Science and Knowledge...

1. S E L M A N K A Y M A Z

2. STRATIFICATION
An Efficient Meritocracy or an Inefficient Old Boy’s Network?
• Scientists tend to form elite groupings.
Example; Nobel Lauretes
• The renaissance philosopher Francis Bacon;
science would level the differences among intellectual abilities
and allow science to be industrialized

4. • science as
essentially a
producer of
pieces of
knowledge
• scientific skills
and knowledge
contribute
directly to
technological
change

5. CONTRIBUTIONS TO PRODUCTIVITY
• Do prestigious university departments and independent laboratories select
researchers who are intrinsically more productive?
• Do employers with more prestige select scientists who intrinsically are going
to be more productive?
• How does prestige contribute to productivity? Facilities and networking
opportunities are typically better at prestigious locations.

6. Discrimination is treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favor of
or against, a person or thing based on the group, class, or category to which
that person or thing is perceived to belong to rather than on individual merit.
DISCRIMINATION
• The unfair treatment of a person based on his or her gender
especially against women.
• Discrimination on the basis of sex especially the oppression of
women by men.
• It is a common problem in India and its outcomes are disastrous
for country

7. CAUSE OF THE GENDER DISCRIMINATION
• Men dominating mentality
• Various social and religious belief
• Lack of strong protest by women
• Family Rituals
• Physical factor(Treating women as weaker gender)
• Work place discrimination
Articulated problems women faced in professional life, and made clear that
science was no different from other areas. At the same time, there began a
legal revolution that resulted in new rights for women, in both education and
employment. Resulting anti-discrimination laws and affirmative action
programs have been useful resources in women’s struggles to “get in” to the
worlds of professional science and engineering.
“WOMEN IN SCIENCE: WHY SO FEW?”

8. TYPES OF DISCRIMINATION
Based on realistic-conflict theory and social-identity theory, Rubin and
Hewstone have highlighted a distinction among three types of discrimination:
Realistic competition is driven by self-interest and is aimed at obtaining material
resources (e.g., food, territory, customers) for the in-group (e.g., favouring an
in-group in order to obtain more resources for its members, including the
self).
Social competition is driven by the need for self-esteem and is aimed at
achieving a positive social status for the in-group relative to comparable out-
groups (e.g., favouring an in-group in order to make it better than an out-
group).
Consensual discrimination is driven by the need for accuracy and reflects
stable and legitimate intergroup status hierarchies (e.g., favouring a high-
status in-group because it is high status).

9.  There are fewer women Science, Technology, Engineering and
Mathematics (STEM) fields...
 Women have made tremendous recent progress in the
sciences. However, they are still poorly represented in some
fields, and are more poorly represented the more elite the
grouping of scientists.

10.  Women were thus proportionately under-represented among
STEM graduates, at least compared with other fields.