Soumettre la recherche
Mettre en ligne
week 16.ppt
•
Télécharger en tant que PPT, PDF
•
0 j'aime
•
4 vues
S
ShehzadKhan395177
Suivre
Educational slide
Lire moins
Lire la suite
Business
Affichage du diaporama
Signaler
Partager
Affichage du diaporama
Signaler
Partager
1 sur 28
Télécharger maintenant
Recommandé
M&OB - Individual Behavior
M&OB - Individual Behavior
learnito
Lesson 15 Basic Elements of Individual Behavior in Organization
Lesson 15 Basic Elements of Individual Behavior in Organization
DR. RHEA SANTILLAN
Week 3_Foundation of Individul Behavior in Organisation.pptx
Week 3_Foundation of Individul Behavior in Organisation.pptx
sabjeetlo
Organisation behaviour
Organisation behaviour
Poonam_Jindal
SOCIAL SYSTEMS AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE
SOCIAL SYSTEMS AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE
ace boado
Unit 1
Unit 1
prachimba
Nature of People and Nature of Organization
Nature of People and Nature of Organization
Jennifer De Julio
ORGB 300 midterm Group 2 - Drexel University Summer 2015-2016
ORGB 300 midterm Group 2 - Drexel University Summer 2015-2016
danoconnor525
Recommandé
M&OB - Individual Behavior
M&OB - Individual Behavior
learnito
Lesson 15 Basic Elements of Individual Behavior in Organization
Lesson 15 Basic Elements of Individual Behavior in Organization
DR. RHEA SANTILLAN
Week 3_Foundation of Individul Behavior in Organisation.pptx
Week 3_Foundation of Individul Behavior in Organisation.pptx
sabjeetlo
Organisation behaviour
Organisation behaviour
Poonam_Jindal
SOCIAL SYSTEMS AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE
SOCIAL SYSTEMS AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE
ace boado
Unit 1
Unit 1
prachimba
Nature of People and Nature of Organization
Nature of People and Nature of Organization
Jennifer De Julio
ORGB 300 midterm Group 2 - Drexel University Summer 2015-2016
ORGB 300 midterm Group 2 - Drexel University Summer 2015-2016
danoconnor525
Dynamics of OB- SBAA5102 - Unit 1 - PPT.ppt
Dynamics of OB- SBAA5102 - Unit 1 - PPT.ppt
GracyS2
Chap002 baby
Chap002 baby
Marivie Fagar
HBO NI FAGAR
HBO NI FAGAR
Marivie Fagar
Role of anthropology in Organisation behaviour
Role of anthropology in Organisation behaviour
Surabhi Jain
Foundation of Individual Behavior
Foundation of Individual Behavior
ed gbargaye
Topic 4 personality__attitutes
Topic 4 personality__attitutes
Sardar_Mohammad
Organization behavior
Organization behavior
Mamun Muztaba
Mba i ob u 2.3 personality and values
Mba i ob u 2.3 personality and values
Rai University
Organizational behavior
Organizational behavior
Nidhi_Jain11
Organizational behavior
Organizational behavior
Bhaskar Pevekar
Various aspects of organizational behavior
Various aspects of organizational behavior
ShrikantSharma86
Concept of Organizational Behaviour
Concept of Organizational Behaviour
Abin Bamrel
Socialization of new members (chapter 8)
Socialization of new members (chapter 8)
HelvieMason
Ob ppt-section-g-f-29-30-aug
Ob ppt-section-g-f-29-30-aug
Pooja Sakhla
Ob ppt section g & f 29 & 30 aug
Ob ppt section g & f 29 & 30 aug
Pooja Sakhla
Introduction to Organizational Behavior.pptx
Introduction to Organizational Behavior.pptx
AayushiBhawsar1
social groups
social groups
Peda Babu Vadiyala
tjneworg ethics in org.-210128100842.pdf
tjneworg ethics in org.-210128100842.pdf
NidhiBhatnagar19
tjneworg ethics in org.-210128100842.pdf
tjneworg ethics in org.-210128100842.pdf
NidhiBhatnagar19
Organization Culture and Ethics
Organization Culture and Ethics
Tribhuwan singh Rajpurohit , Department of Extension Education
The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf(CBTL), Business strategy case study
The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf(CBTL), Business strategy case study
Ethan lee
Creating Low-Code Loan Applications using the Trisotech Mortgage Feature Set
Creating Low-Code Loan Applications using the Trisotech Mortgage Feature Set
Denis Gagné
Contenu connexe
Similaire à week 16.ppt
Dynamics of OB- SBAA5102 - Unit 1 - PPT.ppt
Dynamics of OB- SBAA5102 - Unit 1 - PPT.ppt
GracyS2
Chap002 baby
Chap002 baby
Marivie Fagar
HBO NI FAGAR
HBO NI FAGAR
Marivie Fagar
Role of anthropology in Organisation behaviour
Role of anthropology in Organisation behaviour
Surabhi Jain
Foundation of Individual Behavior
Foundation of Individual Behavior
ed gbargaye
Topic 4 personality__attitutes
Topic 4 personality__attitutes
Sardar_Mohammad
Organization behavior
Organization behavior
Mamun Muztaba
Mba i ob u 2.3 personality and values
Mba i ob u 2.3 personality and values
Rai University
Organizational behavior
Organizational behavior
Nidhi_Jain11
Organizational behavior
Organizational behavior
Bhaskar Pevekar
Various aspects of organizational behavior
Various aspects of organizational behavior
ShrikantSharma86
Concept of Organizational Behaviour
Concept of Organizational Behaviour
Abin Bamrel
Socialization of new members (chapter 8)
Socialization of new members (chapter 8)
HelvieMason
Ob ppt-section-g-f-29-30-aug
Ob ppt-section-g-f-29-30-aug
Pooja Sakhla
Ob ppt section g & f 29 & 30 aug
Ob ppt section g & f 29 & 30 aug
Pooja Sakhla
Introduction to Organizational Behavior.pptx
Introduction to Organizational Behavior.pptx
AayushiBhawsar1
social groups
social groups
Peda Babu Vadiyala
tjneworg ethics in org.-210128100842.pdf
tjneworg ethics in org.-210128100842.pdf
NidhiBhatnagar19
tjneworg ethics in org.-210128100842.pdf
tjneworg ethics in org.-210128100842.pdf
NidhiBhatnagar19
Organization Culture and Ethics
Organization Culture and Ethics
Tribhuwan singh Rajpurohit , Department of Extension Education
Similaire à week 16.ppt
(20)
Dynamics of OB- SBAA5102 - Unit 1 - PPT.ppt
Dynamics of OB- SBAA5102 - Unit 1 - PPT.ppt
Chap002 baby
Chap002 baby
HBO NI FAGAR
HBO NI FAGAR
Role of anthropology in Organisation behaviour
Role of anthropology in Organisation behaviour
Foundation of Individual Behavior
Foundation of Individual Behavior
Topic 4 personality__attitutes
Topic 4 personality__attitutes
Organization behavior
Organization behavior
Mba i ob u 2.3 personality and values
Mba i ob u 2.3 personality and values
Organizational behavior
Organizational behavior
Organizational behavior
Organizational behavior
Various aspects of organizational behavior
Various aspects of organizational behavior
Concept of Organizational Behaviour
Concept of Organizational Behaviour
Socialization of new members (chapter 8)
Socialization of new members (chapter 8)
Ob ppt-section-g-f-29-30-aug
Ob ppt-section-g-f-29-30-aug
Ob ppt section g & f 29 & 30 aug
Ob ppt section g & f 29 & 30 aug
Introduction to Organizational Behavior.pptx
Introduction to Organizational Behavior.pptx
social groups
social groups
tjneworg ethics in org.-210128100842.pdf
tjneworg ethics in org.-210128100842.pdf
tjneworg ethics in org.-210128100842.pdf
tjneworg ethics in org.-210128100842.pdf
Organization Culture and Ethics
Organization Culture and Ethics
Dernier
The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf(CBTL), Business strategy case study
The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf(CBTL), Business strategy case study
Ethan lee
Creating Low-Code Loan Applications using the Trisotech Mortgage Feature Set
Creating Low-Code Loan Applications using the Trisotech Mortgage Feature Set
Denis Gagné
Best Basmati Rice Manufacturers in India
Best Basmati Rice Manufacturers in India
Shree Krishna Exports
HONOR Veterans Event Keynote by Michael Hawkins
HONOR Veterans Event Keynote by Michael Hawkins
Michael W. Hawkins
Call Girls Pune Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Pune Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Dipal Arora
Insurers' journeys to build a mastery in the IoT usage
Insurers' journeys to build a mastery in the IoT usage
Matteo Carbone
Unlocking the Secrets of Affiliate Marketing.pdf
Unlocking the Secrets of Affiliate Marketing.pdf
Online Income Engine
Regression analysis: Simple Linear Regression Multiple Linear Regression
Regression analysis: Simple Linear Regression Multiple Linear Regression
Ravindra Nath Shukla
It will be International Nurses' Day on 12 May
It will be International Nurses' Day on 12 May
NZSG
Pharma Works Profile of Karan Communications
Pharma Works Profile of Karan Communications
karancommunications
Grateful 7 speech thanking everyone that has helped.pdf
Grateful 7 speech thanking everyone that has helped.pdf
Paul Menig
Call Girls Navi Mumbai Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...
Call Girls Navi Mumbai Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...
Dipal Arora
Understanding the Pakistan Budgeting Process: Basics and Key Insights
Understanding the Pakistan Budgeting Process: Basics and Key Insights
seri bangash
Cash Payment 9602870969 Escort Service in Udaipur Call Girls
Cash Payment 9602870969 Escort Service in Udaipur Call Girls
Apsara Of India
Monte Carlo simulation : Simulation using MCSM
Monte Carlo simulation : Simulation using MCSM
Ravindra Nath Shukla
Ensure the security of your HCL environment by applying the Zero Trust princi...
Ensure the security of your HCL environment by applying the Zero Trust princi...
Roland Driesen
MONA 98765-12871 CALL GIRLS IN LUDHIANA LUDHIANA CALL GIRL
MONA 98765-12871 CALL GIRLS IN LUDHIANA LUDHIANA CALL GIRL
Seo
BEST ✨ Call Girls In Indirapuram Ghaziabad ✔️ 9871031762 ✔️ Escorts Service...
BEST ✨ Call Girls In Indirapuram Ghaziabad ✔️ 9871031762 ✔️ Escorts Service...
noida100girls
Boost the utilization of your HCL environment by reevaluating use cases and f...
Boost the utilization of your HCL environment by reevaluating use cases and f...
Roland Driesen
Lucknow 💋 Escorts in Lucknow - 450+ Call Girl Cash Payment 8923113531 Neha Th...
Lucknow 💋 Escorts in Lucknow - 450+ Call Girl Cash Payment 8923113531 Neha Th...
anilsa9823
Dernier
(20)
The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf(CBTL), Business strategy case study
The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf(CBTL), Business strategy case study
Creating Low-Code Loan Applications using the Trisotech Mortgage Feature Set
Creating Low-Code Loan Applications using the Trisotech Mortgage Feature Set
Best Basmati Rice Manufacturers in India
Best Basmati Rice Manufacturers in India
HONOR Veterans Event Keynote by Michael Hawkins
HONOR Veterans Event Keynote by Michael Hawkins
Call Girls Pune Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Pune Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Insurers' journeys to build a mastery in the IoT usage
Insurers' journeys to build a mastery in the IoT usage
Unlocking the Secrets of Affiliate Marketing.pdf
Unlocking the Secrets of Affiliate Marketing.pdf
Regression analysis: Simple Linear Regression Multiple Linear Regression
Regression analysis: Simple Linear Regression Multiple Linear Regression
It will be International Nurses' Day on 12 May
It will be International Nurses' Day on 12 May
Pharma Works Profile of Karan Communications
Pharma Works Profile of Karan Communications
Grateful 7 speech thanking everyone that has helped.pdf
Grateful 7 speech thanking everyone that has helped.pdf
Call Girls Navi Mumbai Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...
Call Girls Navi Mumbai Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...
Understanding the Pakistan Budgeting Process: Basics and Key Insights
Understanding the Pakistan Budgeting Process: Basics and Key Insights
Cash Payment 9602870969 Escort Service in Udaipur Call Girls
Cash Payment 9602870969 Escort Service in Udaipur Call Girls
Monte Carlo simulation : Simulation using MCSM
Monte Carlo simulation : Simulation using MCSM
Ensure the security of your HCL environment by applying the Zero Trust princi...
Ensure the security of your HCL environment by applying the Zero Trust princi...
MONA 98765-12871 CALL GIRLS IN LUDHIANA LUDHIANA CALL GIRL
MONA 98765-12871 CALL GIRLS IN LUDHIANA LUDHIANA CALL GIRL
BEST ✨ Call Girls In Indirapuram Ghaziabad ✔️ 9871031762 ✔️ Escorts Service...
BEST ✨ Call Girls In Indirapuram Ghaziabad ✔️ 9871031762 ✔️ Escorts Service...
Boost the utilization of your HCL environment by reevaluating use cases and f...
Boost the utilization of your HCL environment by reevaluating use cases and f...
Lucknow 💋 Escorts in Lucknow - 450+ Call Girl Cash Payment 8923113531 Neha Th...
Lucknow 💋 Escorts in Lucknow - 450+ Call Girl Cash Payment 8923113531 Neha Th...
week 16.ppt
1.
CHAPTER 21 • Basic Elements of
Individual Behavior in Organizations Introduction to Management Course Code :AMG-302 Mubashir Ahmad Assistant Professor Northern University Nowhera KP Week : 16 Lecture :16 Part :1
2.
Copyright © by
Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15–2 Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: – Explain the nature of the individual-organization relationship. – Define personality and describe personality attributes that affect behavior in organizations. – Discuss individual attitudes and how they affect behavior. – Describe basic perceptual processes and the role of attributions in organizations. – Discuss the causes and consequences of stress and describe how it can be managed. – Describe creativity and its role in organizations. – Explain how workplace behaviors can directly or indirectly influence organizational effectiveness.
3.
Copyright © by
Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15–3 Chapter Outline • Understanding Individuals in Organizations – The Psychological Contract – The Person-Job Fit – The Nature of Individual Differences • Personality and Individual Behavior – The “Big Five” Personality Traits – Other Personality Traits at Work • Attitudes and Individual Behavior – Work-related Attitudes – Affect and Mood in Organizations • Perceptions and Individual Behavior – Basic Perceptual Processes – Perception and Attribution • Stress and Individual Behavior – Causes and Consequences – Managing Stress • Creativity in Organizations – The Creative Individual – The Creative Process – Enhancing Creativity in Organizations • Types of Workplace Behavior – Performance Behaviors – Withdrawal Behaviors – Organizational Citizenship
4.
Copyright © by
Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15–4 Understanding Individuals in Organizations • The Psychological Contract – The overall set of expectations held by an individual with respect to what he or she will contribute to the organization and what the organization will provide in return. Contributions from the Individual • Effort • Ability • Loyalty • Skills • Time • Competencies Inducements from the Organization • Pay • Job security • Benefits • Career opportunities • Status • Promotion opportunities Figure 15.1
5.
Copyright © by
Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15–5 Understanding Individuals in Organizations (cont’d) • The Person-Job Fit – The extent to which the contributions made by the individual match the inducement offered by the organization. • Each employee has a specific set of needs to be fulfilled and a set of job-related behaviors to contribute. • The degree to which the organization can take advantage of those behaviors and, in turn, fulfill an employee’s needs will determine the level of person-job fit. – Reasons for poor person-job fit: • Organizational selection procedures are imperfect. • Both people and organizations change over time. • Adopting new technologies changes the skills needed by employees. • Each individual is unique and each job is unique.
6.
Copyright © by
Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15–6 Personality and Individual Behavior • Personality – The relatively stable set of psychological and behavioral attributes that distinguish one person from another. • The “Big Five” personality Traits – Agreeableness—a person’s ability to get along with others. – Conscientiousness—the number of goals on which a person focuses. – Negative emotionality—the extent to which a person is calm, resilient, and secure. – Extraversion—a person’s comfort level with relationships. – Openness—a person’s rigidity of beliefs and range of interests.
7.
Copyright © by
Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15–7 The “Big Five” Model of Personality Conscientiousness High conscientiousness Low conscientiousness Agreeableness High agreeableness Low agreeableness Extraversion More extraversion More introversion Negative Emotionality Less negative emotionality More negative emotionality Openness More openness Less openness Figure 15.2
8.
Copyright © by
Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15–8 Other Personality Traits at Work • Locus of Control – The extent to which people believe that their behavior has a real effect on what happens to them. • Internal locus of control—individuals who believe they are in control of their lives. • External locus of control—individuals believe that external forces dictate what happen to them. • Self-Efficacy – A person’s belief about his or her capabilities to perform a task. High self-efficacy individuals believe they can perform well while low self-efficacy individuals doubt their ability to perform.
9.
Copyright © by
Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15–9 Other Personality Traits at Work (cont’d) • Authoritarianism – The extent to which an individual believes that power and status differences are appropriate within hierarchical social organizations. • Machiavellianism – Behavior directed at gaining power and controlling the behavior of others. • Self-Esteem – The extent to which a person believes she/he is a worthwhile individual. • Risk Propensity – The degree to which an individual is willing to take chances and make risky decisions.
10.
Copyright © by
Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15–10 Attitudes and Individual Behavior • Attitudes – Complexes of beliefs and feelings that people have about specific ideas, situations, or other people. • The Three Components of Attitudes: – Affective component reflects the feelings and emotions an individual has toward a situation (i.e., how we feel). – Cognitive component is derived from perceived knowledge (i.e., why we feel the way we feel). – Intentional component is how a person expects to behave in a given situation (i.e., what we intend do about the situation). • Cognitive Dissonance – The conflict individuals experience among their own attitudes.
11.
Copyright © by
Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15–11 Work-Related Attitudes • Job Satisfaction or Dissatisfaction – An attitude that reflects the extent to which an individual is gratified or fulfilled by his or her work. • Job Satisfaction and Work Behaviors – Job satisfaction is influenced by personal, group, and organizational factors. – Satisfied employees are absent from work less often, make positive contributions, and stay with the organization. – Dissatisfied employees are absent from work more often, may experience stress which disrupts coworkers, and may be continually looking for another job. – High levels of job satisfaction do not necessarily lead to high job performance.
12.
Copyright © by
Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15–12 Work-Related Attitudes (cont’d) • Organizational Commitment – An attitude that reflects an individual’s identification with and attachment to an organization. • Organizational Commitment and Work Behaviors – Employee commitment strengthens with an individual’s age, years with the organization, sense of job security, and participation in decision making. – Committed employees have highly reliable habits, plan a longer tenure with the organization, and muster more effort in performance.
13.
Copyright © by
Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15–13 Affect and Mood in Organizations • Positive Affectivity – A tendency to be relatively upbeat and optimistic, have an overall sense of well-being, see things in a positive light, and seem to be in a good mood. • Negative Affectivity – A tendency to be generally downbeat and pessimistic, tend to see things in a negative way, and seem to be in a bad mood.
14.
Copyright © by
Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15–14 Perception and Individual Behavior • Perception – The set of processes by which an individual becomes aware of and interprets information. • Selective Perception – The process of screening out information that we are uncomfortable with or that contradicts our beliefs. – If selective perception causes someone to ignore important information it can become quite detrimental. • Stereotyping – The process of categorizing or labeling people on the basis of a single attribute (e.g., gender and race). – Stereotyping may cost the organization valuable talent, violate federal anti-bias laws, and is likely unethical.
15.
Copyright © by
Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15–15 Perceptual Processes Selective Perception Screening out information that causes discomfort or that contradicts our beliefs Stereotyping Categorizing or labeling on the basis of a single attribute + + + + + + + + + + + – – + + + + – + Figure 15.3
16.
Copyright © by
Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15–16 Perception and Perceptual Processes • Attribution – A mechanism through which we observe behavior and attribute a cause to it. • Ways in Which Attributions Are Formed: – Consensus • The extent to which other people in the same situation behave the same way. – Consistency • The extent to which the same person behaves the same way at different times. – Distinctiveness • The extent to which the same person behaves the same way in other situations.
17.
Copyright © by
Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15–17 Stress and Individual Behavior • Stress – A person’s response to a strong stimulus (i.e., a stressor). • General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) – The general cycle of the stress process. – Stage 1 Alarm • Panic, wondering how to cope, and a feeling of helplessness. – Stage 2 Resistance • Individual is actively resisting the effects of the stressor. – Stage 3 Exhaustion • Prolonged exposure to stress causes an individual to give up.
18.
Copyright © by
Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15–18 The General Adaptation Syndrome Normal level of resistance Response to stressful event Stage 1 Alarm Stage 2 Resistance Stage 3 Exhaustion Figure 15.4
19.
Copyright © by
Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15–19 Stress and Individual Behavior (cont’d) • Personality Types – Type A personality • Extremely competitive (aggressive), devoted to work, have a strong sense of time urgency (impatient). • Have a lot of drive and want to accomplish as much as possible as quickly as possible. – Type B personality • Less competitive, less devoted to work, have a weaker sense of time urgency. • Less likely to experience personal stress or to come into conflict with other people. • More likely to have a balanced, relaxed approach to life.
20.
Copyright © by
Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15–20 Causes and Consequences of Stress • Causes of Work Stress Interpersonal Demands • Group pressures • Leadership styles • Conflicting personalities Task Demands • Quick decisions • Critical decisions • Incomplete informa- tion for decisions Physical Demands • Temperature extremes • Poorly designed office • Threats to health Role Demands • Role ambiguity • Role conflict Organizational Stressors Figure 15.5
21.
Copyright © by
Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15–21 Causes and Consequences of Stress (cont’d) • Consequences of Stress – Negative personal consequences • Behavioral—smoking, alcoholism, overeating, drug abuse. • Psychological—sleep disturbances, depression, family problems. • Medical—heart disease, stroke, backaches, ulcers, skin conditions. – Negative work-related consequences • Poor quality work output and lower productivity. • Job dissatisfaction, low morale, and a lack of commitment. • Withdrawal through indifference and absenteeism. – Burnout • A feeling of exhaustion that may develop when someone experiences too much stress for an extended period of time.
22.
Copyright © by
Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15–22 Managing Stress • Stress Management Strategies for Individuals – Regular exercise • reduces tension and stress, and improves self-confidence and feelings of optimism. – Relaxation • allows individuals to adapt and better deal with their stress. – Time management • reduces stress by prioritizing activities to accomplish them in their order of importance. – Support Groups • away from work reduces stress.
23.
Copyright © by
Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15–23 Managing Stress (cont’d) • Stress Management Strategies for Organizations – Organizations are partly responsible for stress. – Organizations also bear the costs of stress-related claims. – Organizational wellness/stress management programs can be used to promote healthful employee activities and derive the benefits of increased organizational productivity.
24.
Copyright © by
Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15–24 Creativity in Organizations • Creativity – The ability of an individual to generate new ideas or to conceive of new perspectives in existing ideas. • The Creative Individual – Background experiences and creativity • Many creative individuals were reared in creative environments. – Personal traits and creativity • Creative persons have personal traits of openness, an attraction to complexity, high levels of energy, independence, autonomy, strong self-confidence, and a strong belief in their own creativity. – Cognitive abilities and creativity • Most creative people are highly intelligent. • They are both divergent and convergent thinkers, a skill they use to see differences and similarities in situations, phenomena, and events.
25.
Copyright © by
Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15–25 The Creative Process • Preparation – Formal education and training is used to “get up to speed.” – Experiences on the job provide additional knowledge and ideas. • Incubation – A period of less intense conscious concentration during which knowledge and ideas acquired, during preparation, mature and develop. – Incubation can be helped by pauses in rational thought.
26.
Copyright © by
Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15–26 The Creative Process (cont’d) • Insight – A spontaneous breakthrough in which the creative person achieves a new understanding of some problem or situation. – Patterns of thought coalesce into a new understanding. • Verification – Determines the validity or truthfulness of the insight. – Tests are conducted and prototypes are built to see if the insight leads to the expected results. • Enhancing Creativity in Organizations – Make creativity part of the organization’s culture. • Set goals for revenues from creative products and services. – Reward creativity; refrain from punishing creative failures. • Some ideas work out as expected, others don’t work out as intended.
27.
Copyright © by
Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15–27 Types of Workplace Behavior • Workplace Behavior – A pattern of action by the members of an organization that directly or indirectly influences organizational effectiveness. • Performance Behaviors – The total set of work-related behaviors an organization expects an individual to display. • Withdrawal Behaviors – Absenteeism occurs when an individual does not show up for work when expected for legitimate or feigned reasons. – Absenteeism may be a symptom of other work-related problems. – Turnover occurs when individuals quit their jobs for work- related or personal reasons.
28.
Copyright © by
Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15–28 Types of Workplace Behavior (cont’d) • Organizational Citizenship – The behavior of individuals that makes a positive overall contribution to the organization. – The determinants of organizational citizenship is a complex mosaic of individual, social, and organizational variables. • The personality, attitudes, and needs of the individual. • The social context, or work group, in which the individual works. • An organization (and its culture) capable of rewarding citizenship behaviors.
Télécharger maintenant