Earthquakes occur where tectonic plates meet, called faults. California lies on one of the most active faults in the world, the San Andreas Fault. Methods for predicting earthquakes on these faults vary, none of them being 100% accurate. Predictions are generally given for a time frame instead of an exact date

1. Colloquium
(EL-380)
Early Prediction of Earthquakes
Presented By :
Saquib Ejaz
11LEB153
Supervised By:
Dr. Syed Javed Arif
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2. Contents
Background
What is Earthquake?
Can We predict Earthquake?
What is Earthquake Prediction?
Prediction Methods
Contemporary Areas
Conclusion
References
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3. Background
• Earthquakes occur where tectonic plates meet, called faults.
• California lies on one of the most active faults in the world,
the San Andreas Fault.
• Methods for predicting earthquakes on these faults vary, none
of them being 100% accurate.
• Predictions are generally given for a time frame instead of an
exact date
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4. What is Earthquake?
• Shaking of Earth
• Movement of rocks along a fault
• Sudden release of energy
• Creates seismic wave
• Measured using Seismometers
• Measured in Richter scale(for magnitude)
and by Mercalli scale (for intensity)
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5. Magnitude of an Earthquake
Magnitude
(in Richter Scale)
Damage
4 Widely felt and strong enough to break plaster.
5 A strong vibration shakes the earth , damaging
chimneys and weak buildings.
6 Strongly enough to badly damage average buildings
7 Strong enough to destroy well built structures
8 Even special earthquake-resistant buildings will be
badly damaged
9 Widespread destruction 5

6. Can we predict Earthquakes ?
• Scientists have tried lots of different ways of predicting
earthquakes, and some have been successful.
• The idea is good on where an earthquake is most likely to hit,
but they still can't tell exactly when it will happen.
• However, the probability of a future earthquake can be
calculated, based on scientific data.
"Recent advances ... make the routine prediction of
earthquakes seem practicable.”
--Stuart Crampin
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7. Earthquake Prediction
Location
Time
Magnitude
Probability of occurrence
Reliability
Accuracy
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8. What constitutes a valid prediction?
• Date and time
• Place of occurrence
• Magnitude
• Recorded in written form
• Confidence estimate (probability)
• Enough of the scientific basis for the
prediction that its validity can be evaluated
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9. Earthquake Prediction Methods
 Unusual animal behavior
 Water level in wells
 Changes in Vp /Vs
 Seismic Electric Signals(SES)
 Radon Emission
 Foreshocks or minor shocks before major earthquake
 Statistical Probability
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10. Animal behavior
In China, thousands frogs cross road near earthquake area.
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11. Animal behavior(Continued)
 Hibernating animals leaving their underground nests
 Animals refusing to go into pens
 Animals seeking higher ground
 Birds vacating the area
 Deep water fish come closer to the surface
In 1975 China successfully predicted the earthquake by
animal behavior
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12. Change in the water level of a well
We can drill wells in certain locations to
measure dramatic changes in water levels.
Large surface waves force particles of rock
near to the surface which changes water
levels in a well.
Water levels can be affected by any fault
creeps, crust tilts, or other seismic activity.
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13. Water levels (Continued)
• Unusual decrease of water levels were consistently
observed in 78% (= 42/54) of wells in the Choshuichi
Alluvial Fan of central Taiwan about 250 days before
the Chi-Chi earthquake (M = 7.6 on 20 September
1999)
• Possible factors of barometric pressure, earth tides,
precipitation as well as artificial pumping were
removed
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14. Changes in Vp/Vs
• Vp - the velocity of a seismic "P" (primary or pressure), Vs- the
velocity of the "S" (secondary or shear) wave.
• Small-scale laboratory experiments– ratio Vp /Vs – changes when
rock is near the point of fracturing.
• Blue Mountain Lake (New York) Earthquake (M 3) led to a
successful prediction in 1973 by this method.
• Not additional success- prediction was only a lucky fluke.
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15. Radon Emission
• Radon is continuously
produced in the rocks by the
decay of radioactive elements.
• If the rock is suddenly
fractured due to build up of
strain then the accumulated
radon will be released and
dissolved in the ground water.
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16. Radon Emission (Continued)
• Thus the sudden increase
in radon abundances in
streams, well and ground
water might be useful
method for predicting of
Earthquake.
• PROBLEM- We don’t have
enough information on
background level of radon
in streams , well etc.
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17. Seismic Electric Signals(SES)
• VAN method
• Can predict earthquake of magnitude > 5 within
100 km of the epicentral location and in a 2-hour
to 11-day time window.
• Measures the geoelectric potential differences
between electrodes stack into the ground at
desired distances
• Distinguish meaningful pre-seismic signals, if they
exist at all, from these noise.
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18. SES(Continued)
• Ma- Magnitude of earthquake predicted by VAN
• M- Magnitude of earthquake occurred
• ΔT- Number of days after the Earthquake occurred
• ΔM=Ma-M
(*Source- Reference 5th)
VAN Prediction Earthquake Occurred
Date Ma Date M ΔT ΔM
1987/2/26 6.5 1987/2/28 5.9 2 0.6
1988/5/15 5.3 1988/5/22 5.5 7 -0.2
1988/5/30 5.4 1988/6/6 5.0 7 0.4
1988/9/30 5.3 1988/10/16 6.0 16 -0.7
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19. Foreshocks before the major
Earthquake
 Foreshocks are the best known predictor.
 Foreshocks are observed sometime
before the main shock
 A Foreshock are smaller in magnitude
 This can be used as the warning
system to ensure safety
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20. Statistical Probability
Using the past
earthquake records ,
combined with
knowledge of the fault
movement the USGS
has come up with the
probability for the
earthquakes >6.7M in
San Francisco region .
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21. Largest Earthquake in the World
Chile 1960 May 22 19:11:14 UTC
Magnitude 9.5
More than 5700 died
Monetary cost ranged
from US$400 million to
800 million
(*Source- United States Geological Survey)
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22. Contemporary Areas
Health
 Earthquakes cause high mortality resulting from trauma, dust
inhalation (acute respiratory distress)
Burns and electroshocks are also observed
Safety
Earthquake-proof building codes
Earthquake alarming system
Public awareness on earthquake risks, public education and drills
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23. Conclusion
 So far, scientists haven't been able to find a signal for earthquakes - there is no
obvious sign to say that an earthquake is coming very soon. Vibrations can be
detected just before an earthquake occurs, but this doesn't give enough time for
people to escape.
 The processes that cause earthquakes mostly occur far below the Earth's surface.
There are many tectonic plates - sections of the Earth's crust that rub together and
cause earthquakes and their interactions are complex. This makes earthquakes very
hard to study.
 Scientists at USGS and other organisations are working hard to develop methods
which will predict earthquakes. Hopefully, scientists have progressed significantly in
recent years and may soon help save thousands of lives.
 Predicting earthquakes is not yet possible, none of them being 100% accurate.
 The more data we review and the more patterns we find the better the predictions.
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24. References
1) Neeti Bhargava, V. K. Katiyar, M. L. Sharma and P. Pradhan, “Earthquake Prediction through
Animal Behaviour: A Review,” Indian Journal of Biomechanics: Special Issue NCBM 2009,
pp.159-165.
2) Chieh-Hung Chen, Horng-Yuan Yen,Chung-Ho Wang, Yih-Hsiung Yeh, Jann-Yenq Liu, Yee-Ping
Chia, Chen Liu, Yetmen Wang and Wen-Tzong Liang, “Identification of earthquake signals
from groundwater level records using the HHT method,” Geophysical Journal International,
2010, pp.1231–1241.
3) http://n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_prediction
4) K.R.Felzer , R.E. Abercrombie,and G.Ekstrom, “A common origin for aftershocks , foreshocks,
and multiplets,” Bulletin pf Seismological Society of America , vol. 94 ,no. 1 ,pp. 88-98 ,Feb.
2004.
5) S.J. Lighthill, “A critical review of VAN – Earthquake prediction from seismic electrical
signals,” London , UK: World Scientific Publishing Co Pvt. Ltd. 1996
6) Y. Y. Kagan,” VAN earthquake predictions - an attempt at statistical evaluation”, Geophysical
research letters, VOL. 23, NO. 11, PAGES 1315-1318, MAY 27, 1996
7) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake
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