UDP protocol

1. UDP: User Datagram Protocol [RFC 768]
 “no frills,” “bare bones”
Internet transport
protocol
 “best effort” service, UDP
segments may be:
 lost
 delivered out of order
to app
 connectionless:
 no handshaking between
UDP sender, receiver
 each UDP segment
handled independently
of others
Why is there a UDP?
 no connection
establishment (which can
add delay)
 simple: no connection state
at sender, receiver
 small segment header
 no congestion control: UDP
can blast away as fast as
desired

2. Datagram Format
 UDP packets, called user datagrams, have a
fixed-size header of 8 bytes.
User datagram format

3. UDP operation
 Connectionless
Services
UDP provides a
connectionless
service. This means
that each user
datagram sent by
UDP is an
independent
datagram.
 Flow and Error Control
UDP is a very simple,
unreliable transport
protocol. There is no
flow control and hence
no window mechanism.
3-3
• Encapsulation and Decapsulation
To send a message from one process to
another, the UDP protocol encapsulates
and decapsulates messages in an IP
datagram.

4. UDP: more
 often used for streaming
multimedia apps
 loss tolerant
 rate insensitive
 other UDP uses
 DNS
 SNMP
 reliable transfer over UDP:
add reliability at
application layer
 application-specific
error recovery!
source port # dest port #
32 bits
Application
data
(message)
UDP segment format
length checksum
Length, in
bytes of UDP
segment,
including
header

5. UDP checksum
Sender:
 treat segment contents
as sequence of 16-bit
integers
 checksum: addition (1’s
complement sum) of
segment contents
 sender puts checksum
value into UDP checksum
field
Receiver:
 compute checksum of
received segment
 check if computed checksum
equals checksum field value:
 NO - error detected
 YES - no error detected.
But maybe errors
nonetheless? More later
….
Goal: detect “errors” (e.g., flipped bits) in transmitted
segment

6. Internet Checksum Example
 Note: when adding numbers, a carryout from
the most significant bit needs to be added
to the result
 Example: add two 16-bit integers
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
wraparound
sum
checksum

7. Checksum calculation
 UDP uses 1’s complement for their
checksums. Suppose you have the following
8-bit bytes: 01010011, 01010100, 01110100.
What is the 1’s complement of the sum of
these 8-bit bytes?
 How does the receiver detect errors?

8. Use of UDP
 UDP is a suitable transport protocol for
multicasting.
 UDP is suitable for a process with internal
flow and error control mechanisms.
 UDP is suitable for a process that requires
simple request-response communication
with little concern for flow and error
control.
 UDP is used for management processes
such as SNMP.