This document discusses logic and syllogisms using Venn diagrams to represent logical relationships between terms. It provides examples of statements and conclusions to determine if the conclusions follow logically from the statements. Several examples are given of statements involving terms like apples, papyas, gems, pens, balls etc. represented through Venn diagrams. The document outlines different types of logical conclusions that can be drawn and scenarios where conclusions are definite or possible.

1. CHAPTER 9
SYLLOGISM
Reasoning

2. These questions are totally based upon
the logic. If we solve these questions with the help of
Venn diagrams then we can get the conclusions easily.
Remember that these Venn diagrams are just a
medium to solve such questions.
A question can have lots of diagrams which
means we can draw several figures by a statement but
we have to draw the easiest figure first because it will
enable us to solve the question in minimum time. Like we
have many routes to go home but we always take the
shortest possible route.

3. • (i) All Apples are Papayas
• (ii) Some Apples are Papayas+ve
• (iii) No Apple is Papaya
• (iv) Some Apples are not Papayas
-ve

4. (I) All apples are papayas
Apples
papayas

5. (II) Some Apples are papayas
Apples papayas

6. (III) No Apple is papaya
This line shows the negative relation between subject
(Apple) & predicate (papaya) which means any part of Apple
can not be Papaya.
Apple papaya

7. (iv) Some Apples are not papayas
In the above figure shaded portion shows that those
apples are not papaya.
Apple papayas

8. We can also describe the above statements through some
more diagrams.
i.e.-
Like - All Apples are Papayas & Apples = Papayas
Where A = B its possible figure
Apples
papayas
Apples
papayas

9. Some Apples are Papayas
The possible figure are given below.
(I) (II)
(III) (IV) A = B
Apples
papayas
Apple
papayas
Apple
papayas
Apple
papayas

10. No A are B –
The possible figure are given below.
(I)
(II)
Apple papaya
Apple papaya

11. AppleApples
Some A Apples are not Papayas –
The possible figure are given below.
(I) (II)
(III) (IV)
Apples papayas
papayas
Apples
Apples
papayas
Apples
AppleApples papayas

12. The trend shows that basically there are two
kinds of conclusions. One requires definite case as a
conclusion and another requires case of possibility.
Definite Case-
(1) If only conclusion I follows.
(2) If only conclusion II follows.
(3) If either conclusion I or II follows.
(4) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
(5) If both conclusion I and II are follow.

13. Q.1. Statement : All gems are pens
All pens are balls
Conclusions : I. All gems are balls.
II. Some gems are balls.
Gems
Pens
Balls
Both conclusions follow

14. Q.2. Statement : Some Bats are Goats.
All Goats are Hats.
No Hat is Tap.
Conclusions : I. Some Bats are Hat.
II. No Goat is Tap
Bat
Goat
Hat Tap
Both conclusions follow

15. Q.3. Statement : Some Mats are Boats.
Some Boats are Grains.
All Grains are pebbles.
No pebble are tap.
Conclusions : I. Some Mats are Grains.
II. No pebbles are tap.
Boat
Grains Pebbles TapMat
Only Conclusion II follow

16. Q.4. Statement : All Goat are Hat
Some Hat are Bat
No Bat are Tap
Conclusions : I. Some Tap are Goat
II. No Tap are Goat
Bat
Goat
Hat
Tap
Only Either I or II follow

17. Bat
Goat
Hat
Tap
Bat
Goat
Hat
Tap
Bat
Goat
Hat
Tap
Some Tap are Goat No Tap is Goat

18. Case of possibilities.
In most of the questions the case of possibility is
applicable whenever we find the given conclusion as
neither definitely true nor definitely false. That conclusion
may be possibly true for given statements.

19. Statement : All A are B
Conclusions : I. Some A are B
II. No A are B
III. All B are A
A
B

20. A
B
AA B A
B
A B

21. Statement : Some A are B
Conclusions : I. Some B are A being a possibility.
II. No A are B being a possibility.
III. All B are A being a possibility.
A B A BAA B

22. Q.5. Statement : Some A are B.
No B are C.
All C are D.
Conclusions : I. Some A being D is a possibility.
II. All A being D is a possibility.
A B DC

23. II. All A being D is a possibility.
A
B
I. Some A being D is a possibility.
B
A B DC
A
D D

24. Ø Require same subject and predicate in two different conclusion
Ø Relation must not be clear (according to statement) between
subject & predicate.
Ø One conclusion must be positive and another must be
negative.
Ø Either condition will not be allowed between ‘All’ type ‘No’ type
sentence.
Ø Either conclusions can easily be identified if we focus
specially upon those objects which are same.
Ø Keep this thing in mind that if the relation between 2 objects
is not clear then we can not come to any conclusion and in
case the relation between 2 objects is clear then we can
directly come to the conclusion without any problem.
Ø Either case can be applied only in indirect relations where the
relations between subject and predicate is not determined.
For Complementary Conclusions…

26. Q.31-35.In each of the questions below, two/three statements are
given followed by conclusions/group of conclusions numbered I
and II. You have to assume all the statements to be true even if
they seem to be at variance from the commonly known facts and
then decide which of the given two conclusions logically follows
from : the information given in the statements.
Give answer (1) if only conclusion I follows
Give answer (2) if only conclusion II follows
Give answer (3) if either conclusion I or II follows
Give answer (4) if neither conclusion I nor II follows
Give answer (5) if both conclusions I and II follow

27. Q.31-32.Statements : Some squares are circles.
No circles is a triangle.
No line is a squares.
Q.31. Conclusions : I. No triangle is a squares.
II. No line is a circles.
Q.32. Conclusions : I. All squares can never be triangle.
II. Some line are circles.

28. Q.33-34.Statements : All songs are poems.
All poems are rhymes.
No rhymes is a paragraph.
Q.33. Conclusions : I. All rhymes are poems.
II. All songs are rhymes.
Q.34. Conclusions : I. No songs is a paragraph.
II. No poems is a paragraph.

29. Q.35. Statements : Some dews are drops.
All drops are stones.
Conclusions : I. At least some dews are stones.
II. At least some stones are drops.

30. Q.12-18.In each group of question below are two/three statements
followed by two conclusion numbered I and II. You have to take the
given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance
from commonly known facts and then decide which of the given
conclusions logically follows from the two/three statements
disregarding commonly known facts.
Give answer (1) If only I follows.
Give answer (2) If only II follows.
Give answer (3) If either I or II follows.
Give answer (4) If neither I nor II follows.
Give answer (5) If both I and II follows.

31. Q.12. Statements : Some exams are tests.
No exam is a question
Conclusions : I. No question is a test.
II. Some tests are definitely not exams.

32. Q.13-14.Statements : All forces are energies.
All energies are powers.
No Power is heat.
Q.13. Conclusions : I. Some forces are definitely not powers.
II. No heat is force.
Q.14. Conclusions : I. No energy is heat.
II. Some forces being heat is a possibility.

33. Q.15-16.Statements : No note is a coin.
Some coins are metals.
All plastics are notes.
Q.15. Conclusions : I. No coin is plastic.
II. All plastics being metals is a possibility.
Q.16. Conclusions : I. No metal is plastic.
II. All notes are plastics.

34. Q.17. Statements : Some symbols are figure.
All symbols are graphics.
No graphic is a picture.
Conclusions : I. Some graphics are figures.
II. No symbol is a picture.

35. Q.18. Statements : All vacancies are jobs.
Some jobs are occupations.
Conclusions : I. All vacancies are occupations.
II. All occupations being vacancies is possibility.

36. Q.6-10.In each question below are two/three statements followed
by two conclusions numbered I and II. You have to take the
two/three given statements to be true even if they seem to be at
variance from commonly known facts and then decide which of the
given conclusions logically follows from the given statements
disregarding commonly known facts. CWE PO 18&09&2011
Give answer (1) if only I follows
Give answer (2) if only II follows.
Give answer (3) if either I or II follows.
Give answer (4) if neither I nor II follows.
Give answer (5) if both I and II follow.

37. Q.6-7. Statements: All gliders are parachutes.
No parachute is an airplane.
All airplanes are helicopters.
Q.6. Conclusions: I. No glider is an airplane.
II. All gliders being helicopters is a possibility.
Q.7. Conclusions: I. No helicopter is a glider.
II. All parachutes being helicopters is a
possibility.

38. Q.8. Statements : Some mails are chats.
All updates are chats.
Conclusions : I. All mails being updates is a possibility.
II. No update is a mail.

39. Q.9 - 10. Statements: No stone is a metal.
Some metals are papers.
All papers are glass.
Q.9. Conclusions : I. All stones being glass is a possibility.
II. No stone is a paper.
Q.10. Conclusions : I. No glass is a metal.
II. At least some glass is metal.

40. Q.47-53.In each question below are three statements followed by
two conclusions numbered I and II. You have to take the three
given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance
from commonly known facts and then decide which of the given
conclusions logically follows from the three statements
disregarding commonly known facts. BOB 13-03-2011
Give answer (1) if only I follows.
Give answer (2) if only II follows.
Give answer (3) if either I or II follows.
Give answer (4) if neither I nor II follows.
Give answer (5) if both I and II follow.

41. Q.47-48.Statements : Some stars are moons.
All moons are planets.
No planet is universe.
Q.47 Conclusions : I. All moons being stars is a possibility.
II. No universe is star.
Q.48. Conclusions : I. At least some planets are stars.
II. No moon is universe.

42. Q.49-50.Statements : All sticks are plants.
All plants are insects.
All insects are amphibians.
Q.49. Conclusions : I. At least some amphibians are plants.
II. All sticks are insects.
Q.50. Conclusions : I. All amphibians are sticks.
II. All plants are amphibians.

43. Q.51-53.Statements : All apartments are huts.
No hut is a building.
All buildings are cottages.
Q.51. Conclusions : I. No cottage is an apartment.
II. Some cottages are apartments.
Q.52. Conclusions : I. No apartment is a cottage.
II. Some buildings being apartments is a
possibility.
Q.53. Conclusions : I. Some cottages being apartments is a
possibility.
II. No cottage is a hut.