Is your legacy application talking to a service that is never up and running on your shared testing environment? Does your company waste a lot of time and money on regression testing only to see that, yet again, someone has created a typo in the API? Enough is enough. Time to fix this problem using contract tests! In this presentation you’ll see how to migrate a legacy application to work with stubs of external applications. We’ll show different ways of increasing your test reliability by writing adding contract tests of your API. You’ll see the difference between producer and consumer driven contracts.

1. 1
© 2018 Pivotal
Contract Tests in the Enterprise
Marcin Grzejszczak, @mgrzejszczak

2. Unless otherwise indicated, these slides are © 2013-2017 Pivotal Software, Inc. and licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/
About me
Spring Cloud developer at Pivotal working mostly on
● Spring Cloud Sleuth
● Spring Cloud Contract
● Spring Cloud Pipelines
Connect with me
● Twitter: @mgrzejszczak
● Blog: http://toomuchcoding.com
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#frameworkless
#backtothebasics
3

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Just another day at work
4
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6OK2CgfysNQ/U86JhcS_OKI/AAAAAAAAurI/O5lNezASrwo/s1600/10373729_294545550713169_1314239177487458186_n.jpg

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How the code is currently organized
5

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How our CI system looks like
6
https://images.duckduckgo.com/iu/?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.findbestopensource.com%
2FAppImages%2FArticle%2Fjenkins-img1.jpg&f=1

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How the code is currently deployed
7
https://www.process.st/business-process-modeling/
15 HOURS OF E2E
TESTS PLACE HERE

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We’re agile & we care about quality
8
THE SPRINT (6 MONTHS)
5 MONTHSLAST MONTH

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Application Architecture
9
Legacy
service
Customer Rental
History service
Payment
processor
Mainframe
Audit service
Insurance
service
● Interservice calls are over http
● Legacy service that is hard to test due the dependencies it
has on other downstream services

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What’s our testing strategy?
10

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How the code is currently tested
11
https://www.ontestautomation.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/pyramid_inverted.png
MANUAL TESTING

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The testing pyramid...
12

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Unit Test
In computer programming, unit testing is a software testing method by which
individual units of source code, sets of one or more computer program
modules (...) are tested to determine whether they are fit for use.
13
Kolawa, Adam; Huizinga, Dorota (2007). Automated Defect Prevention: Best Practices in Software Management. Wiley-IEEE Computer Society Press. p. 75. ISBN 0-470-04212-5.

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Great! I’ll write unit tests only!
14

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Unit tests FTW!
15

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Integration Test
Integration testing (...) is the phase in software testing in which individual
software modules are combined and tested as a group. (...) Integration testing
takes as its input modules that have been unit tested, groups them in larger
aggregates, applies tests (...) and delivers as its output the integrated system
ready for system testing
16
Martyn A Ould & Charles Unwin (ed), Testing in Software Development, BCS (1986), p71.

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Ok I don’t need unit tests, I’ll write only
integration tests
17

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Integration tests FTW!
18

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19

20. Unless otherwise indicated, these slides are © 2013-2017 Pivotal Software, Inc. and licensed under a Creative Commons
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End to end Test
End-to-end testing involves ensuring that the integrated components of an
application function as expected. The entire application is tested in a real-world
scenario such as communicating with the database, network, hardware and other
applications.
20
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/7035/end-to-end-test

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End to end tests FTW!
21
https://www.process.st/business-process-modeling/
15 HOURS OF E2E
TESTS PLACE HERE

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End to end tests FTW!
22

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Speaking of End to End tests…
The Customer Rental History is unreliable
23

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Application Architecture
24
Legacy
service
Customer Rental
History service
Payment
processor
Mainframe
Audit service
Insurance
service

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Attribution-NonCommercial license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/
Testing Strategy - Hard Coded Object Stubs
25
Legacy
service
Customer Rental
History service
Payment
processor
Audit service
Insurance
service
Hard coded
Customer
Rental History
Service Stub Mainframe

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Problems with hard coding stubs
26
● 1225 line JSON response
● Hard to keep hard coded
stub in sync with the api
being stubbed
● Stub does not test that
requests are made
correctly to the remote
service

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Problems with hard coding stubs
27
Stubs that were used in the build phase have nothing to do with the real API!!
/foo
LEGACY APP
CUSTOMER
RENTAL
HISTORY
TEST
OK
/foo
LEGACY APP
CUSTOMER
RENTAL
HISTORY
REALITY
WAT?!
If /foo
respond
with OK

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How to create reliable stubs for services
we don’t control?
28

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Let’s proxy the calls!
29

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Generating Stubs From Proxy
30
Test that calls
Customer
Rental History
Service
Customer Rental
History Service
Payment
processor
Mainframe
PROXY
Record traffic and
dump stubs (e.g.
once per day)
Upload stubs for
other teams to use

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Stubs From Proxy
31
Given this
request
Send back
this
response

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Now that we have stubs,
how can we test the system?
32

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Testing Strategy - Generated Remote Stub
33
Legacy
service
Customer Rental
History Service
Payment
processor
Customer Rental
History Service Stub
from the proxy
Legacy service
integration test
Mainframe

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Outcome?
Fast feedback from quite reliable stubs
Less money spent on e2e
34

35. Unless otherwise indicated, these slides are © 2013-2017 Pivotal Software, Inc. and licensed under a Creative Commons
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OK, we’ve dealt with the app we don’t control.
How about those we do control?
35

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Hard Problems
● How can something be added to a service without breaking the clients?
● How can something be removed from a service without breaking the clients?
● How can a service developer find out how clients are using their service?
● How to enable short release cycles and continuous delivery of services?
36

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Service Evolution Patterns
● Tolerant Reader
○ Extract only what is needed, ignore unknown content
● Schema Versioning
○ Put Schema versions in the API url / headers (v1, v2)
● Extension Points
○ Additional, optional data structured in a predefined extension field
● Consumer-Driven Contracts
37
http://servicedesignpatterns.com/WebServiceEvolution

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Definitions
● Producer
○ service that exposes an API / sends a message
● Consumer
○ service that consumes the API of the producer /
listens to a message from the producer
● Contract
○ agreement between producer and consumer how the API /
message will look like
38

39. Unless otherwise indicated, these slides are © 2013-2017 Pivotal Software, Inc. and licensed under a Creative Commons
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Provider Contract
• The implementer of a service defines the interface of the
service everyone uses the same interface
39
Service
Client A
Client B

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Consumer Contract
● The consumer of a service defines their interface to the service within the
conventions / spirit of provider contract
40
Service
Client A
Client B

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Consumer Driven Contracts
41
Source: http://martinfowler.com/articles/consumerDrivenContracts.html

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Benefits of Consumer Driven Contracts
● Align service providers with the business goals of their consumer through the
consumer driven contracts
● Provide insights into how a service is being used by its consumers
● Make evolving services easier by reducing the amount of coordination
required to evolve interfaces
● Help in the configuration of continuous delivery pipelines
42

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How the code should be tested
43
UNIT TESTS
SERVICE, API,
CONTRACT
TESTS
E2E, UI
TESTS
MANUAL
TESTS
MANUAL TESTING

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Migrating to microservices...
44

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Problem?
Our monolith is the source of truth
We don’t know if we can change its API
45

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Monolith as source of truth
46
Legacy
service
Audit service
Insurance
service
Ledger
service
Payment
service
Invoice
service
Warehouse
service

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GET /user/GET /user/
Consumers create stubs (current approach)
47
Legacy
service
GET /user/Audit service
Insurance
service
Ledger
service
Payment
service
Invoice
service
Warehouse
service
GET /user/

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Problem?
Stubs on the consumer side not reliable
Time wasted on writing the same stubs
48

49. Unless otherwise indicated, these slides are © 2013-2017 Pivotal Software, Inc. and licensed under a Creative Commons
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Let’s write a Segfault Contract contract
testing framework!
#frameworkless
49

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We need to define a contract somehow
50

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Example of a contract
51
Given this
request
Send back
this
response

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We need to assert that contract is valid
We want to build reliable stubs
52

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Stubs
Generating Stubs & Tests (PRODUCER)
53
Legacy
service
Customer Rental
History Service
Payment
processor
Mainframe
Audit service
Insurance
service
Contract
Tests

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Generating Stubs & Tests (PRODUCER)
54
Generate reusable
stubs
Read
Run tests to verify
if contract is met
Run build
$ build project

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Contract Tests (PRODUCER)
55
Given this
request
Is the
response
correct ?
Send the
request

56. Unless otherwise indicated, these slides are © 2013-2017 Pivotal Software, Inc. and licensed under a Creative Commons
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Generated Stubs (PRODUCER)
56
Given this
request
Send back
this
response

57. Unless otherwise indicated, these slides are © 2013-2017 Pivotal Software, Inc. and licensed under a Creative Commons
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Monolith as source of truth (better approach)
57
GET
/user/
Legacy
service
POST
/user/
Audit service
Insurance
service
Ledger
service
Payment
service
Invoice
service
Warehouse
service
STUB
STORAGE

58. Unless otherwise indicated, these slides are © 2013-2017 Pivotal Software, Inc. and licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/
Reuse Stubs (CONSUMER)
58
Fetch stubs & run
stub servers
Consumer tests
Test
runner
Fetch stubs
STUB
STORAGE

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Outcome?
Fast feedback from reliable stubs (fail fast)
Less money spent on e2e
Less time wasted on duplicating stubs
59

60. Unless otherwise indicated, these slides are © 2013-2017 Pivotal Software, Inc. and licensed under a Creative Commons
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OK, what about new, shiny microservices?
60

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Nice API creation
● It’s the consumer that uses the API
● Consumers should take part in the creation of the API of the producer
● The producer’s API change should be driven by consumers
61

62. Unless otherwise indicated, these slides are © 2013-2017 Pivotal Software, Inc. and licensed under a Creative Commons
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Consumer Driven Contracts
62

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There is no producer code!
63
CONSUMER
REPO WITH
CONTRACTS
INTERACTION
I THINK I LIKE THIS API
EVEN THOUGH THE
PRODUCER DOESN’T
EVEN EXIST!
WHAT IF I
CALLED THE
API LIKE THIS...

64. Unless otherwise indicated, these slides are © 2013-2017 Pivotal Software, Inc. and licensed under a Creative Commons
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Store the stubs from contracts locally
64
CONSUMER
REPO WITH
CONTRACTS
INTERACTION
LOCAL STORAGE
WITH STUBS

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Play with the API offline
65
CONSUMER
REPO WITH
CONTRACTS
TESTS
LOCAL STORAGE
WITH STUBS
FROM

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File a PR
66
CONSUMER
REPO WITH
CONTRACTS
YUP, I LIKE IT!
TIME FOR A PR
PR

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Producer sets up a project
67
PRODUCER
REPO WITH
CONTRACTS
INTRACTION
OH, SOMEONE HAS
REQUESTED THAT
I HAVE SUCH API...

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Producer sets up a project
68
PRODUCER
REPO WITH
CONTRACTS
INTRACTION
THE TESTS ARE
FAILING… NO
WONDER, I HAVE
NO CODE :|

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Producer makes the generated tests pass
69
PRODUCER
REPO WITH
CONTRACTS
PR
OK, THE TESTS
ARE PASSING, LET
ME MERGE THE PR
TO MASTER

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CI server builds the producer code
70
PRODUCER
BUILD
UPLOAD
BINARY
UPLOAD
STUBS
STUB
STORAGE
BINARY
STORAGE
CI SYSTEM

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Consumer uses uploaded stubs
71
CONSUMER
LET ME USE THE
PRODUCER’S
STUBS FOR MY
TESTS
FETCHSTUBS
STUB
STORAGE

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Did you say, that ALL contracts
are stored in a single repo?
72

73. Unless otherwise indicated, these slides are © 2013-2017 Pivotal Software, Inc. and licensed under a Creative Commons
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73

74. Unless otherwise indicated, these slides are © 2013-2017 Pivotal Software, Inc. and licensed under a Creative Commons
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74

75. Unless otherwise indicated, these slides are © 2013-2017 Pivotal Software, Inc. and licensed under a Creative Commons
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75

76. Unless otherwise indicated, these slides are © 2013-2017 Pivotal Software, Inc. and licensed under a Creative Commons
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76

77. Unless otherwise indicated, these slides are © 2013-2017 Pivotal Software, Inc. and licensed under a Creative Commons
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What about messaging?
77

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78
CONSUMERPRODUCER
TEST
PRODUCER CONSUMER
REALITY
topic: bar topic: foo
topic: bartopic: foo

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Messaging
79
(PRODUCER) Do I
trigger the message?
(PRODUCER) Is it sent
to a proper destination?
(PRODUCER) Can I
serialize it properly?
(CONSUMER) Do I
listen at a proper
destination?
(CONSUMER) Can I
deserialize it properly?

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What about polyglot support?
80

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NodeJs app
81
https://github.com/marcingrzejszczak/sc-contract-car-rental
NodeJs
Some HTTP
service

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Doesn’t work
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Attribution-NonCommercial license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/
Polyglot
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Non JVM app
Send a request
Stub will respond
RUN
STUB
STORAGE

84. Unless otherwise indicated, these slides are © 2013-2017 Pivotal Software, Inc. and licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/
NodeJs works
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85. Unless otherwise indicated, these slides are © 2013-2017 Pivotal Software, Inc. and licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/
Can I generate tests for an app
in any language?
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86. Unless otherwise indicated, these slides are © 2013-2017 Pivotal Software, Inc. and licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/
Polyglot
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contract1.yml
GET
/user/
App
contract2.yml
POST
/user/
Contracts mounted
to generate tests
and stubs
Tests executed
from the container
against a running
app
RUN
STUB
STORAGE

87. Unless otherwise indicated, these slides are © 2013-2017 Pivotal Software, Inc. and licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/
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88. Unless otherwise indicated, these slides are © 2013-2017 Pivotal Software, Inc. and licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/
● The implemented framework: Spring Cloud Contract
● The stub server: WireMock
● Available DSLs: Groovy, YAML
● Supports:
○ messaging (Spring Cloud Stream, Spring Integration, Spring AMQP, whatever you want)
○ dynamic pieces
○ resolution of request from response
○ stateful stubs (stubs have memory)
○ you can store stubs in Git, Nexus / Artifactory, Pact Broker
● And much, much more…
● Read the docs: http://cloud.spring.io/spring-cloud-contract/
What have we managed to build?
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#frameworkless

89. Unless otherwise indicated, these slides are © 2013-2017 Pivotal Software, Inc. and licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/
Disclaimer Statement
89

90. mgrzejszczak