Bibliogr

1. Running head: BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY REVIEW 1
Bibliography Entry Review
Sayed Nazari
California State University Monterey Bay
November 9, 2017

2. BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTERY REVIEW 2
Johnson, S. D., Aragon, S. R., Shaik, N., & Palma-Rivas, N. (2000). Comparative analysis of
learner satisfaction and learning outcomes in online and face-to-face learning
environments. Journal of interactive learning research, 11(1), 29. Retrieved from
file:///Users/sayed.nazari/Downloads/article_8371%20(1).pdf
The authors of this article are graduate students from University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign with motive to investigate and conduct a comparative analysis of online and face-to-
face learning from the learners’ perspectives. The purpose of this study was to find and elaborate
on the important and effective factors of online learning, and its impacts in compare to the
traditional learning system. The authors arguably clarified the misconceptions of online learning
by basing their arguments on different learning preferences, needs, and personal motivational
factors helping develop critical thinking skills in the graduate level.
The authors used the pre-existing researches done on graduate level, and the target
audience would be college level students for this research. The authors’ standpoint appears to be
discuss and elaborate on the positivity and flexibility of the online learning which is one of the
main source of promoting a diverse learning environment that everyone can be benefited from.
The authors also based their opinions and arguments on the ISD model, and the importance of
designing interactive online lessons. The findings in this study were based on ratings both, online
and traditional learnings received from learners that the rating of online learning was a bit lower
than the traditional even though it has been criticized from many perspectives. Thus, the students
provided positive feedback and were optimistic about both learning models.
This is one of the articles that talks about adult learners learning preferences, especially
online learning, and I like to cite it in my writing for its relevancy to my topic. It is a useful

3. BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTERY REVIEW 3
source because it discusses the similarities and differences of the traditional and online models of
learning. Thus, it will be a good source for writing a paper on learning strategies.
Macaro, E. (2006). Strategies for language learning and for language use: Revising the
theoretical framework. The Modern Language Journal, 90(3), 320-337. Retrieved from
http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3876831.pdf
Ernesto Macaro is a professor in the Department of Educational Studies at University of
Oxford. He has studied previous researches on strategies used in the second language learning
since 1970. The purpose of this article is to review strategy research based problems from a
theoretical standpoint in which strategies are differentiated from various standpoints. The author
tends to explore the strategies used either during learning a second language or using a language
as he supported his arguments by citing four well known and often cited books (Naiman,
Frohlich, Stern, & Todesco, 1978/1996; O'Malley & Chamot, 1990; Oxford, 1990; Wenden &
Rubin, 1987).
The author based his research and statement of purpose to use college students learning a
second language as the audience for this study. He discusses the two important aspects of
learning a second language, defining the strategy and using it in learning a second language. The
study was conducted on collage level students to review and use multiple strategies that can help
ESL learners in learning and using a second language. The author also discusses the relationship
between subconscious activity and learner strategy that how they shape and affect the learning
process by showing how the subconscious activity interacts with brain that changes learning
preferences, respectively.
This study recommends that is important to view strategies as an integral component of
learning process, rather than a component to speed up learning. The author further elaborates that

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learning does not come from learners’ frequently used strategies, but the strategies available to
them, their personal strategies that best fit their learning preferences, and intelligence. In the
conclusion, the author summarizes researches conducted in learning strategies, but still
theoretical criticisms have been persisted with some level of justification for almost over two
decades.
This article will support my research in many ways since it talks about multiple learning
strategies in the field of second language accusations focusing on adult learners. For instance,
using this article will help me integrate different types of strategies to various aspects of adult
learning to make language learning more successful. It, in addition, is a useful and well
researched article.
Oxford, R. L. (2002). Language learning strategies in a nutshell: Update and ESL
suggestions. Methodology in language teaching: An anthology of current practice, 124-
132. Retrieved from
https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/35730301/Methodology_in_Langua
ge_Teaching.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=151029
2606&Signature=5f3SWMgD5U0PZs0QLDu9XM%2Fxn94%3D&response-content-
disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DMethodology_in_Language_Teaching.pdf#page
=134
Methodology of Language Teaching was published by Cambridge University Press, and
later edited by Jack. C. Richardson and Willy A. Renandya. The purpose of this book is to
provide an overview the current teaching methodologies, issues, and practice in the (TESOL)
program for foreign nationals learning English. The book specifically provides an overview of
classroom practices and teaching approaches with the emphasis on the second language English

5. BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTERY REVIEW 5
learners. Further, it elaborates and provides some teaching strategies, and sources that can be
implemented as language teaching and learning materials in the classrooms.
The audience stated in this book were all foreign nationals learning English as their
second language currently enrolled in (TESOL) program, and as well as some previously done
researches, respectfully. The authors of the book also focused and referred to the history of the
language learning program with the emphasis on learners and teachers’ learning methods or
strategies in the pedagogical level.
The authors believed and have stated in this book that in order to have vibrant and active
language teaching classrooms, it is important to adopt to a content-based teaching approach
because such method creates a collaborative learning environment. From their standpoints,
providing project, and content-based learning materials will increase the level of participation
and collaboration regardless of learners and learning difference. Due to the nature of learning a
language, and the purpose of this book, the authors believe and suggest that project-based
learning or teaching is easier and more effective for teachers and language learners alike.
This book was written using an integrate approach to keep the relationship with other
aspects of the language. The rule and importance of interconnectivity in learning and teaching a
foreign language to natives and non-nates is obeyed, and will provide a clear understanding of
the topics, and sub-topics. The authors are impartial in viewing all skills necessary for learning a
language, and have given all four skills, reading writing listening and speaking equal importance
with some exceptions in language literature from a linguistics view.
As a result, the book offers some characteristics for effective teaching as summarized
below: for effective teaching, it is important that teacher should always preplan when creating
teaching activities because students are lesson oriented, and there are high expectations for their

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTERY REVIEW 6
learning. It is also important to provide activities or any sort of teaching materials with clear
instructions, and keep track of students’ progress. The authors further discussed the importance
of time management that how important it is to use the class time only for learning so that the
students have enough to time to obtain and process the information.
The instruction groups, and any other kind of learning activities should be formed on
need-based policy because it is important, and yet essential to provide students with information
that they need, and can absorb. In addition, the authors explained and emphasized on promoting
the concept of positive communication between teachers and students.
The reason I like this book or use it in my research is its rich content. The book talks
about a lot of learning strategies, and characteristics in the field of second language accusation.
My research topic is about the study strategies, and I see this book as a positive and effective fit
for my topic, and will be one of the best sources to be cited. I also like the way it talks about the
teaching and learning preference in the pedagogical setting, which is what the language learning
is about even though, if the learning takes place in the adult education system. Thus, this book
will help me and add up to my research topic to have useful product.
Wang, M. C., Haertel, G. D., & Walberg, H. J. (1990). What influences learning? A content
analysis of review literature. The Journal of Educational Research, 84(1), 30-43.
Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/40539680.pdf
The article is written by Margaret C. Wang, Geneva D. Haertel and Herbert J. Walberg
professors at the Temple University, California University, and Illinoi University in response to
the question what influences learning using a content analysis. The purpose of this study was to
comprehensive review of the cognitive and effective learning outcomes. Since the study is

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conducted to review the existing information about influential factors of learning, the audience is
not focused in this review, but a large number of books, articles, and some handouts.
The authors used various methods to collect data for review of literature, and based their
bias on finding what truly influences learning, by keeping the importance of metacognition,
classroom management, and other learning activities in the classroom setting. The authors’
interest in this study is to analyze the topic using review and research as they are to investigate
and identify the motivational factors driving learning. The findings of this article are the
importance of distinct influence that how essential it is, and the quality of schooling for learning
outcomes.
This is a well written article citing credible sources which support my topic because it
contains useful information. I liked the variables the authors used in their study, and that adds up
to the articles credibility and, and gives me a chance to study my topic from a different angle to
draw my conclusion using an integral approach.
Wang, M. C., Haertel, G. D., & Walberg, H. J. (1997). What Helps Students Learn? Spotlight on
Student Success. Retrieved from http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED461694.pdf
The authors of this article are professors at the University of Philadelphia discussing in
their study what helps students learn. The authors investigated and analyzed a number of
handbooks, articles, and previously done researches to base their findings on factors that help
students learn. In order for the authors to collect their data, they used the models of schooling
that influenced learning to find categories that promotes better learning. The audience for this
analytical study were school students to their classroom instruction, characteristics, and their
social contexts.

8. BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTERY REVIEW 8
From the authors’ standpoint, direct influence such as, spending more time with students,
has greater impact to influence learning. The main points the authors made and concluded with
were the learning environment and its impact on students learning in terms direct influences. I
liked this article because it is brief and talks about important influential factors that help provide
better learning experience, and also it will be a good source for my topic since it best fits my
topic, and focuses learning strategies.