The document discusses child labour and juvenile delinquency. It defines child labour as work that is dangerous or harmful to a child's physical, mental or social development. It notes the various types of worst forms of child labour like slavery, trafficking, sexual exploitation and hazardous work. It also discusses constitutional provisions in India that prohibit child labour. On juvenile delinquency, it defines it as crime committed by those under 18 and discusses the types, causes and ways to prevent it through education, parent-child interaction and community programs.

1. Table of content
Child labour:
● Meaning of child labour
● Types of child labour
● Types of constitutional provision for child labour
● How can we remove this type of issue
Juvenile delinquency:
● Meaning of Juvenile delinquency
● Types of Juvenile delinquency
● Causes of Juvenile delinquency
● Prevention
● Media coverage on Juvenile delinquency
Conclusion

2. CHILD LABOUR
MEANING OF CHILD LABOUR:-
Child labour means employment of children of less than a legally specific
age. According to international labour organisation (ILO) child labour is
defined as "work that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous
and harmful to children or interface with the schooling by depriving them of
the opportunity to attend school with accessively long and heavy work."
Child labour and exploitation are the result of many factors including
poverty, social norms confining them, lack of decent work opportunities for
adults and adolescence, migration and emergencies. No child below the
age of 14 years shall be employed in work. Not all work done by children
should be classified as child labour that is to be targeted for elimination.
Weather or not particular forms of work can be called 'child labour' depends
on the child's age, the type and hours of work performed, the conditions
under which it is performed and the objectives pursued by individual
countries. India is sadly the home to the largest number of child labour in
the world. In urban areas there is a high employment of children in the zari
and embroidery industry. The increasing gap between rich and poor,
privatization of basic services and the neo liberal economic policies are
causing major sections of the population out of employment and without
basic needs. This adversely affects children more than any other group.
Entry of multinational corporations into industry without proper mechanism
to hold them accountable has led to use of child labour. Lack of quality
universal education has also contributed to the children dropping out of
school and entering the labor force. Ameshwar's concern is that the actual
number of child laborers goes undetected.
A growing phenomenon is using children as domestic workers in urban
areas. The conditions in which children work is completely unregulated and
they are often made to work without food, and very low wages, resembling
the situation of slavery. According to HAQ: centre for child rights, child

3. labour is highest among schedule tribes, Muslims, schedule caste and
OBC children.
TYPES OF CHILD LABOUR:-
The worst form of child labour are mentioned below that shows the variety
of types and its effect on children. Which are extremely difficult for them to
get out of these kind of works.
● Slavery or similar practices
Slavery is a condition in which one human being is owned by another. It is
worst form of child labour where a child slave is considered as property, a
chattel and deprived of most of the rights ordinary held by free persons. All
those slavery is technically illegal in all countries today but still the practice
continues in many locations around the world, primarily in Africa, Asia and
eastern Europe often with Government support. Slaves are held against
their well from the time of their capture, purchase, all birth and are not
allowed to leave or refused to work.
● Child trafficking
Child trafficking is a type of human trafficking. It is defined as recruitment,
transportation, transfer, harbouring or received in kidnapping a child for the
purpose of adoption, exploitation, forced labour or slavery. Child trafficking
is one form of modern day slavery. Are enslaved by this practice to provide
cheap labour, work in dangerous situations, do illegal activities as domestic
labourers, forced to smuggle drugs, be child Soldier, and prostitution just
name a few.
● Sexual exploitation
The sexual exploitation of children is mistreating, abusing and taking
advantage of someone for personal gain and profit, buy involving them in
prostitution or commercial sexual activity. Prostitution is exchange of sexual
activities for money. Children around the world girls and boys are exploited
sexually, used by adults for sexual performances or pornography. They
may be bought and sold into marriage, prostitution or slavery in both

4. developing and industrialized countries. This form of child labour has
serious shot and long term consequencies. Children are at high risk of
physical abuse, malnutrition and sexually transmitted diseases. It is
extremely difficult for children to get out of these situations.
● Debt bondage
It is forced labor where work is exchanged to pay off loans that people
cannot pay off with money or goods. For example a poor family mein hand
over their child to someone to pay off their debt, and that child will have to
work for years until the debt is cleared. Bonded labour is the hidden
phenomenon as a majority of them are found in the informal sector. Bonded
laborers in India are mostly migrant workers, which opens them up to more
exploitation. Also they mostly come from low cast groups such as the lips
or marginalized tribal exploitation. Debt bonded child labours are at very
high risk for physical and sexual abuse and neglect sometimes leading to
death. In 2000 the ilo estimated 5.5 million children had been forced in
labour in Asia. These children often are psychologically and mentally
disturbed and have not learnt many social skills or survival skills.
● Drug production and trafficking
Producing and trafficking drugs is an illicit activity that often involves
children. Trafficking is illegal trading- buying or selling. Children might do
this against their will or with the belief that this will give them status and
money. Children who produce traffic drugs are at great risk of abuse and
may also become addicted to drugs at a very young age. Children are also
involved in other crimes as defined in National laws such as stolen goods,
shoplifting, robbery, hijacking cars, theft and burglary. They may be forced
with threads and violence to take part in criminal activity or be under
pressure to find money for their survival and that of their family. Some
children get involved in crime through gangs or because they think this is a
way to obtain respect.
Street children, run away or children living in poverty are also used in
organized beggary. Children are sometimes even intentionally this figure to

5. attract more money from passers-by, and they may be beaten if they don't
manage to collect enough money.
● Hazardous work
Work which is likely to harm the health safety or morals of children is also a
worst form of child labour. This could be worked in a dangerous
environment, such as in a mine where children risk death or injury from
tunnel collapses, accidental explosion or Rock falls. In industry, the children
may be exposed to dangerous chemicals and substances, so burns and
serious injury are common. They may also be exposed to toxic substances
such as Mercury and lead, and can develop chronic health conditions such
as silicosis that is a respiratory disease in the lungs. Agriculture work also
presents great dangers, especially where children have to work with
dangerous tools at equipment which does not fit properly and does not
provide proper protection. Many types of work are physically harmful to
children especially when done for long periods of time. For example
children may have to set bent over in one position in small spaces which
can cause harm to their health.
TYPE OF CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS FOR CHILD
LABOUR:-
Different types of constitutional provisions by the Indian government are
discussed below. Our constitution provides for protection of children from
enforcement in economic activities and this is provided in fundamental
rights:-
Article 21A: Right to education
According to this article the state shall provide pre and compulsory
education to all children of the age of 6 to 14 years in such manner as the
state, by law, may determine.

6. Article 24: Prohibition of employment of children in factories etc.
No child below the age of 14 years shall be employed in work in any factory
or mine, engaged in any other hazardous employment.
Article 39: the state shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing
This states that the health and strength of workers, men and women, and
the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced
by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or
strength.
HOW CAN WE REMOVE THIS TYPE OF ISSUE ?
● Compulsory education
It has been observed that the overall condition of the education system can
be a powerful influence on the supply of "child labour". The concept of
compulsory education, where all school- aged children are required to
attend school, fights the poverty that full children out of school. Policies
relating to compulsory education not only for children to attend school, but
also contribute funds to the primary education system, state of Higher
Education.
An example of a country where compulsory education has worked to
reduce child labour is Sri Lanka. When we become aware of the ongoing
nature of child labour, we can further contribute to ending it by sharing this
knowledge with family and friends. This process need not be
confrontational, instead be can personalised the message by connecting
the issue of child labour to our personal values. We word also work to save
our children if they were forced into dangerous work situation at a young
age.
● Make ethical investments
Another method is for individual and institutional investors to assess the
ethical impact of their investments. Child labour persist because of the
proceed economic benefits to be gained from exploiting low wage children.
By cutting investment in these producers who exploited children investors

7. not only send a clear signal to opposition of human rights behind child
labour.
Investors can develop quantitative social responsibility metrics that survey
companies' employee safety records, average wages, and average age of
workers. Individual investors can also use a public data basis to ss a
company's human rights record and ensure that they invest in income
companies that meet their own ethical standards.
● Spread awareness
If parents and communities are aware and alert, disruption in children's
education can be prevented and many of them will not get punished into
child labour. Lack of understanding on the part of parents creates situation
where traffickers is prey upon children and many trafficked children and up
in child labour. Aware communities can comprehend and respond to
children's issues much more efficiently. Awareness also insurance that
community tab growth, education, employment, enterprise opportunities
and create a socially and economically developed society in which children
suffer much less. NGOs like save the children use community events,
sports, arts and creator to educate community about the importance of
child rights in India. they also create income resources, educational
resources and help communities access information services with an aim to
help children and their communities march ahead.
● More stringent laws and effective implementation
Policy making is essential to bring in long lasting social change and
advocating for better loss involves demonstrating how change can bring
considerable benefit. Driving policy level change requires relationships with
several stakeholders- media, lawmakers, citizens, fellow civil society
members and others. Many cases have been filled under the recent
protection of children against sexual offences act (2012) and immoral traffic
(prevention) act, which have successfully translated into increased
conviction with district and state level authorities for demonstrating how
legislating can curb child trafficking.

8. Juvenile Delinquency
MEANING:
Crime committed by children and adolescence under the age of 18 years is
called delinquency. The maximum age limit and also the meaning of
delinquency varies from country to country. But it is always below 18 years
of age which is statutory age delinquency.
Juvenile delinquency is defined by the pennsylvania Juvenile court act as
"a delinquent child is one who violated any laws of the common wealth
ordinance of the city, a child who by reasons of being wayward aur
habitually disobedient is uncontrolled by his parents, guardian, custodian or
legal representative, a child who is habitually truant from school or home
aur child who habitually so depots himself is to injury or endangered the
moral or health of himself or others".
Delinquency includes all shots of crimes committed by children. Starting
from the business and use of illegal drugs and homicide murders, it may
include various types of dangerous criminal offenses. It is socially
Unacceptable behavior committed by boys and girls below the age of 18
years. Instead of giving these delinquents punishment, they are kept in
Juvenile jail and correction homes where various corrective measures are
taken to change their behavior in the positive direction. Most of our needs
and motives, attitude and aspirations regarding food, dress, style of living
are determined by our cultural values and norms of the society. The
process of socialization puts a strong stamp mark on the behavior of an
individual in society.
TYPES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY:-
Juvenile delinquency exhibits a variety of styles of conduct or forms of
behavior. Howard Becker 1966 has referred to four types of delinquency.

9. 1. Individual delinquencies: this refers to Delhi inquency in which only
one individual is involved in committing a delinquent act and its cause
is located within the individual delinquent behavior come from
psychiatrists. There are humans that delinquency is caused by
psychological problems stemming primarily from defective/ faulty/
pathological family interaction patterns.
2. Group supported delinquency: in this type delinquencies are
committed in companionship with others and the cause is located not
in the personality of the individual or in the delinquent's family but in
the culture of the individual's home and neighborhood. The studies of
Thrasher and Shaw and McKay talk of this type of delinquency. The
main finding in understanding why the young became delinquent was
there association and companionship with others already delinquent.
3. Organized delinquency: this type refers to delinquencies that are
committed by formally organized groups. These delinquencies were
analyzed in the United States in the 1950s and the concept of
'delinquent subculture' was developed. This concept refers to the set
of values and norms that guide the behaviour of group members and
courage the commission of Delinquencies, award status on the basis
of such a acts and specify typical relationships of persons who fail
outside the grouping governed by group norms.
4. Situational delinquency: the situational delinquency provides a
different perspective. Here the assumption that delinquency is not
deeply rooted, and motives for delinquency and means for controlling
it are often relatively simple. A young man indulges without having a
deep commitment to delinquency because of less developed impulse
- control and because of vehicle reinforcement family restraints, and
because he has relatively little to loose even if caught.
CAUSES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY:-
There might be a lot of causes that make a person criminal, but they are
not born as criminals. The environment they are exposed to inside as well
as outside of their house, the behavior of family members or any other

10. closed persons mental and physical conditions of a person, play a most
important role in shaping anyone's life.
The reasons for Juvenile delinquency can be majorly classified into two
factors:
a) Social factors
● Poverty- poverty is one of the major causes of Juvenile delinquency
in India. Most of the Juvenile crimes are committed by children who
are from a poor family background. Parents in poor homes
sometimes have to work for long hours to earn bread so most of the
time children in such homes will be left unpaired. These children fall
under the influence of gangsters knowingly or unknowingly and they
develop a desire for money which would lead to delinquency.
● Bad Company - the peer group, the neighbors, and the companions
will have a major impact on the behavior of a child. If they are into
bad companionship, this might lead to committing crimes. If the child
joins a bad companionship or a group, it might lead to a change in the
attitude of the child and their are high chances of him becoming
delinquent.
b) Personal factors
● Mental instability- it has been observed by many studies that a lot of
Juvenile delinquents are mentally unstable. They might have been
suffering from a mental illness. As we all know, children who are
mentally handicapped cannot make a distinction between what is
right and what is wrong. Such children become vulnerable and are
often used by gangsters for criminal purposes.
● Emotional problems- such as jealousy and inferiority are common
among those who are delinquent when they feel that society is
against them, they are not treated in a proper manner, they are
denied their basic rights. This type of inferiority will result in Juvenile
delinquency.

11. PREVENTION:-
Prevention of Juvenile delinquency requires a lot of effort on the part of the
entire society. Only if the entire society contributes we can successfully
eradicate Juvenile delinquency. Prevention of Juvenile delinquency is
considered an essential part of crime prevention in our society. By
engaging young in socially and legally usual activities, we can create
awareness among young children as to what is right and what is wrong.
Some ways to prevent Juvenile delinquency are:-
● Education: educational and awareness programs such as programs
to parents on how to behave with the children, how dare behavior will
leave an impact on the children, how important is interaction with their
children should be conducted and children have to be properly
educated in schools about social behaviors.
● Parent-child interaction: programs should be conducted about
parenting skills and how the interactions should happen between
parents and children. Healthy discussions should take place between
parents and their children in order to educate the child properly
regarding the behavior issues. Programs on how to respond to their
child's behaviors should be conducted for the parents.
● Prevent bullying: cost of the time children become victims of pulling
near their neighborhood by the other pair groups or on the social
campus. This bowling might have an impact on the mental health of
the children. Sometimes children white old dresses and commit
offenses unknowingly.
● Recreation: recreation programs extend opportunities to the children
to connect with other children and adults. They might make a positive
friendship which might help them in future. These recreation
programs should be designed in such a way that they would fit the
personality and skills that the children have. Extra curricular activities
such as music, dance, sports, martial, arts, painting etc. Have to be
provided to the children to keep their minds refreshing and occupied.

12. MEDIA COVERAGE ON JUVENILE DELINQUENCY :-
Media influences delinquency: the UNICEF and its state of the world's
children report of 2017 while taking a 360 view of children's interplay with
media, apart from the questions of SS and opportunity to children of safe
engagement and learning vis a vis media, stresses the risk 2 which children
are vulnerable when engaging with media in the digital environment of
modern Times. The report classifies race into the broad categories of
content risks, contact risks and conduct risks involving a child as a
resident, as a participant or as a victim. Content risk are those risks
emanating from a situation where a child is exposed to unwell come and
inappropriate content such as sexual, pornographic and violent images,
some forms of advertising and the advocation of unhealthy dangerous
behaviours such as self-harm or suicide. In fact, in recent years and online
gaming program called Blue Whale was banned in India. Precisely because
it's content encouraged suicidal behaviours. Children cannot discriminate
between reality and fantasy. They like adult reasoning abilities and map
received TV shows as being realistic and shape their behavior accordingly.
Innovative use of media in Juvenile justice process: technology cal
developments have placed in the hands of human beings tools that have
made old methods obsolete and difficult task similar than ever. The same is
being seen increasingly in terms of the innovative use of digital and social
media in dispensation of cases, technology has permitted even the merits
of a case in terms of evidence and establishment of necessary facts
particularly in cases involving juveniles.
CONCLUSION:-
The above discussion concludes that Dell incluency is an enormous
problem in the society. Juvenile delinquency is caused by a number of
factors that include peer influence, influenced by the family of the juvenile,
race and other related factors like low self-esteem and trauma.

13. The effects of Juvenile delinquency are for reaching and they therefore
affect the community, victims of the delinquent, the society as a whole, and
even the delinquents themselves. It is therefore vital that this issue is
addressed with a view of reducing the rates of offense and re- offense.
A number of interventions can be used to prevent and reduce train kaun si
and recidivism. These interventions can be implemented in the family level
interventions, at school, or even in correctional facilities. School and family
interventions are mainly aimed at preventing recidivism, while the
interventions implemented at correctional facilities are aimed at reducing
recidivism. It is the sweater that these interventions are taken seriously in
order to reduce the number of delinquents in the society. This will in turn
reduce the number of delinquency victims, the number of affected families
and the amount of resources that the government will spend on law
enforcement and correctional services. This will therefore lead to a better
society.