Angiosperm

2. Angiosperms
Dr. Prabuddha Gupta
B.Sc Microbiology
Semester: 1
Subject code:
02MB0103
Batch: 2020-2021
Unit: 1
Angiosperms

3. Angiosperms
Dr. Prabuddha Gupta

5. Summary
 Introduction
 Classification
 Life cycle
 Economic
Importance

6. Angiosperms: Plants
with “Enclosed Seeds”
• Plants produce flowers, fruits, and seed
• The ovules are enclosed in the ovary
• Greek, “Angion” = Container,
“Sperma” = Seed
• Largest and Diverse – 68 orders, 416
families, 13,164 genera, and 400,000
species....occupy 90% of all plant species
on planet earth

7. Angiosperm • The angiosperms are
vascular seed plants in
which the ovule (egg) is
fertilized and develops
into a seed in an
enclosed hollow ovary.
• Fruits are derived from
the maturing floral
organs of the
angiospermous plant
and are therefore
characteristic of
angiosperms.

8. Habitat • Terrestrial
• Aquatic
• Dry (Xerophytic)

9. Habitat
HERBS SHRUBS
CREEPERS TREES

10. Structure
Morphologically, angiosperms’ bodies are divided into two main systems:
1. Root System
2. Shoot System

12. Root system
Types of roots
• In flowering plants, there are two main types of roots, which include:
1. Tap roots
2. Fibrous roots

13. Roots system
• Tap Root
Taproots have a main central root upon which, small, lateral roots
called root hairs are attached. Mustard, carrot, beetroot, parsley, china
rose and all dicotyledons are examples of taproot systems.
• Fibrous Root
Fibrous roots, on the other hand, are bushy roots in which thin,
moderately branching roots grow from the stem. Rice, wheat, maize,
marigold, banana and all monocotyledons are some examples of the
fibrous root system.

14. Function of roots
• Anchoring: Roots are the reason plants remain attached to the ground. They
support the plant body, ensuring that it stands erect.
• Absorption: Primary function of the roots is to absorb water and dissolved
minerals from the soil. This is crucial as it helps in the process of photosynthesis.
• Storage: Plants prepare food and store in the form of starch in the leaves, shoots
and roots. Prominent examples include carrots, radish, beetroot, etc.
• Reproduction: In some plants, the roots are a means of reproduction. For
instance, new plants arise from creeping horizontal stems called runners (stolons)
in jasmine, grass, etc. This type of reproduction is called vegetative propagation.
• Ecological Function: They check soil erosion, provide sustenance and also habitat
to various organisms

15. Name the plants
with taproots.
The plants with taproots are
• Beetroot
• Carrot
• Parsley
• Dandelion
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA. This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND.

16. Mention some
edible roots
Some edible roots
include:
• Ginger
• Turnip
• Yam tubers
• Cassava tubers
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.

17. The shoot system
•The stem
•The leaves
•The flowers
•The fruits

18. The stem

19. The stem
A typical plant stem consists
of eight distinct parts,
containing six elements and
two organs.
The six elements are:
1) Nodes,
2) Internodes,
3) Terminal or apical bud,
4) Lateral or axillary bud,
5) Petiole
6) Pedicel.
While the two organs are:
7) Leaves
8) Flowers (fruits).

20. The leaf
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC.

21. The leaves
Each leaf typically has a
1. Leaf blade (lamina),
2. Stipules,
3. A midrib,
4. A margin.
Some leaves have a petiole,
which attaches the leaf to the
stem;
Leaves that do not have
petioles are directly attached to
the plant stem and are
called sessile leaves.

22. The flower

24. Parts of flower
• Peduncle: This is the stalk of the flower.
• Receptacle: It is that part of the flower to which the stalk is attached
to. It is small and found at the centre of the base of the flower.
• Sepals: These are the small, leaf-like parts growing at the base of the
petals. They form the outermost whorl of the flower. Collectively,
sepals are known as the calyx. The main function of the calyx and its
sepals is to protect the flower before it blossoms(in the bud stage).
• Petals: This layer lies just above the sepal layer. They are often bright
in colour as their main function is to attract pollinators such as
insects, butterflies etc to the flower. The petals are collectively known
as the corolla.

25. Parts of flower
• Stamens: These are the male parts of a
flower. Many stamens are collectively
known as the androecium. They are
structurally divided into two parts:
1. Filament: the part that is long and slender
and attached the anther to the flower.
2. Anthers: It is the head of the stamen and
is responsible for producing the pollen
which is transferred to the pistil or female
parts of the same or another flower to
bring about fertilization.

26. Parts of flower
• Pistil: This forms the female parts of a flower. A collection of pistils is called
the gynoecium.
• Style -is a long slender stalk that holds the stigma.
• Stigma– This is found at the tip of the style. It forms the head of the pistil.
The stigma contains a sticky substance whose job is to catch pollen grains
from different pollinators or those dispersed through the wind. They are
responsible to begin the process of fertilization.
• Ovary – They form the base of the pistil. The ovary holds the ovules.
• Ovules– These are the egg cells of a flower. They are contained in the
ovary. In the event of a favorable pollination where a compatible pollen
reaches the stigma and eventually reaches the ovary to fuse with the
ovules, this fertilized product forms the fruit and the ovules become the
seeds of the fruit.

27. S.No. Cymose Racemose
1. The main axis terminates in a flower and has
definite growth
The main axis continues to grow indefinitely
2. Peduncle shows sympodial or multipodial
growth
Peduncle shows a monopodial growth
3. The flower is present apically in basipetal
succession
The flowers are present laterally in acropetal succession
4. The arrangement of flowers is centrifugal The arrangement of flowers is centripetal
5. The grouping of flowers is more common The grouping of flowers is less common
6. The first formed flower is at the tip of
peduncle
The first formed flower is at the base of the peduncle
7. The number of flowers is definite The formation of flowers is indefinite or unrestricted
8. Flowers bloom at a long interval Flowers bloom at a short interval
9. Newly formed fruits are protected by flowers Newly formed fruits are not protected by flowers
Difference between Cymose and Racemose inflorescence

28. Angiosperm vs Gymnosperm