18:00 7:00 30% 100%
2 18 (30% of tot EVs) 17:00 23:00 30% 80%
FLEXIBILITY AND DECENTRALISED CONTROL
SMART CHARGING
EV Set Number of EVs Tin Tout SOCin SOCout
1 41 (70% of tot Evs) 18:00 7:00
30% 100%
2 18 (30% of tot Evs) 17:00 23:00
Aalborg , 01/10/2019 Prof. Fabrizio Pilo

11. EV Set Number of EVs Tin Tout SOCin SOCout
1 41 (70% of tot Evs) 18:00 7:00
30% 100%
2 18 (30% of tot Evs) 17:00 23:00
EV Set Number of EVs Tin Tout SOCin SOCout
1 41 (70% of tot EVs) 18:00 7:00 30% 100%
2 18 (30% of tot EVs) 17:00 23:00 30% 80%
EV Set Number of EVs Tin Tout SOCin SOCout
1 41 (70% of tot EVs) 18:00 7:00 30% 100%
2 18 (30% of tot EVs) 17:00 23:00 30% 100%
FLEXIBILITY AND DECENTRALISED CONTROL
FLEXIBLE DEMAND AND SMART CHARGING
Aalborg , 01/10/2019 Prof. Fabrizio Pilo

12. • Abilita scambi bidirezionali di
energia fra veicolo e rete
• Necessità di un convertitore
bidirezionale
• Stazioni che funzionano come
come interfaccia di potenza e di
comunicazione
• Veicoli sono fermi in un’area di
parcheggio per la maggior parte
del tempo (?)
Vehicle to grid – grid to vehicle
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15Polish Alternative Fuels Association | pspa.com.pl
LINES
LOWVOLTAGE
DISTRIBUTION LINES
DISTRIBUTED
RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES
HEADQUARTERS
GROUP CHARGING
STATIONS
EVS
IN GROUP CHARGING
STATIONS
SHOPPINGCENTRES,OFFICE
(communicationwithSystem
Operatorviacentralsystem
ofgroupchargingstation)
INDIVIDUAL CHARGINGSTATIONS
V2GCONCEPT
UTILITY
POWER PLANTS
EVS
LOWVOLTAGE
DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
between an electric vehicle and the
power grid.
generat ion.
as well as economic ones.

13. Le potenzialità per il sistema elettrico
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17Polish Alternative Fuels Association | pspa.com.pl
Integration of vehicle-to-grid in western Danish Power System
The electricity accumulated in the EVs’ batteries can,
sustain the supply in the local network and even
compensate the reactive power and higher harmonics or
control power in the system .
.
V2GPOTENTIAL
Source: Nissan.
GREATER
GRID
STABILITY
SELLING
ELECTRICITY
TOTHE GRID
POWER SUPPLY
Source: Authors’ compilation.
ent.
e system is an important problem to
solution is to be provided by the
ed capacity market mechanism.
17
potential as power storage.
Time
of day
s
33%EV About
the vehicle is parked
Possibility to provide
DSR services to utilise a battery that is
not being used

14. Servizi di sistema
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industrial and commercial clients. In addition to the lower
EVS POTENTIAL FOR DSR SERVICES PROVISION
COWI Consortium
EV
Household appliances
Others

15. Come si fa?
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24 Polish Alternative Fuels Association | pspa.com.pl
.
converter makes it possible to convert the
power stored in the batteries into AC power
management that can work both as a mobile power
CONVERTER FOR
THE V2G
T2
T4
T2
T3
T6
T5
CDC
LAC
LDC
Bidirectional
AC/ DC inverter
Bidirectional
DC/ DC inverter
CHALLENGES TOTHE DEVELOPMENT OF
V2GSYSTEMS
Source: Authors’ compilation.
OF GRID
TECHNOLOGY
SOCIAL BARRIERS
LEGISLATION
CHANGES
OF FINANCIAL
EFFICIENT AND
OF ENERGY SOURCES
AND NETWORK ASSETS
23Polish Alternative Fuels Association | pspa.com.pl
ELEMENTS OF THE V2GSYSTEM
generating units
possibilities to control and
(mainly wind and photo-voltaic
power consumption who are able to
a certain time (e.g. they can use the
electricity stored in the EV battery
during night time to power their
who can provide
regulation system
services
USED AS AN ENERGY RESOURCE
(DER – Distributed Energy Resources)
the grid operator
INTERNET
INTERNET
USER’S PROFILE
AND PREFERENCES
CONTROL PANEL
GPS
the grid operator
AGGREGATOR

16. Esempi di Applicazione – ENEL/NISSAN
Cagliari , 07/10/2019
Source: Auhors’ own compilation.
and Denmark, conducted a one-year- long study which
which is in line with plans t o develop and commercialise
.
Enel
in Denmark, UK and France
and France
in Denmark, UK and France
Nissan and Endesa sign a cooperation agreement during
COOPERATION BETWEEN NISSAN AND ENEL

17. Mitsubishi – New Motion
Cagliari , 07/10/2019
Source: Authors’ compilation based on press materials.
model (the bestselling model in the over by Shell
: world leader in the implementation
the grid and EVs
in the Netherlands
Creating a new
business model using
mobile energy storage
COOPERATION BETWEEN MITSUBISHI AND NEWMOTION

18. Honda / EVTEC
Cagliari , 07/10/2019
Source: Authors’ compilation based on press materials.
Honda: global automotive brand; author EVTEC : Austrian
COOPERATION BETWEEN HONDA AND EVTEC

19. AUDI AMPARD
Cagliari , 07/10/2019
Source: Authors’ compilation based on press materials.
: global automotive brand investing in electromobility
on the market
Smart Energy Network
COOPERATION BETWEEN AUDI AND AMPARD

20. Mercato e potenzialità
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35Polish Alternative Fuels Association | pspa.com.pl
assumptions:
Its shape will depend, among other things, on:
EV charging points
owners who have their
own chargers at home
EVs to the number
charging stations
participants
business models to a degree
that is impossible to predict
at the moment
35Polish Alternative Fuels Association | pspa.com.pl
In order to demonstrate the
assumptions:
Its shape will depend, among other things, on:
EV charging points
owners who have their
own chargers at home
EVs to the number
charging stations
participants
business models to a degree
that is impossible to predict
at the moment

21. Grid Motion
Cagliari , 07/10/2019
Parigi – studio 2019 ENEDIS
(CIRED 2019)
1 Milione di veicoli – 2.000 M€
di investimenti principamente
nella rete di distribuzione MT e
BT
25% può essere tagliato grazie
a politiche intelligenti di
ricarica

22. • Molti studi tendono a sostenere che il veicolo
elettrico può essere connesso senza problemi
• Sistema elettrico ampiamente
sovradimensionato ma …
• ….. non considerando la coincidenza della
domanda in alcune ore della giornata come con
VE
• Problemi locali nel Sistema di distribuzione
(tipicamente feeder con eccessiva caduta di
tensione)
• Problemi di Sistema (integrazione con
rinnovabili)
• Investimenti insostenibili
• Opportunità da gestione intelligente e grandi
vantaggi da V2G
Conclusioni
Cagliari , 07/10/2019