4. Wool is the textile fiber obtained from sheep and certain
other animals including cashmere from goats, mohair from
goats, qiviut from muskoxen, vicuña, alpaca, camel from
animals in the camel family, and angora from rabbits.
Wool has several qualities that distinguish it from hair or
fur: it is crimped, it is elastic, and it grows in staples (clusters).
In the U.S. the term wool is usually restricted to describing the
fibrous protein derived from the specialized skin cells
called follicles in sheep, although in the U.K. it may be used
of any long curling fiber such as wood wool, wire wool etc.
8. BACKGROUND
The history of silk production in china dates back to more than 5,000
years by today, silk moths are commercially for their cocoons in
China, Japan, India and Europe. hobbyists all over the world practice
sericulture, or silkworm rearing, as well. Different species of silk
moths produce threads with different characteristics of color and
texture. according to the silk road foundation, some species such as
the Chinese silkworm, mori, are entirely domesticated and no longer
found in the wild.
Silk moths. the life cycle of the silk moth has several stages from egg
to adult moth over a period of about six to eight weeks. the egg
hatches into a caterpillar that sheds its skin several times before
enclosing itself in a cocoon made of silk filament. inside the cocoon,
it transforms from caterpillar to moth, a process known as
metamorphosis
9. LARVAE
Silkworms pass through five stages during the larval phase of their lives.
These stages are called "instars." The newly hatched larvae are silkworm
caterpillars in the first instar. They are very tiny. The Japanese call them
"kego," which means "hairy baby." They can be fed either commercially
prepared food or fresh leaves. Bombyx mori eat the leaves of mulberry
trees. As they grow and change, silkworms need to shed their outer skin
every few days. This process is called ecdysis.
With each instar, they are larger and more voracious. The caterpillars
reach the fifth instar about five weeks after hatching. During this last
instar, they are no longer eating to grow but instead producing the
proteins for making silk. The protein accumulates in the larva's thorax
10. PUPAE
Finally, the larva begins to spin a cocoon around itself. The
cocoon will be about one inch long. The silk thread is wound
in one continuous line about 3,000 feet long when
it is later unwound from the cocoon. The silk moth changes
from caterpillar to moth in about two weeks. If allowed to
hatch out of the cocoon, the continuous thread will be
destroyed. Commercial sericulture involves killing the pupae
inside by baking the cocoons.
11. What is silk?
Silk is a natural produce of the larvae of insects such as moths, bees and
butterflies. It is also the product of web spinners such as Arachnidan (
Spiders). But it is only the natural silk produced by the species Bombyx
Mori, a mulberry silk worm which is the larval stage of the moth is
suited for making silk fabric of good quality. This is because the silk
fibre secreted by this silk worm has a triangular cross section giving it a
prismatic structure that reflects light much better than the rounded
filaments of other silk producing worms. It is these mulberry silk worms
that are reared in sericulture. Although silk producers have tried to
produce silk fabric from other wild silks such as bees, spiders and other
moths, nothing comes close to the quality of Bombyx Mori. It remains
the one and the original silk moth.
12.
13.
14.
15. COUNTRY Production ( 1000 kg)
Peoples Republic of China 290,003
India 77000
Uzbekistan 17000
Brazil 11000
Iran 6000
Thailand 5000
Vietnam 3000
Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea 1500
Romania 1000
Japan 600
16.
17.
18.
19. History
Nylon is the first synthetic fiber manufactured by
man. Nylon is known for its high strength,
elasticity, and resistance to oil and grease. Nylon
threads are used to produce fabrics, fishing lines
and surgical threads. The first production of nylon
was in the late 1930s by the DuPont Co. using
chemicals extracted from coal, water, petroleum,
natural gas and agricultural byproducts. The process
of making nylon thread consists of two stages
called chemical combination (polymerization) and
the manufacturing process (open polymerization).
20. Chemical Process-Polymerization
Stage one in nylon thread production is the chemical process
called polymerization. In this stage, nylon-producing
chemicals are combined and heated at extremely high
temperatures. This heating process removes water and induces
polymerization when the small molecules combine to form
large molecules. A molten nylon substance is formed and
ready to move to the manufacturing process.
21. WHAT ARE THE USES OF NYLON?
Nylon is a high strength fibre. It is used for making fishing nets,
ropes, parachutes and type cords.
It is used for making fabrics in textile industry.
Crinkled nylon fibres are used for making elastic hosiery.
It is used for making fabrics in textile industry.
It is blended with wool to increase the strength.
24. Polyester is a category of polymers which
contain the ester function group in their main
chain. Although there are many polyesters' the
term ‘polyester’ as a specific material not
commonly refers to polyethylene
terephthalate. Polyester include naturally
occurring chemically such as in the cutin of
plant cuticles' as well as synthetics through
step growth polymerization such as
polycarbonate and polybutyrate.
25. Polyester are also used to make bottles,
films, tarpaulin, canoes, liquid crystal
displays, hologram, filters, film insulation
tapes. Polyesters are widely used as finish
on high quality wood products such as
guitars, pianos and vehicle interiors.
Thyrotrophic properties of spray applicable
polyesters make them ideal for used on
open-grain timbers, as they can quickly fill
wood grain, with a high-build film thickness
per coat.
26. While synthetic clothing in general in
perceived by many as havicena a less
from naturally fibres, polyesters fabrics
can provide specific advantage over
natural fabrics such as improved wrinkle,
resistance, durability and high colour
retention. As a result, polyesters fibres
are same times spun together with natural
fibres to produce a cloth with blended
properties. Synthetic fibres also can
create materials with superior water wind
and environment resistance compared to
plant-derived fibres.
