Presentation by Peter Morgan, Rhino Linings Australasia Managing Director on - what polyurethane is, the advantages of using it, including advice on how to select the right product for the required application for drinking water tank linings, industrial tank liners, thickener tanks, channel linings, ponds, dams and secondary containment applications. Prepared by Denis Baker, Rhino Linings Special Project Engineer

1. INTRODUCING
Rhino Linings
and its
Spray Applied Polymer Potentials
Presented by :
PETER MORGAN
General Manger

2. Introducing Rhino Linings
 Rhino Linings Australasia Pty is a part of a global company consisting of a network of
over 1600 Dealers and Approved Applicators operating in 65 countries around the
world.
 Since 1988 Rhino Linings has been providing superior spray applied solutions for
impact, abrasion, corrosion and containment problems
 Rhino Linings has manufacturing and technical support centres around the world.
Our ISO9001 testing laboratory in USA ensures we remain at the leading edge of
product development.
 Rhino Linings manufactures their chemical products and equipment requirements for
Australia and Asia from its facilities in Queensland, Australia.
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3. Introducing Rhino Linings
Rhino Linings has developed products specifically for drinking water tank
linings, industrial tank liners, thickener tanks, channel linings, ponds, dams and
secondary containment applications.
• Chemical resistant
• Potable water approved
• Wet area membrane approved
• Seamless
• Spray applied to any thickness in one application
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4. Major Projects
 RAAF Base Richmond – AVTUR Fuel Farm secondary containment. Rhino Tuff Stuff polyurethane
 Paspaley Pearls, Broome – Relining main sea water storage tank used for pearl cultivation. Rhino Tuff Stuff Polyurethane
 Imaluk Remote Community – Relining Potable Water storage tank due to drop-in liner failure. Rhino Tuff Stuff polyurethane
 Tiwi Islands Remote Community – Relining Potable Water storage tank due to drop-in liner failure. Rhino Tuff Stuff polyurethane
 Coliban Water, Bendigo - Open Water Channel Restoration, Rhino Tuff Stuff polyurethane coating
 Barwon Water, Otway Ranges – Open Water Channel Restoration, Rhino PP1195 Pure Polyurea
 Adelaide City Council - Open Water Channel Restoration, Rhino PP1195 Pure Polyurea coating
 LIHIR Gold Mine - LIHIR Island, PNG, Rhino MP1195 Modified Polyurea coating
 BHP Thickener Tank - Kalgoorlie, Rhino PP1195 Pure Polyurea coating
 Olympic Dam Mine - Slurry tank TK1000, Rhino PP1195 Pure Polyurea coating
 Moura Coal Mine - Panel Tank Rehabilitation, RhinoGuard hybrid polyurethane coating
 GVW Mooroopna - WWTP Inlet Works Rehabilitation, RhinoChem polyurethane coating
 Veolia Australia, Bendigo – Chemical bunds, RhinoChem polyurethane coating
 Dig It Australia, Perth – Cabin Floor sealing and Corrosion protection, Rhino Tuff Stuff polyurethane coating
 BARD Engineering Mining Water Truck - Corrosion and Impact Protection, Rhino Tuff Stuff polyurethane coating
 CAT and Komatsu Dump Trucks – Corrosion and Impact Protection Australia wide, Rhino Tuff Stuff polyurethane coating
 Orica Cyanide, Gladstone - Factory Floor Sealing, Rhino PP1195 Pure Polyurea coating
 Eastern Treatment Plant Odour Control, Carrum Downs, Vic - Sealing live water channels, Rhino PP1195 Pure Polyurea coating
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5. RAAF Base, Richmond
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AVTUR Fuel Farm – Secondary
Containment
Rhino TUFF STUFF polyurethane seamless
membrane was used in this application.

6. Sea Water Tank Lining
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Paspaley Pearls, Broome
Western Australia
The replacement of a failed liner with
Rhino Linings TUFF STUFF polyurethane,
potable water approved, seamless
membrane

7. Potable Drinking Water Tank
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Imaluk Remote Community,
Northern Territory.
The replacement of a failed liner with
Rhino Linings TUFF STUFF polyurethane,
potable water approved, seamless membrane.

8. Potable Drinking Water Tank
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The replacement of a failed liner with
Rhino Linings TUFF STUFF
polyurethane, potable water approved
seamless membrane.

9. Remote Water Transfer
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Coliban Water, Victoria
The repair and restitution of heritage listed
open water channels (both concrete and
dirt based) using Rhino TUFF STUFF and
RhinoGuard 2185 polyurethane, potable
water approved seamless membrane,
with and without Geotextile.

10. Remote Water Transfer
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Barwon Water, Victoria
The repair and restitution of a
950m long water channel
(both concrete and dirt based)
in the Otway Ranges,
Victoria, using Rhino PP2190
Pure Polyurea, potable water
approved seamless
membrane, with and without
Geotextile

11. LIHIR Gold Mine
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Lihir Gold Mine, Lihir Island
Pacific Ocean - North of Papua New Guinea.
Rhino Linings completed the supply and fit of Rhino
MP1195 Modified Polyurea to various structures.
The CCD required the coating of the rake arms and
support arm of the deflector cone, along with the inside
feed well, as shown in the photos. The CCD tank
operates at approximately 700C, with low pH, and is only
available for repairs on a complete shutdown. The rake
arms are coated to 3mm DFT, with 10mm DFT on the
bottom of the rakes. The deflector cone is coated with
3mm DFT of Rhino MP1195, while the support arms are
coated with 10mm DFT of Rhino MP1195.
This project was completed in late 2001/early 2002

12. Thickener Tank Surface Protection
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BHP Nickel Mine
BHP Billiton, Kalgoorlie, WA
This thickener tank is over 60 meters in
diameter. The aggressive chemicals
and abrasive materials in the nickel
slurry were eroding the base structure.
Rhino PP1195 Pure Polyurea was
applied at 5-6mm thick and significantly
improved :
•Slurry flow
•Slurry mixing
•Tank floor surface wear
•This coating can be easily repaired
without removing the total membrane

13. Slurry Tank Surface Protection
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TK1000 Slurry Tank
Olympic Dam, South Australia
This slurry steel tank has to cope with the
aggressive slurry’s associated with the recovery
of radio active material from this mine. Rhino
PP2190 Pure Polyurea, was selected as the
preferred coating for this application and was
applied at up to 25mm DFT. So far the steel
tank has remained protected at each shutdown
inspection.

14. Tank Repair and Relining
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Moura Coal Mine, Qld
Moura Coal Mine has 3 large
bolted panel tanks for water
storage. The internal liners on
all the tanks have failed and
corrosion had set in. The first
of the 3 tanks was inspected
to API653 and assessed as
recoverable. Corrosion on
sheet and bolts was removed,
bolts replaced, then blasted
and primed prior to the
application of RhinoGuard
2185 Hybrid Polyurethane.
This application late in 2012
saved the mine from having to
replace the complete tank.

15. WWTP Inlet Works
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Goulburn Valley Water, Mooroopna
WWTP Inlet Works Rehabilitation and Re-Lining
This WWTP Inlet Works had deteriorated badly. H2S gas
had attacked the concrete and after water pressure
cleaning & neutralising, revealed severely exposed
aggregate.
Rhino Linings Bendigo used a cementuous grout
specified by the WWTP Operator to rebuild the substrate,
then primed the substrate with RhinoPrime SP150 Primer
and sprayed 3mm of RhinoChem 2170 chemically
resistant Polyurethane to the rebuilt surfaces including
stainless steel “fences” at the base of the inlet.
This rehabilitation work was completed in 3 days and has
now been back in operation for over 12 months.

16. Chemical Storage Bund
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Veolia Water, Bendigo, Victoria
Bund - Aqueous Ammonia and Sodium Hypochlorite
Veolia is a major player in the Australian Water and Waste
Water treatment market. In 2009, they installed a new
Aqueous Ammonia storage tank and required a premium bund
membrane. RhinoChem 2170 chemical resistant Polyurethane
was selected and applied @ 3mm DFT and the tank facility has
now been in operation since 2009.
Because of the success of the Aqueous Ammonia bund, Rhino
Linings RhinoChem 2170 was also selected for the Sodium
Hypochlorite tank and bund system that was installed in mid
2011.
Both systems function daily and are easy to maintain and show
excellent resistance to chemical attack.

17. Mining - Heavy Machinery
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“We chose to install this (Rhino TUFF STUFF
Polyurethane) as our preferred flooring due to
the durability and hard wearing nature of the
product. The cab floors are easily cleaned and
unlike cabs where rubber flooring is used there
is no issues with smell and a build-up of dirt
under the rubber flooring where over time the
rubber swells and becomes a trip hazard for
operators.”
Aaron Banes
Product / Technical Support
Drill Rigs Australia

18. Mining – Heavy Machinery
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Bard Engineering, Queensland
Manufacturers of mine site refuelling tankers
Bard Engineering specified Rhino Linings TUFF
STUFF be applied to the under guards of these large
vehicles to protect against corrosion and chemical
attack.

19. Impact and Corrosion Protection
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Many Cat and Komatsu heavy vehicles have had their fuel and hydraulic tanks, plus under guard
areas protected by Rhino TUFF STUFF Polyurethane. This coating of about 4-5mm DFT gives
exceptional impact protection and total corrosion protection for these mine site vehicles.

20. Orica Factory Floor
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Orica Cyanide
Factory, Gladstone
This project was a
result of an urgent
requirement to
eliminate any
possibility of cyanide
waste products
leaching into the
factory subsoil.
The project involved
surface preparation of
6,500sqm of concrete,
expansion joints and
construction joints
followed by the
application of a 3mm
coating of Rhino
PP1195 Pure
Polyurea.

21. Eastern Treatment Plant
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Eastern Treatment Plant
Carrum Downs, Melbourne, Vic
This coating project involved the surface preparation and coating
of transfer tunnels and open channels prior to the fitting of odour
control sealing panels to the complete treatment works.
The project meant working on a live sewer and all the associated
difficulties required to blast, surface prep, prime and coat the
channel concrete above the low waterline with Rhino PP1195
Pure Polyurea

23. Polymer Potentials
Formulation of Pure Polyurea Linkage
O
ιι
R-N=C=O + R1NH2 = R-N-C-N-R1
ι ι
H H
Isocyanate Amine Urea
Formulation of Polyurethane Linkage
O
ιι
R-N=C=O + R1OH + catalyst = R-N-C-O-R1
ι
H
Isocyanate Alcohol Urethane
These coatings are sometimes referred to as “snap cure” and usually are two
component liquid coatings.
• Pure Polyurea (least effected by weather conditions during application)
• Hybrid Polyurea (Polyurea and Polyurethane)
• Polyurethane (most effected by weather conditions during application)
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24. Polymer Potentials
ADVANTAGES OF PURE POLYUREA
 Very fast cure 3 – 8 seconds (snap cure)
 Can be sprayed on a slope or vertical up to 6mm thick with no sags or runs
 Foot traffic can resume within 30 seconds on horizontal surfaces
WEATHER CONDITIONS CAN AFFECT APPLICATION
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Weather Variations
 High Humidity
 High Temperatures
 Low Temperatures
Little Effect on Adhesion
 High Humidity
 High Temperatures
 Low Temperatures
Polyurea is Relatively Insensitive
 Moisture
 Temperature

25. Polymer Potentials
Spray polyurea was first used in the Alaska Pipeline due to its weather
insensitivity during application (-290C)
Common Uses
 Concrete
 Earth and Dike to stop leaks
 Drinking Water Tanks (potable water certificate)
 Water Treatment Plants
• Incoming dirty water – outgoing drinking water
• Gas attack in sealed storage areas
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26. Polymer Potentials
PROOF OF SAFETY
Potable Water Certificate
AS/NZS 4020:2005 Testing of products for use in contact with drinking water. The following Rhino Linings products are approved:
Rhino TUFF STUFF Polyurethane
RhinoGuard 2185 Hybrid Polyurethane
Rhino PP1195 Pure Polyurea
Rhino PP2190 Pure Polyurea
Rhino MP2195 Hybrid Polyurea
Rhino Eco-Coat USA Certification
 Rhino Eco-Coat contains UV stabilizers and leafing aluminium pigment that forms a long term barrier against water
intrusion and offers a high reflectivity index.
 Best of all, the Rhino Eco-Coat is an aromatic polyurea and will undergo a slight gloss change when exposed to
UV light, it will not chalk, crack or degrade with normal service.
LEED Certified The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a third-party certification
program and the nationally accepted benchmark for the design, construction and operation of high
performance green buildings
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27. Polymer Potentials
COATING THICKNESS
 100% Solids
 Therefore no volatiles (VOC) to evaporate
 Dry film thickness usually .05mm – 6mm
THINNER FILMS ARE NOT AVAILABLE
 0.3mm
 Special guns (Gusmer GX-8, Glas-Craft LS)
 Flat tip instead of round tip
 Speed and distance
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LOW SPRAY (Thick Application)
PLURAL COMPONENT GUNS
LS Spray Gun

28. Polymer Potentials
FORMULATION CAN EFFECT
• Flexibility – soft or hard elastomers on cure
• Different colours
• Aromatic or Aliphatic
• Surface texture: Smooth or non-skid
• Adhesion
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29. Epoxy v’s Polyurea
EPOXY
• Long cure time (overnight)
• Solvents present (VOC usually)
• Not always 100% solids
• Dry film thickness (DFT) is less (thin)
• Requires multiple coats to build DFT
• Heavy application traps solvents
• Shrinks on cure
• Surface tension sensitive
• Moisture sensitive
• Less algae resistance
• Not UV resistant
• High odour
• Sprayed by conventional airless gun
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POLYUREA
• Short cure time (3-4 hours)
• No solvents present (No VOCs)
• 100% solids
• Dry film thickness heavier (thick 25 –
250mils)
• Single coating thick DFT possible
• No solvent entrapment
• Elastomeric properties reduce shrinkage
on cure.
• Much less surface tension sensitivity
• Much less moisture sensitive
• Better algae resistance
• Aliphatic is UV resistant
• Low odour
• Sprayed by plural component gun

30. Polymer Potentials
LESSONS LEARNED
• Polyurea must be applied onto a clean substrate
• Polyurea must have a good deep profile for adhesion
• If a clean substrate is not obtainable, a thin coat, .0250 - .0500mm of primer, usually
having an adhesion promoter in the formulation. Epoxy or Polyurethane are
preferred.
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31. Polymer Potentials
Shock absorption capability of spray polyurea coatings
• The Air Force did a comparative explosion test of a polyurea thick coating (6mm) and a wood
panel for barracks. With a detonated explosive at a 35ft distance from the test panels the
polyurea thick panel was intact and the wood panel was in splinters
• Flexible epoxy coatings start to show cavitation failure on a rudder in 6 months while a polyurea
coating has been demonstrated to last 2+ years when applied to a properly prepared substrate.
• Polyurethane manufacturers feel that on a well prepared substrate the material can withstand a
reasonable size detonation when applied at an appropriate thickness and properly prepared
substrate
• The thick polyurea coating will prevent the substrate from shattering or even penetration due to
the polyurea adhesion to substrate and its elongation (400% - 700%) capability
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32. Polyurea Potentials
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10-12mm (1/2 inch) thick polyurea build up took 10 minutes
EXAMPLE OF A THICK POLYUREA COATING

33. Polymer Potentials
In the USA, Navy is requesting polyurea coatings that meet most of the
major requirements of MIL-P-23236C.
This specification covers coatings systems for ship tanks and steel structures.
Major requirements of this specification include:
• Edge control from surface tension
• Uniform dry film thickness at all edge and faces
Spray polyurea coatings offer these additional advantages over current epoxies
• Minimise downtime (quicker coating application)
• Less sensitivity in application due to environmental conditions (moisture/temperature)
• Single step process is possible to obtain required thickness
• Improved adhesion due to elastomeric properties (shrinking vs. elongation)
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34. Polyurea Potentials
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US NAVY COLLECTION HOLDING TRANSFER TANK
This tank was coated with an approved epoxy to meet MIL-P-23236C. This was the result after 6
years, the epoxy has failed and flaked off the substrate. As a result MIL-P-23236C is now calling for
the use of Pure Polyurea in these type of application.

35. Polyurea Potentials
Polyurea coatings combine extreme application properties
 Rapid cure (even at low temperatures <0oc)
 Insensitivity to humidity
 Exceptional physical properties – high hardness, flexibility, tear strength, tensile
strength, chemical and water resistance
 Good weathering and abrasion resistance
 100% solids (no VOC – meets strictest regulations)
 Effective in area such as corrosion protection, containment, membranes, linings and
caulks.
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36. Polyurea Potentials
Why have polyurea coatings not been exploited in typical
epoxy coating applications?
 Spray polyurea technology has been developing over the last 20 years (equipment
development for two component snap cure materials).
 Previously polyurea materials were only used in reaction injection molding (RIM)
automotive applications.
 The Alaska pipeline that was done many years ago and Rhino truck bed linings have
enabled the markets for spray polyurea coatings and its application equipment to be
developed and commercialised.
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37. The Future
Rhino Linings offer superior solutions for the liquid containment industry
using spray applied Polyurethane and Polyurea proprietary
formulations, combined with innovative substrate preparations.
• Spray applied
• Seamless, can be applied to any thickness in one applications.
• Instant set – reduces downtime
• Superior flexibility to accommodate substrate movement
• Superior adhesion to a wide range of substrates
• Follows the shape of the substrate to be coatings
• Excellent abrasion resistance
• Excellent chemical resistances
• Can be applied at remote locations
• Easy to maintain, clean and recoat if required.
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38. Data Sheet - PP1195
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39. Data Sheet – Rhino TUFF STUFF
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40. Data Sheet – RhinoChem 2170
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